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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Languages  




2 Classification  




3 Language contact  




4 Typology  




5 Vocabulary comparison  




6 Further reading  




7 References  













Jirajaran languages: Difference between revisions






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(10 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:

{{Short description|Language family of western Venezuela}}

{{Infobox language family

{{Infobox language family

|name = Jirajaran

|name = Jirajaran
Line 19: Line 20:

|author2=Pieter C. Muysken

|author2=Pieter C. Muysken

|title=The Languages of the Andes

|title=The Languages of the Andes

|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesandesca00adel

|url-access=limited

|year=2004

|year=2004

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|location=Cambridge

|location=Cambridge

|isbn=0-521-36275-X

|isbn=0-521-36275-X

|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagesandesca00adel/page/n155 129]–30

|pages=129–30

}}</ref>

}}</ref>


Line 36: Line 39:

| last = Loukotka

| last = Loukotka

| first = Čestmír

| first = Čestmír

| authorlink = Čestmír Loukotka

| author-link = Čestmír Loukotka

| title = Classification of South American Indian Languages

| title = Classification of South American Indian Languages

| url = https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk

| url = https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk
Line 50: Line 53:

*'''Aticari''', spoken along the [[Tocuyo River]]

*'''Aticari''', spoken along the [[Tocuyo River]]


[[John Alden Mason|Mason]] (1950) lists:<ref name="Mason-1950">{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |authorlink=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}</ref>

[[John Alden Mason|Mason]] (1950) lists:<ref name="Mason-1950">{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}</ref>


*'''Gayón''' ('''Cayon''')

*'''Gayón''' ('''Cayon''')
Line 63: Line 66:

|first=Alfredo

|first=Alfredo

|title=Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela

|title=Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela

|origyear=1927

|orig-year=1927

|year=1973

|year=1973

|publisher=Monte Avila Editores, C.A.

|publisher=Monte Avila Editores, C.A.

|location=Caracas

|location=Caracas

|language=Spanish}}</ref> Greenberg and Ruhlen classify Jirajaran as belonging to the Paezan language family, along with the [[Betoi language]]s, the [[Páez language]], the [[Barbacoan languages]] and others.<ref>{{Cite document

|language=es}}</ref> Greenberg and Ruhlen classify Jirajaran as belonging to the Paezan language family, along with the [[Betoi language]]s, the [[Páez language]], the [[Barbacoan languages]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web

|last1=Greenberg

|last1=Greenberg

|first1=Joseph

|first1=Joseph

|authorlink1=Joseph Greenberg

|author-link1=Joseph Greenberg

|last2=Ruhlen

|last2=Ruhlen

|first2=Merritt

|first2=Merritt
Line 76: Line 79:

|title=An Amerind Etymological Dictionary

|title=An Amerind Etymological Dictionary

|url=http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf

|url=http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf
⚫

|access-date=2008-06-27

|format=pdf
⚫

|accessdate=2008-06-27

|edition=12

|edition=12

|series=

|volume=

|date=2007-09-04

|date=2007-09-04

|publisher=Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University

|publisher=Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University

|location=Stanford

|location=Stanford

|postscript=<!--None-->

|journal=

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225141018/http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225141018/http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf

|archive-date=2010-12-25

|archive-date=2010-12-25
Line 102: Line 100:

|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica

|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica

|location=San José

|location=San José

|language=Spanish

|language=es

|isbn=9977-67-158-3

|isbn=9977-67-158-3

|pages=56–8}}</ref>

|pages=56–8}}</ref>


;1. [[VO language|VO word order]] in [[Transitivity (grammatical category)|transitive]] clauses

;1. [[VO language|VO word order]] in [[Transitivity (grammatical category)|transitive]] clauses

{{interlinear|indent=2

:apasi mamán (Jirajara)

|apasi mamán |c1=(Jirajara)
⚫

:I.cut my.hand

:''I cut my hand''

|I.cut my.hand
⚫

|'I cut my hand'}}


;2. [[Subject (grammar)|Subjects]] precede verbs

;2. [[Subject (grammar)|Subjects]] precede verbs

{{interlinear|indent=2

:depamilia buratá (Ayamán)

|depamilia buratá |c1=(Ayamán)
⚫

:the.family is.good

:''The family is good''

|the.family is.good
⚫

|'The family is good'}}


;3. Possessors which precede the possessed

;3. Possessors which precede the possessed

{{interlinear|indent=2

:shpashiú yemún (Ayamán)

|shpashiú yemún |c1=(Ayamán)

:arc its.rope

:''the arc of the rope''

|arc its.rope

|'the arc of the rope'}}


;4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify

;4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify

{{interlinear|indent=2

:pok diú (Jirajara)

|pok diú |c1=(Jirajara)

:hill big

:''big hill''

|hill big

|'big hill'}}


;5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify

;5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify

{{interlinear|indent=2

:boque soó (Ayamán)

|boque soó |c1=(Ayamán)
⚫

:one cigarette

:''one cigarette''

|one cigarette
⚫

|'one cigarette'}}


;6. Use of [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], rather than prepositions

;6. Use of [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], rather than prepositions

{{interlinear|indent=2

:angüi fru-ye (Jirajara)

|angüi fru-ye |c1=(Jirajara)

:I.go Siquisique-to

|I.go Siquisique-to

:''I go to Siquisique.''

|'I go to Siquisique.'}}


==Vocabulary comparison==

==Vocabulary comparison==
Line 159: Line 163:

|sun||iñ||yivat||yuaú

|sun||iñ||yivat||yuaú

|}

|}



[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<ref name="Loukotka"/>

[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<ref name="Loukotka"/>
Line 199: Line 202:


==References==

==References==

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has word lists at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Jirajaran word lists|Appendix:Jirajaran word lists]]'''''}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist}}


Line 205: Line 209:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jirajaran Languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jirajaran Languages}}
⚫

[[Category:Jirajaran languages| ]]

[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]

[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]

[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]

[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]

[[Category:Language families]]

[[Category:Language families]]
⚫

[[Category:Jirajaran languages| ]]

Latest revision as of 04:15, 6 January 2024

Jirajaran
Hiraháran
Geographic
distribution		Western Venezuela
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
Glottologjira1235

Pre-contact distribution of the Jirajaran languages

The Jirajaran languages are group of extinct languages once spoken in western Venezuela in the regions of Falcón and Lara. All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th century.[1]

Languages[edit]

Based on adequate documentation, three languages are definitively classified as belonging to the Jirajaran family:[1]

Loukotka includes four additional languages, for which no linguistic documentation exists:[2]

Mason (1950) lists:[3]

Classification[edit]

The Jirajaran languages are generally regarded as isolates. Adelaar and Muysken note certain lexical similarities with the Timotean languages and typological similarity to the Chibchan languages, but state that the data is too limited to make a definitive classification.[1] Jahn, among others, has suggested a relation between the Jirajaran language and the Betoi languages, mostly on the basis of similar ethnonyms.[4] Greenberg and Ruhlen classify Jirajaran as belonging to the Paezan language family, along with the Betoi languages, the Páez language, the Barbacoan languages and others.[5]

Language contact[edit]

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape, Timote-Kuika, and Puinave-Kak language families due to contact.[6]

Typology[edit]

Based on the little documentation that exists, a number of typological characteristics are reconstructable:[7]

1. VO word orderintransitive clauses

apasi

I.cut

mamán

my.hand

(Jirajara)

 

apasi mamán

I.cut my.hand

'I cut my hand'

2. Subjects precede verbs

depamilia

the.family

buratá

is.good

(Ayamán)

 

depamilia buratá

the.family is.good

'The family is good'

3. Possessors which precede the possessed

shpashiú

arc

yemún

its.rope

(Ayamán)

 

shpashiú yemún

arc its.rope

'the arc of the rope'

4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify

pok

hill

diú

big

(Jirajara)

 

pok diú

hill big

'big hill'

5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify

boque

one

soó

cigarette

(Ayamán)

 

boque soó

one cigarette

'one cigarette'

6. Use of postpositions, rather than prepositions

angüi

I.go

fru-ye

Siquisique-to

(Jirajara)

 

angüi fru-ye

I.go Siquisique-to

'I go to Siquisique.'

Vocabulary comparison[edit]

Jahn (1927) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]

Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Jahn (1927)
English Ayomán Gayón Jirajara
fire dug dut, idú dueg
foot a-sengán segué angán
hen degaró digaró degaró
house gagap hiyás gagap
snake huhí, jují jují túb
sun iñ yivat yuaú

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[2]

Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Loukotka (1968)
gloss Jirajara Ayomán Gayón
one bógha
two auyí
three mongañá
head a-ktegi a-tógh is-tóz
ear a-uñán a-kivóugh himigui
tooth a-king
man iyít yúsh yus
water ing ing guayí
fire dueg dug dut
sun yuaú iñ yivat
maize dos dosh dosivot
bird chiskua chiskua
house gagap gagap hiyás

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

Wiktionary has word lists at Appendix:Jirajaran word lists
  1. ^ a b c Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Pieter C. Muysken (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–30. ISBN 0-521-36275-X.
  • ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian Languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp. 254–5.
  • ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  • ^ a b Jahn, Alfredo (1973) [1927]. Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, C.A.
  • ^ Greenberg, Joseph; Ruhlen, Merritt (2007-09-04). "An Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (PDF) (12 ed.). Stanford: Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  • ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  • ^ Costenla Umaña, Adolfo (May 1991). Las Lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su Estudio Areal (in Spanish). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 56–8. ISBN 9977-67-158-3.

    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jirajaran_languages&oldid=1193891159"
    Categories: 
    ●Jirajaran languages
     ●Languages of Venezuela
     ●Extinct languages of South America
     ●Language families
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