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{{Short description|US Supreme Court justice from 1812 to 1845}}
{{redirect2|Judge Story|Justice Story|the Arkansas Supreme Court justice|William Story (attorney)|other uses|Judge Story (disambiguation)}}
{{for-multi|the biblical story|Joseph (Genesis)|the 18th-century Anglican bishop in Ireland|Joseph Story (bishop)|his son|Joseph Story (priest)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Joseph Story Jr
| image = Daguerreotype of Joseph Story, 1844 (edit).jpg
| office = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
| nominator = [[James Madison]]
| term_start = February 3, 1812<ref name=ussupremecourt>{{Cite web|title=Justices 1789 to Present|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx|website=supremecourt.gov|publisher=Supreme Court of the United States|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 26, 2018|archive-date=April 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_end = September 10, 1845<ref name=ussupremecourt/>
| predecessor = [[William Cushing]]
| successor = [[Levi Woodbury]]
| state1 = [[Massachusetts]]
| district1 = {{ushr|MA|2|2nd}}
| term_start1 = May 23, 1808
| term_end1 = March 3, 1809
| predecessor1 = [[Jacob Crowninshield]]
| successor1 = [[Benjamin Pickman Jr.|Benjamin Pickman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1779|9|18}}
| birth_place = [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1845|9|10|1779|9|18}}}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
| party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| education = [[Harvard College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])
}}
'''Joseph Story''' (September 18, 1779 – September 10, 1845) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served as an [[associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1812 to 1845. He is most remembered for his opinions in ''[[Martin v. Hunter's Lessee]]'' and ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]'', and especially for his ''[[Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States]]'', first published in 1833. Dominating the field in the 19th century, this work is a cornerstone of early American jurisprudence. It is the second comprehensive [[Legal treatise|treatise]] on the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and remains a critical source of historical information about the forming of the American republic and the early struggles to define its law.

Story opposed [[Jacksonian democracy]], saying it was "oppression" of property rights by republican governments when popular majorities began in the 1830s to restrict and erode the property rights of the minority of rich men.<ref>David Brion Davis, ''Antebellum American culture'' (1997), pp. 14–15</ref> R. Kent Newmyer presents Story as a "Statesman of the Old Republic" who tried to be above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Marshall]], and the New England [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] of the 1820s and 1830s, including [[Daniel Webster]].<ref>Newmyer, p. 4</ref> Historians generally agree that Story reshaped American law—as much or more than Marshall or anyone else—in a conservative direction that protected property rights.<ref>Presser, p. 526</ref>

He was portrayed by retired justice [[Harry Blackmun]] in the film ''[[Amistad (film)|Amistad]]'', reading the case the film was based on, ''United States v. The Amistad''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amistad (1997) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118607/fullcredits|access-date=February 12, 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Story was born at [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]]. His father was Dr. Elisha Story, a member of the [[Sons of Liberty]] who took part in the [[Boston Tea Party]] in 1773.<ref>Dunne, p. 32</ref> Dr. Story moved from Boston to Marblehead during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. His first wife, Ruth (née Ruddock) died and Story remarried in November 1778, to Mehitable Pedrick, nineteen, the daughter of a wealthy shipping merchant who lost his fortune during the war.<ref>Newmyer, pp. 7–8</ref> Joseph was the first-born of eleven children of the second marriage. (Story also fathered seven children from his first marriage.)<ref>Friedman, p. 254</ref>

As a boy, Joseph studied at the Marblehead Academy until the fall of 1794, where he was taught by schoolmaster [[William Harris (academic)|William Harris]], later president of [[Columbia University]]. At Marblehead he chastised a fellow schoolmate and Harris responded by beating him in front of the school; his father withdrew him immediately afterward.<ref>Newmyer, p. 21</ref> Story was accepted at [[Harvard University]] in January 1795;<ref>Dunne, p. 23</ref> he joined Adelphi, a student-run literary review, and was admitted to the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society]].<ref>Newmyer, p. 27</ref>
After his college graduation, Story [[Reading law|studied law]] under [[Samuel Sewall (congressman)|Samuel Sewall]] and Samuel Putnam and attained [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admission to the bar]] in July 1801.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Spencer |editor-first=Mark G. |date= February 26, 2015|title=The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of the American Enlightenment |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ2yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1003 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |pages=1003–1004 |isbn=978-1-4742-4980-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Story practiced in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]]. A [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]], Story served in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] from 1805 to 1807.<ref name="Bennett">{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Charles G., Secretary of the Senate |author-link=Charles G. Bennett |date=1913 |title=A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maIlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1031 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1031 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> From 1807 to 1809 he was the state attorney for [[Essex County, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts |date=1922 |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |page=845 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3EMAAAAYAAJ |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> In 1808, he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]], filling the vacancy caused by the death of [[Jacob Crowninshield]].<ref name="Bennett"/> He served a partial term, May 23, 1808, to March 3, 1809.<ref name="Bennett"/> He was not a candidate for a full term, and resumed practicing law.<ref name="Bennett"/> In 1811, Story returned to the state House of Representatives, and was selected to serve as [[List of speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]].<ref name="Bennett"/>

Story's wife, Mary Lynde Fitch Oliver, died in June 1805, shortly after their marriage and two months after the death of his father. In August 1808, he married Sarah Waldo Wetmore, the daughter of Judge William Wetmore of Boston. They had seven children but only two, Mary and [[William Wetmore Story]], would survive to adulthood. Their son became a noted poet and sculptor—his bust of his father was mounted in the Harvard Law School Library—who would later publish ''The Life and Letters of Joseph Story'' (2 vols., Boston and London, 1851).

Longtime Washington journalist [[Benjamin Perley Poore]] wrote that, though the entire Supreme Court of that day was known for its joviality, the leading exemplar of good humor there was Story, "who used to assert that every man should laugh at least an hour during each day, and who had himself a great fund of humorous anecdotes."<ref name=Poore>[https://archive.org/details/perleysreminisce00poor/page/n304/mode/1up?view=theater Poore, Ben. Perley, ''Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis'', Vol.1, p.295 (1886)].</ref>

Story was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1810,<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022307/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1814.<ref name="americanantiquarian">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlists|title=Member List S|website=American Antiquarian Society|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=August 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205145/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlists|url-status=live}}</ref> He would later serve as that society's vice-president from 1831 to 1845.<ref>Dunbar, B. (1987). ''Members and Officers of the American Antiquarian Society''. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society.</ref> In 1844, he was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1843&year-max=1844&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=April 12, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412143205/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1843&year-max=1844&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Supreme Court justice==
[[File:Joseph Story.jpg|thumb|left|218x218px|Story by [[George Peter Alexander Healy]]]]
On November 15, 1811, Story was nominated by President [[James Madison]] to become an [[associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]], succeeding [[William Cushing]],<ref name=ussupremecourt/> who had died 14 months earlier. Aged {{ayd|1779|9|18|1811|11|15}} at the time of his nomination, he became (and, {{as of|2024|lc=y}}, remains) the youngest person nominated to serve on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web| date=February 8, 2017| title=Younger Supreme Court appointees stay on the bench longer, but there are plenty of exceptions| last1=Bialick| first1=Kristen| last2=Gramlich| first2=John| url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/08/younger-supreme-court-appointees-stay-on-the-bench-longer-but-there-are-plenty-of-exceptions/| publisher=Pew Research Center| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> Madison had previously nominated [[John Quincy Adams]] to succeed Cushing; Adams was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]], but had declined to serve. On November 18, 1811, Story was confirmed by the Senate, and he was sworn into office on February 3, 1812.<ref name=ussupremecourt/><ref>{{cite web| last=McMillion| first=Barry J.| date=March 8, 2022| title=Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President| url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf| publisher=Congressional Research Service| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref>

Story's opinion in ''Martin v. Hunter's Lessee'' (1816) was profoundly significant before Story ever so much as addressed the issue explicitly. The manner in which Story framed the American republic is profoundly indicative of his philosophy. Story noted, "The Constitution of the United States was ordained and established not by the States in their sovereign capacities, but emphatically, as the preamble of the Constitution declares, by 'the people of the United States.'"<ref>''Martin v. Hunter's Lessee'', 14 U.S. 304, 324 (1816).</ref>

Regarding the nominal issue of the case, whether the Supreme Court possessed appellate jurisdiction over the states, Story argued that the Court must possess such jurisdiction. Without national oversight over local courts the law could become discordant. This fear of discordant law was part of Story's belief in legal science, in this instance manifested as a belief in the uniformity of law. Without uniformity, each state would be allowed to develop its own idiosyncrasies, and such provincialism ran contrary to Story's aim of a national republic. Story cited the Constitution's assertion to be "The supreme law of the land" and that "Judges in every state shall be bound thereby".<ref>''Martin v. Hunter's Lessee'', 14 U.S. 304 (1816) 341.</ref>

The case came to symbolize a profound transformation in Story's tenure on the Court. Initially Marshall's most influential ally, Story enjoyed the success that came along with the nearly uniform agreement by the justices in Marshall's Court. Following the death of the chief justice and the arrival of the Age of Jackson, Story, for the first time on the bench, seemed out of step with the rest of the Court. The Court ruled 4–2 in favor of the Warren Bridge, rejecting the petitioners' claim that their charter granted them exclusive rights. Story, writing for the minority, noted "I stand upon the old law."<ref>''Proprietors of the Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge'', 36 U.S. 402 (1837) 598.</ref>

One of Story's more vexing opinions was ''[[Prigg v. Pennsylvania]]'', in which he wrote for the majority in 1842. Story was forced to consider the constitutionality of a Pennsylvania personal liberty law which placed procedural requirements on those seeking to extradite fugitive slaves. Story, despite his hatred of slavery, sided with the southern justices to declare the Pennsylvania law unconstitutional. This appears especially hard to square with Story's anti-slavery philosophy, as one of the individuals kidnapped by Edward Prigg, the slave catcher in question, was actually not a slave at all. However, despite the outcome appearing entirely in favor of the South, a more accurate assessment can be gleaned from the text and time period. Concerning the former, Story argued that fugitive slaves were addressed in the U.S. Constitution, Art. 4, § 2. Despite the fact that slavery was not mentioned, Story concluded that it was all too clear that the clause was meant to secure runaway slaves for southern slaveholders. He went on to note, "The full recognition of the right and title was indispensable to the security of this species of property in all the slaveholding States; and, indeed, was so vital to the preservation of their domestic interests and institutions, that it cannot be doubted that it constituted a fundamental article, without the adoption of which the Union could not have been formed."<ref>''Prigg v. Pennsylvania'', 41 U.S. 539 (1842) 35.</ref> Story's apparent endorsement of slaveholders' rights must be read through this light: that the justice felt that this was a bargain integral to the Constitution. Consequently, Story had an obligation to honor the deal struck at the Constitutional Convention. Further insight is provided by the political activity of southerners of the day. H. Robert Baker notes, "Story chose the path that he believed best supported a strong Union and rejected the natural right of slaveholders to the people they claimed as property. His resonating opinion answered southern constitutional claims in ways that protected slaveholders' rights, but not on the terms they wanted."<ref>H. Robert Baker, "A Better Story in Prigg v. Pennsylvania?," ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' Vol. 39 (2014) 186.</ref>

Though still embroiled in his struggle with Roger Taney, Story achieved his last great victory in ''[[Swift v. Tyson]]''. This 1842 case concerned a bill of exchange, essentially a promise of payment, given from a businessman in New York, in exchange for land in Maine. However, the individuals who received the bill of exchange, Jarius Keith and Nathaniel Norton, did not own the land in question. The central issue of the case focused on Article 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which established that the Court was to employ state statutes as authoritative rules when they were applicable for the Court's cases. Story, ever the nationalist, had long despised using state statutes as authoritative when he deemed federal common law a much more preferable alternative. Simply put, Story longed to place more power in the hands of judges, in particular federal judges, instead of local legislatures. Though Story, writing for the unanimous majority, rejected the fraudulent Bill of Exchange, this remains less significant than his development of federal common law. As aforementioned, section 34 of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 held that courts were bound to local state statutes. Story, though had long desired to establish federal common law, had been unable to sway sufficient support to the cause. In ''Swift'' he finally rallied sufficient support to chip away at the barrier. He noted that "[Section 34 of the Judiciary Act], upon its true intendment and construction, is strictly limited to local statutes and local usages of the character before stated, and does not extend to contracts and other instruments of a commercial nature..."<ref>Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. 1, 19 (1842).</ref> ''Swift's'' ultimate overruling in ''[[Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins]]'' marked a turning point in American civil procedure.<ref>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938).</ref>

In 1829, he moved from Salem to Cambridge and became the first Dane Professor of Law at [[Harvard University]], meeting with remarkable success as a teacher and winning the affection of his students, who had the benefit of learning from a sitting Supreme Court justice. He was a prolific writer, publishing many reviews and magazine articles, delivering orations on public occasions, and publishing books on legal subjects which won high praise on both sides of the Atlantic. Among Story's works of this period, one of the most important is the Justice's ''Commentaries on the Constitution''. The commentaries are divided into three sections, the first two concerning the colonial origins of the confederation and revolution, and the final section concerns the origins of the Constitution. Story's ''Commentaries'' encapsulate and expound his ideology. Within his ''Commentaries'', Story, in particular, attacks notions of state sovereignty. Even at this moment when his time on the Court was drawing towards a close, Story remained concerned with the welfare of the Union. His guide to the Constitution stressed the sovereignty of the people rather than the states, and extensively attacked those elements, ''i.e.'', southern sovereignty advocates, that Story felt could destabilize the Union. Story's ''Commentaries'' summarize much of the Justice's philosophy and demonstrate how Story sought to use his work off the bench to continue to foster popular sovereignty over state sovereignty.<ref name="R. Kent Newmeyer 1985">R. Kent Newmeyer, ''Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985)</ref>

Many legal scholars attribute the development of ''[[remittitur]]'' in American law – a procedural device by which the trial judge can reduce a jury's damages award in a civil suit on the grounds that it is excessive – to Story's decision in the 1822 case ''Blunt v. Little'' (in which Story was sitting on the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts]]). While ''remittitur'' was already known from English law, Story was the first to allow the procedure to be used on the initiative of the defendant and on the grounds of excessive damages – in prior use, it had only been used by plaintiffs to correct legal errors in a jury award (awarding more damages than was legally permitted) which might have resulted in the award being overturned on appeal. Story's innovation was enormously influential in American law and has been accepted throughout the federal and state courts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Suja|year=2003|title=Re-Examining the Constitutionality of Remittitur Under the Seventh Amendment|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70927/OSLJ_V64N3_0731.pdf|journal=Ohio State Law Journal|volume=64|pages=731–816|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827010636/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70927/OSLJ_V64N3_0731.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kadane|first=Joseph|year=2014|title=Mr. Justice Story Invents American Remittiturs: "The Very Limits of the Law"|url=https://bcuassets.blob.core.windows.net/docs/bjals-fall-2014-2-130609612885268701.pdf|journal=British Journal of American Legal Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=313–334|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827011759/https://bcuassets.blob.core.windows.net/docs/bjals-fall-2014-2-130609612885268701.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Snyder|first=Brad|date=1999–2000|title=Protecting the Media from Excessive Damages: The Ninteenth-Century Origins of Remittitur and Its Modern Application in Food Lion|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/vlr24&id=309&div=&collection=|journal=Vermont Law Review|volume=24|pages=299|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827011756/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fvlr24&id=309&div=&collection=|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Significance==
Justice Story remains one of the most significant figures in early American constitutional history. Of the many justices of the Marshall Court, only the chief justice himself wrote more opinions than Story. In the 33 years that Story sat on the Court, he would transition from being an ally of Marshall to the last of an old race. Justice Story, throughout his time on the Marshall and Taney courts, championed the notion of legal science. He believed that the Union could be made stronger through the proper application of law, in particular that proper application necessitated uniformity of application.<ref name="R. Kent Newmeyer 1985"/> Consequently, federal control and judicial oversight were important tools to craft a more centralized Union. Story was in many respects a creature of New England; however, his chief aim was the creation of a strong Union. Consequently, several of his opinions, such as ''Prigg'', emerge as efforts to protect the Union at the expense of black lives and freedom. Justice Story's jurisprudence stressed the importance of nationalism through economic centralization and judicial review. While aspects of his jurisprudence would fall into the minority with the rise of Jackson, he continued to guide the Constitutional dialogue through cases like ''Prigg'' and ''Swift''.<ref>Melvin Urofsky, The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994)
</ref>

==Works==
Justice Story was one of the most successful American authors of the first half of the 19th century. "By the time he turned 65, on September 18, 1844, he earned $10,000 a year from his book royalties. At this point, his salary as Associate Justice was $4,500."<ref>Rotunda & Nowak "Introduction" to Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, p. xxiv, Reprint Edition, Carolina Academic Press, 1987.</ref>

Among his publications are:
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl02storgoog Commentaries on the Law of Bailments] (1832)--Link to an 1846 printing.
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc16storgoog ''Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States'': Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VZQPBIhVPsMC ''Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States'': Volume II] and [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc18storgoog ''Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States'': Volume III] (3 vols., 1833), a work of profound learning which is still the standard treatise on the subject. Story published a [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc16storgoog One Volume Abridgment] the same year.
*[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalcl00stor  The Constitutional Class Book: Being a Brief Exposition of the Constitution of the United States] (1834)--Story published an expanded edition, entitled [https://archive.org/details/afamiliarexposi02storgoog ''A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States''], in 1840.
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc17storgoog Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws] (1834), by many regarded as his most significant work. [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc02storgoog The second edition] in 1841 was revised, corrected and greatly enlarged.
*''Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence'' (2 vols., 1835–1836)--[https://archive.org/details/commentariesone11storgoog Vol. 1] 1846 printing; [https://archive.org/details/cu31924018823082 Vol. 2] 1866 printing-revised by [[Isaac F. Redfield]].
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesone01storgoog Equity Pleadings] (1838)
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl02sumngoog Law of Agency] (1839)--Link to an 1851 printing.
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl00storgoog Law of Partnership] (1841)--Link to the second edition published in 1846.
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl01storgoog Law of Bills of Exchange] (1843)--Link to second edition published in 1847.
*[https://archive.org/details/commentariesonl01sumngoog Law of Promissory Notes] (1845)--Link to the 1851 printing.
*[https://archive.org/details/afamiliarexposi00storgoog A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States] (1847).

He also edited several standard legal works. His [https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswr00storgoog Miscellaneous Writings], first published in 1835, appeared in an enlarged edition in [https://books.google.com/books?id=koUEAAAAYAAJ 1851].

The ''Life and Letters of Joseph Story'' (1851), edited by his son William Wetmore Story, was published in two volumes: [https://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersj00storgoog Volume I] and [https://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersj02storgoog Volume II].

Story contributed articles (in full, and or as part of larger articles) to ''The Encyclopedia Americana'', including [https://books.google.com/books?id=mMNPAAAAMAAJ&dq=Americana+Death+Punishment&pg=PA140 Death, Punishment of].
William Wetmore Story, in ''The Life and Letters of Joseph Story'', Volume 2, listed the articles Joseph Story wrote for ''The Encyclopedia Americana'':<ref>Story, Life and Letters, Vol 2 pp. 27–28, Boston, 1851.</ref> [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA393 ''Common Law,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA435 ''Congress of the United States,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA443 ''Conquest,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA503 ''Contracts,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA550 ''Corpus Delicti,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyEPAAAAYAAJ&dq=common+law+familiar+phrase+English+jurisprudence&pg=PA588 ''Courts of England and the United States,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=veYtAAAAYAAJ&dq=criminal+law+german+lexicon+we+have+to+add+a+few+suggestions&pg=PA34 ''Criminal Law''] (Story's contribution begins at "To the preceding article. ... "), ''Death, Punishment of,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=kjg-AAAAYAAJ&dq=false&pg=PA277 ''Domicil,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4KAQAAIAAJ&dq=encyclopaedia+americana+in+the+law+of+England+and+the+U+States+equity&pg=PA560 ''Equity,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=QtMUAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Evidence+in+its+most+general+sense%22&pg=PA6 ''Evidence,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=UaI_AAAAYAAJ&dq=False&pg=PA277 ''Jury,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CbdPAAAAMAAJ&dq=false&pg=PA540 ''Lien,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=U4BLY5hfO5AC&q=%22The+Common+Law%22+intitle%3AEncyclopedia+intitle%3AAmericana ''Law, Legislation, and Codes''] (Story's contribution begins on p.&nbsp;581), [https://books.google.com/books?id=4dkUAAAAYAAJ&dq=encyclopaedia+americana+the+obligatory+force+of+the+law+of+nature+upon+man+is+derived&pg=PA150 ''Natural Law,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVU-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141=false ''Nations, Law of,''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=kNMnzVykuPEC&dq=%22The+Common+Law%22+intitle:Encyclopedia+intitle:Americana&pg=PA351 ''Prize,''] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=7FI-AAAAYAAJ&dq=Usury%2C+in+a+very+general+sense%2C+means+a+compensation+or+reward+for+money+lent.&pg=PA485 ''Usury.''] Story is sometimes identified as an "eminent American jurist" by the editors when he is a joint author of an article. See the ''Law, Legislation, and Codes'' article for an example.

===Decisions===
[[United States v. The Amistad|''The Amistad.'']] Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, ''United States v. Schooner Amistad'', 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 518 (1841).

''Gallison's Reports.'' Reports of Cases in the Circuit Court of the United States for the First Circuit 2d ed. With additional Notes and References. By John Gallison. 2 vols. Boston, 1845. Vol 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=du07AAAAIAAJ&q=Reports+of+Cases+in+the+Circuit+Court+of+the+United+States+for+the+First+Circuit Vol 2]

''Mason's Reports.'' Reports of Cases in the Circuit Court of the United States for the First Circuit, from 1816 to 1830. By William P. Mason. 5 vols. Boston, 1819–31. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tyq3AAAAIAAJ&q=Reports+of+Cases+in+the+Circuit+Court+of+the+United+States+for+the+First+Circuit Vol 5]

''Sumner's Reports.'' Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Circuit Court of the United States for the First Circuit. By [[Charles Sumner]]. 3 vols. Boston, 1836–40.

''Story's Reports.'' Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Circuit Court of the United States for the First Circuit. By W. W. Story. 3 vols. Boston, 1842–47 [https://books.google.com/books?id=DS63AAAAIAAJ Vol 3]

"These volumes contain all the decisions of Mr. Justice Story on his Circuit. The decisions relate particularly to questions of Equity and Admiralty, and are of great practical value."<ref>Story, Life and Letters, Vol. 2 p. 665, Boston, 1851.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Justice Story.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Story's grave]]
Justice Story spoke at the dedication ceremony for [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in 1831, which set the model for dozens of subsequent addresses over the next few decades. It also helped spark the "[[rural cemetery]]" movement and to link that movement to the development of the republic. Story emphasized the ways that rural cemeteries contributed to an ordered and well-regulated republic of law.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2304305 "These Great and Beautiful Republics of the Dead": Public Constitutionalism and the Antebellum Cemetery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503122723/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304305 |date=May 3, 2021 }}</ref>

Upon his death in 1845, he was buried there "as are scores of America's celebrated political, literary, religious, and military leaders. His grave is marked by a piece of [[tomb|sepulchral]] statuary executed by his son, [[William Wetmore Story]]."<ref>Christensen, George A., ''Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited'', ''Journal of Supreme Court History'', Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 – 41 (February 19, 2008), [[University of Alabama]].</ref>

He is the namesake for [[Story County, Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.storycountyiowa.gov/244/History-of-Story-County|title=History of Story County|website=Story County, IA Official Website|access-date=November 17, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050456/http://www.storycountyiowa.gov/244/History-of-Story-County|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Quotations by Story==
{{Over-quotation|section|date=August 2022}}
On the Supreme Court's [[authority]] over [[State court (United States)|state courts]] in civil matters of [[federal law]] (''Martin v. Hunter's Lessee'', {{ussc|14|304|1816}}):

{{blockquote|The Constitution unavoidably deals in general language. It did not suit the purposes of the people, in framing this great charter of our liberties, to provide for minute specifications of its powers, or to declare the means by which those powers should be carried into execution. It was foreseen that this would be a perilous and difficult, if not an impracticable, task. The instrument was not intended to provide merely for the exigencies of a few years, but was to endure through a long lapse of ages, the events of which were locked up in the inscrutable purposes of Providence.}}

On [[United States patent law|patent law]] ([[Title 35 of the United States Code]]), specifically regarding the patentability of inventions and the granting of patents (''Lowell v. Lewis'', 1 Mason 182, 1 Robb Pat. Cas. 131 (C.C. D. Mass., 1817)):
[[File:Joseph Story bust, US Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]] of Joseph Story, sculpted by his son [[William Wetmore Story]], currently on display at the [[United States Supreme Court building]]]]

<blockquote>The patent act uses the phrase 'useful invention' merely incidentally. ... All that the law requires is, that the invention should not be frivolous or injurious to the well-being, good policy, or sound morals of society. The word 'useful,' therefore, is incorporated into the act in contradistinction to mischievous or immoral. For instance, a new invention to poison people, or to promote debauchery, or to facilitate private assassination, is not a patentable invention. But if the invention steers wide of these objections, whether it be more or less useful is a circumstance very material to the interests of the patentee, but of no importance to the public. If it be not so extensively useful, it will silently sink into contempt and disregard.<ref>[https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0015.f.cas/0015.f.cas.1018.2.pdf ''Lowell v. Lewis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113033941/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0015.f.cas/0015.f.cas.1018.2.pdf |date=2017-01-13 }}, 15 F. Cas. 1019, 1817 U.S. App. LEXIS 169 (C.C.D. Mass. 1817).</ref></blockquote>

On the subject of church and state:

{{blockquote|... [[No Religious Test Clause|Article VI, paragraph 3]] of the U.S. Constitution declares, that 'no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.' This clause is not introduced merely for the purpose of satisfying the scruples of many persons, who feel an invincible repugnance to any religious test, or affirmation. It had a higher objective: to cut off for ever every pretence of any alliance between church and state in the national government.<ref>Story, Joseph (1833) [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc18storgoog Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States]. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co. Volume III, p. 705, §1841.</ref>}}

{{blockquote|The real object of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] was, not to countenance, much less to advance Mahometanism, or Judaism, or infidelity, by prostrating Christianity; but to exclude all rivalry among Christian sects, and to prevent any national ecclesiastical establishment, which should give to an hierarchy the exclusive patronage of the national government. It thus cut off the means of religious persecution, (the vice and pest of former ages,) and of the subversion of the rights of conscience in matters of religion, which had been trampled upon almost from the days of the Apostles to the present age. The history of the parent country had afforded the most solemn warnings and melancholy instructions on this head; and even New England, the land of the persecuted puritans, as well as other colonies, where the Church of England had maintained its superiority, would furnish out a chapter, as full of the darkest bigotry and intolerance, as any, which should be found to disgrace the pages of foreign annals. Apostacy, heresy, and nonconformity had been standard crimes for public appeals, to kindle the flames of persecution, and apologize for the most atrocious triumphs over innocence and virtue.<ref>Story, Joseph (1833) [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc18storgoog Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States]. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co. Volume III, page 728, §1871.</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Thus, the whole power over the subject of religion is left exclusively to the state government, to be acted upon according to their own sense of justice, and the state constitutions; and the Catholic and the Protestant, the Calvinist and the [[Arminianism|Arminian]], the Jew and the Infidel, may sit down at the common table of the national councils, without any inquisition into their faith, or mode of worship.<ref>Story, Joseph (1858) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxTAAAAcAAJ Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915090244/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxTAAAAcAAJ |date=2015-09-15 }}. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co. Third Edition, Volume II, p. 667, §1879.</ref>}}

On the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]]:

{{blockquote|The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions, domestic insurrections and domestic usurpations of power by rulers. It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace both from the enormous expenses with which they are attended and the facile means which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers to subvert the government or trample upon the rights of the people. The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered as the palladium of the liberties of a republic since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers and will generally even if these are successful the first instance enable the people to resist and triumph over them. And yet though this truth would seem so clear and the importance of a well regulated militia would seem so undeniable it cannot be disguised that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline and a disposition from a sense of its burthens to be rid of all regulations. How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization it is difficult to see. There is certainly no small danger that indifference may lead to disgust and disgust to contempt and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our national bill of rights.<ref>Story, Joseph (1833) [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc18storgoog Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States]. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co. Volume III, page 746–747, §1890.</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
*[[Bibliography of the United States Constitution]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{FJC Bio|2302|nid=1388386|name=Joseph Story}}
*{{cite book |last=Dunne |first=Gerald T. |year=1970 |title=Justice Joseph Story and the Rise of the Supreme Court |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0671206656 |url=https://archive.org/details/justicejosephsto00dunn }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |editor2-last=Israel |editor2-first=Fred L. |title=The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=[[Chelsea House Publishers]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-7910-1377-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse }}
*{{cite book |last=Newmyer |first=R. Kent |year=1985 |title=Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust0000newm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=0807841641}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |title=Review: Resurrecting the Conservative Tradition in American Legal History |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=13 |issue=4 |jstor=2702583 |pages=526–533 |year=1985|doi=10.2307/2702583 }}
*Kutler, Stanley, Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case (Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1990)
*United States v. Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. 518 (1841).
*Hall, Kermit L., and Timothy S. Huebner, Major Problems in American Constitutional History (Boston: Wadsworth Learning Center, 2010)
*Baker, H. Robert, "A Better Story in Prigg v. Pennsylvania?," Journal of Supreme Court History Vol. 39 (2014)
*Newmyer, R. Kent, The Supreme Court under Marshall and Taney (Wheelling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson Company, 2006)

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Story |first=William |title=Life and Letters of Joseph Story |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |year=2001 |location=New Jersey |isbn=1584770716}}
*{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Henry J. |title=Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court |url=https://archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506557-3}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Story, Joseph}}
*{{cite book |last=Cushman |first=Clare |title=The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=([[Supreme Court Historical Society]], [[Congressional Quarterly]] Books) |year=2001 |isbn=1-56802-126-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Finkelman | title=Supreme Injustice: Slavery in the Nation's Highest Court |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780674051218}} [https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Book-Review-pdf-1.pdf Review]
*{{cite book |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kermit L. |editor-link=Kermit L. Hall |title=The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-505835-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall }}
*{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Fenton S. |author2=Goehlert, Robert U. |title=The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Books |year=1990 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-87187-554-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart }}
*{{cite book |last=McClellan |first=James |year=1971 |title=Joseph Story and the American Constitution; a Study in Political and Legal Thought, with Selected Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/josephstoryameri0000mccl |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0806122900}}
*{{cite book |last=Urofsky |first=Melvin I. |author-link=Melvin I. Urofsky |title=The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |year=1994 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590 590] |isbn=0-8153-1176-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590 }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Joseph Story}}
*[https://www.courtlistener.com/?type=o&q=author_id%3A3118] Links to all opinions written by Joseph Story on the US Supreme Court, from www.courtlistener.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090221015211/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/story.htm Ariens, Michael, The Supreme Court, Joseph Story.]
*''Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States First Edition'' on Google Books: [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc16storgoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VZQPBIhVPsMC Volume II] and [https://archive.org/details/commentariesonc18storgoog Volume III]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_story.html Fox, John, ''Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Joseph Story.''] [[Public Broadcasting Service]].
*{{Biographical Directory of Congress|S000978|noid=y|inline=y}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090501182126/http://199.236.69.88/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/014.html History of the Court, Joseph Story], [[Supreme Court Historical Society]].
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-1387sto The Joseph Story papers] [[William L. Clements Library]].
*[http://library.law.harvard.edu/suites/story/index.php Harvard Law School Library: Joseph Story Digital Suite]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
| state=Massachusetts
| district=2 
| before=[[Jacob Crowninshield]] 
| after=[[Benjamin Pickman Jr.|Benjamin Pickman]]
| years=1808–1809
}}
|-
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Cushing]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|years=1812–1845}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Levi Woodbury]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Story, Joseph}}
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American judges]]
[[Category:American Unitarians]]
[[Category:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery]]
[[Category:Conflict of laws scholars]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the American Antiquarian Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Marblehead, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American scholars of constitutional law]]
[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by James Madison]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law]]
[[Category:District attorneys in Essex County, Massachusetts]]

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