J u m p t o c o n t e n t
M a i n m e n u
M a i n m e n u
N a v i g a t i o n
● M a i n p a g e ● C o n t e n t s ● C u r r e n t e v e n t s ● R a n d o m a r t i c l e ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● C o n t a c t u s ● D o n a t e
C o n t r i b u t e
● H e l p ● L e a r n t o e d i t ● C o m m u n i t y p o r t a l ● R e c e n t c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e
S e a r c h
Search
A p p e a r a n c e
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P e r s o n a l t o o l s
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P a g e s f o r l o g g e d o u t e d i t o r s l e a r n m o r e ● C o n t r i b u t i o n s ● T a l k
( T o p )
1 L a n g u a g e s
2 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
3 L a n g u a g e c o n t a c t
4 T y p o l o g y
5 V o c a b u l a r y c o m p a r i s o n
6 F u r t h e r r e a d i n g
7 R e f e r e n c e s
T o g g l e t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
J i r a j a r a n l a n g u a g e s
8 l a n g u a g e s
● A s t u r i a n u ● C a t a l à ● E s p a ñ o l ● F r a n ç a i s ● H r v a t s k i ● O c c i t a n ● P o r t u g u ê s ● S r p s k o h r v a t s k i / с р п с к о х р в а т с к и
E d i t l i n k s
● A r t i c l e ● T a l k
E n g l i s h
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
T o o l s
T o o l s
A c t i o n s
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
G e n e r a l
● W h a t l i n k s h e r e ● R e l a t e d c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e ● S p e c i a l p a g e s ● P e r m a n e n t l i n k ● P a g e i n f o r m a t i o n ● C i t e t h i s p a g e ● G e t s h o r t e n e d U R L ● D o w n l o a d Q R c o d e ● W i k i d a t a i t e m
P r i n t / e x p o r t
● D o w n l o a d a s P D F ● P r i n t a b l e v e r s i o n
P r i n t / e x p o r t
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
T h i s i s a n o l d r e v i s i o n o f t h i s p a g e , a s e d i t e d b y S a g o t r e e s p i r i t ( t a l k | c o n t r i b s ) at 0 5 : 3 4 , 1 2 A u g u s t 2 0 2 0 . T h e p r e s e n t a d d r e s s ( U R L ) i s a p e r m a n e n t l i n k t o t h i s r e v i s i o n , w h i c h m a y d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m t h e c u r r e n t r e v i s i o n . ( d i f f ) ← P r e v i o u s r e v i s i o n | L a t e s t r e v i s i o n ( d i f f ) | N e w e r r e v i s i o n → ( d i f f )
The Jirajaran languages are group of extinct languages once spoken in western Venezuela in the regions of Falcón and Lara . All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th century.[1]
Languages
Based on adequate documentation, three languages are definitively classified as belonging to the Jirajaran family:[1]
Loukotka includes four additional languages, for which no linguistic documentation exists:[2]
Mason (1950) lists:[3]
Gayón (Cayon )
Ayomán
Xagua
Jirajara
Classification
The Jirajaran languages are generally regarded as isolates. Adelaar and Muysken note certain lexical similarities with the Timotean languages and typological similarity to the Chibchan languages , but state that the data is too limited to make a definitive classification.[1] Betoi languages , mostly on the basis of similar ethnonyms.[4] Betoi languages , the Páez language , the Barbacoan languages and others.[5]
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape , Timote-Kuika , and Puinave-Kak language families due to contact.[6]
Typology
Based on the little documentation that exists, a number of typological characteristics are reconstructable:[7]
1. VO word order in transitive clauses
apasi mamán (Jirajara)
I.cut my.hand
I cut my hand
2. Subjects precede verbs
depamilia buratá (Ayamán)
the.family is.good
The family is good
3. Possessors which precede the possessed
shpashiú yemún (Ayamán)
arc its.rope
the arc of the rope
4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify
pok diú (Jirajara)
hill big
big hill
5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify
boque soó (Ayamán)
one cigarette
one cigarette
6. Use of postpositions , rather than prepositions
angüi fru-ye (Jirajara)
I.go Siquisique-to
I go to Siquisique.
Vocabulary comparison
Jahn (1927) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Jahn (1927)
English
Ayomán
Gayón
Jirajara
fire
dug
dut, idú
dueg
foot
a-sengán
segué
angán
hen
degaró
digaró
degaró
house
gagap
hiyás
gagap
snake
huhí, jují
jují
túb
sun
iñ
yivat
yuaú
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[2]
Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Loukotka (1968)
gloss
Jirajara
Ayomán
Gayón
one
bógha
two
auyí
three
mongañá
head
a-ktegi
a-tógh
is-tóz
ear
a-uñán
a-kivóugh
himigui
tooth
a-king
man
iyít
yúsh
yus
water
ing
ing
guayí
fire
dueg
dug
dut
sun
yuaú
iñ
yivat
maize
dos
dosh
dosivot
bird
chiskua
chiskua
house
gagap
gagap
hiyás
Further reading
Oramas, L. (1916). Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua. Caracas: Litografía del Comercio.
Querales, R. (2008). El Ayamán. Ensayo de reconstrucción de un idioma indígena venezolano. Barquisimeto: Concejo Municipal de Iribarren.
References
^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians . Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
^ a b Jahn, Alfredo (1973) [1927]. Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, C.A.
^ Greenberg, Joseph ; Ruhlen, Merritt (2007-09-04). "An Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (Document). Stanford: Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University.
^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
^ Costenla Umaña, Adolfo (May 1991). Las Lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su Estudio Areal (in Spanish). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 56–8. ISBN 9977-67-158-3
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jirajaran_languages&oldid=972458401 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● J i r a j a r a n l a n g u a g e s ● L a n g u a g e s o f V e n e z u e l a ● E x t i n c t l a n g u a g e s o f S o u t h A m e r i c a ● L a n g u a g e f a m i l i e s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● C S 1 S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( es ) ● C S 1 e r r o r s : u n s u p p o r t e d p a r a m e t e r ● C S 1 e r r o r s : e m p t y u n k n o w n p a r a m e t e r s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 2 A u g u s t 2 0 2 0 , a t 0 5 : 3 4 ( U T C ) . ● T h i s v e r s i o n o f t h e p a g e h a s b e e n r e v i s e d . B e s i d e s n o r m a l e d i t i n g , t h e r e a s o n f o r r e v i s i o n m a y h a v e b e e n t h a t t h i s v e r s i o n c o n t a i n s f a c t u a l i n a c c u r a c i e s , v a n d a l i s m , o r m a t e r i a l n o t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
