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'''Ketosis''' is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of [[ketone bodies]] in the blood or urine. Physiological ketosis is a normal response to low [[glucose]] availability, such as [[low-carbohydrate diet]]s or [[fasting]], that provides an additional energy source for the brain in the form of ketones. In physiological ketosis, ketones in the blood are elevated above baseline levels, but the body's [[acid–base homeostasis]] is maintained. This contrasts with [[ketoacidosis]], an uncontrolled production of ketones that occurs in pathologic states and causes a [[metabolic acidosis]], which is a medical emergency. Ketoacidosis is most commonly the result of complete [[insulin]] deficiency in [[type 1 diabetes]] or late-stage [[type 2 diabetes]]. Ketone levels can be measured in blood, urine or breath and are generally between 0.5 and 3.0 [[Molar concentration|millimolar]] (mM) in physiological ketosis, while ketoacidosis may cause blood concentrations greater than 10 mM.<ref name=":6" /> |
'''Ketosis''' is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of [[ketone bodies]] in the blood or urine. Physiological ketosis is a normal response to low [[glucose]] availability, such as [[low-carbohydrate diet]]s or [[fasting]], that provides an additional energy source for the brain in the form of ketones. In physiological ketosis, ketones in the blood are elevated above baseline levels, but the body's [[acid–base homeostasis]] is maintained. This contrasts with [[ketoacidosis]], an uncontrolled production of ketones that occurs in pathologic states and causes a [[metabolic acidosis]], which is a medical emergency. Ketoacidosis is most commonly the result of complete [[insulin]] deficiency in [[type 1 diabetes]] or late-stage [[type 2 diabetes]]. Ketone levels can be measured in blood, urine or breath and are generally between 0.5 and 3.0 [[Molar concentration|millimolar]] (mM) in physiological ketosis, while ketoacidosis may cause blood concentrations greater than 10 mM.<ref name=":6" /> |
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Trace levels of ketones are always present in the blood and increase when blood glucose reserves are low and the [[liver]] shifts from primarily metabolizing carbohydrates to metabolizing fatty acids.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|url=https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/51040851169/ketone-body-metabolism|title=Ketone Body Metabolism|last1=Ward|first1=Colin |website=Diapedia|doi=10.14496/dia.51040851169.29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111193826/https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/51040851169/ketone-body-metabolism|archive-date=2018-11-11|access-date=30 September 2019|year=2015 |
Trace levels of ketones are always present in the blood and increase when blood glucose reserves are low and the [[liver]] shifts from primarily metabolizing carbohydrates to metabolizing fatty acids.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|url=https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/51040851169/ketone-body-metabolism|title=Ketone Body Metabolism|last1=Ward|first1=Colin |website=Diapedia|doi=10.14496/dia.51040851169.29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111193826/https://www.diapedia.org/metabolism-and-hormones/51040851169/ketone-body-metabolism|archive-date=2018-11-11|access-date=30 September 2019|year=2015}}{{self-published inline|date=March 2022}}</ref> This occurs during states of increased fatty acid oxidation such as fasting, starvation, carbohydrate restriction, or prolonged exercise. When the liver rapidly metabolizes [[fatty acids]] into [[acetyl-CoA]], some acetyl-CoA molecules can then be converted into ketone bodies: [[pyruvate]], [[acetoacetate]], [[beta-hydroxybutyrate]], and [[acetone]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> These ketone bodies can function as an energy source as well as signalling molecules.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattson MP, Moehl K, Ghena N, Schmaedick M, Cheng A | title = Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 63–80 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29321682 | pmc = 5913738 | doi = 10.1038/nrn.2017.156}}</ref> The liver itself cannot utilize these molecules for energy, so the ketone bodies are released into the blood for use by peripheral tissues including the brain.<ref name=":4" /> |
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When ketosis is induced by carbohydrate restriction, it is sometimes referred to as nutritional ketosis. A low-carbohydrate, moderate protein diet that can lead to ketosis is called a [[ketogenic diet]]. Ketosis is well-established as a treatment for [[epilepsy]] and is also effective in treating type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westman |first1=Eric C. |last2=Tondt |first2=Justin |last3=Maguire |first3=Emily |last4=Yancy |first4=William S. |title=Implementing a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=15 September 2018 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1080/17446651.2018.1523713 |pmid=30289048 |s2cid=52920398 }}</ref> |
When ketosis is induced by carbohydrate restriction, it is sometimes referred to as nutritional ketosis. A low-carbohydrate, moderate protein diet that can lead to ketosis is called a [[ketogenic diet]]. Ketosis is well-established as a treatment for [[epilepsy]] and is also effective in treating type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Westman |first1=Eric C. |last2=Tondt |first2=Justin |last3=Maguire |first3=Emily |last4=Yancy |first4=William S. |title=Implementing a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=15 September 2018 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1080/17446651.2018.1523713 |pmid=30289048 |s2cid=52920398 }}</ref> |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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