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{{Short description|1828 narrative poem by Adam Mickiewicz}} |
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{{for|the historical Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights|Konrad von Wallenrode}} |
{{for|the historical Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights|Konrad von Wallenrode}} |
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{{italic title}} |
{{italic title}} |
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'''''Konrad Wallenrod''''' is an 1828 [[narrative poem]], in [[Polish language|Polish]], by [[Adam Mickiewicz]], set in the 14th-century [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. |
'''''Konrad Wallenrod''''' is an 1828 [[narrative poem]], in [[Polish language|Polish]], by [[Adam Mickiewicz]], set in the 14th-century [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. |
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Mickiewicz wrote it, while living in [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]], in protest against the late-18th-century [[Partitions of Poland| |
Mickiewicz wrote it, while living in [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]], in protest against the late-18th-century [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] by the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], and the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]. |
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Mickiewicz had been exiled to St. Petersburg for his participation in the [[Philomaths]] organization at [[Vilnius University]].<ref name=bellman/> |
Mickiewicz had been exiled to St. Petersburg for his participation in the [[Philomaths]] organization at [[Vilnius University]].<ref name=bellman/> |
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The poem helped inspire the |
The poem helped inspire the Polish [[November Uprising|November 1830 Uprising]] against Russian rule.<ref name=mur/> Though its subversive theme was apparent to most readers, the poem escaped censorship due to conflicts among the [[censorship|censor]]s and, in the second edition, a prefatory homage to [[Tsar Nicholas I]].<ref name=milo/> Though Mickiewicz later disparaged the work, its cultural influence in Poland persists. |
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==Plot== |
==Plot== |
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In a preface, Mickiewicz briefly outlines the history of the region, describing the interactions among the Lithuanians, Prussians, Poles, and Russians.<ref name=bellman/> The following six [[canto]]s tell the story of Wallenrod, a fictional [[Lithuanian |
In a preface, Mickiewicz briefly outlines the history of the region, describing the interactions among the Lithuanians, Prussians, Poles, and Russians.<ref name=bellman/> The following six [[canto]]s tell the story of Wallenrod, a fictional [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanian]] [[pagan]] captured and reared as a Christian by his people's long-standing enemies, the Order of [[Teutonic Knights]]. He rises to the position of [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Grand Master]], but is awakened to his heritage by a mysterious minstrel singing at an entertainment.<ref name=milo>{{cite book|title=History of Polish Literature|author=Czeslaw Milosz|author-link=Czeslaw Milosz|year=1984|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11MVdBYUX5oC&pg=PA220 | isbn=978-0-520-04477-7}}</ref> He then seeks vengeance by deliberately leading the Knights into a major military defeat.<ref name=milo/> It transpires that Wallenrod has a wife, Aldona, who has been living in seclusion. The Knights discover his treason and sentence him to death; Aldona refuses to flee with him. He then commits [[suicide]]. |
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==Cultural influences== |
==Cultural influences== |
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The concept of "Wallenrodism" ({{lang-pl|Wallenrodyzm}}) |
The concept of "Wallenrodism" ({{lang-pl|Wallenrodyzm}}) — the striking of a treacherous, possibly suicidal, blow against an enemy — and certain powerful fragments of the poem have become an enduring part of the Polish psyche and found resonance in the [[Polish uprisings]] of the 19th and 20th centuries. The poem included a reference to [[Machiavelli]]'s dictum that a leader must be both a lion and a fox.<ref name=mur>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850, volume 2|author=Christopher John Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgS2nYRIuUEC&q=Konrad+Wallenrod&pg=PA740|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=740|year=2004 | isbn=978-1-57958-422-1}}</ref><ref name=milo/> Its encouragement of what would later be called "patriotic treason" created controversy, since its elements of deception and conspiracy were thought incompatible with Christian and [[chivalric]] values.<ref name=recep>{{cite book|title=The Reception of Byron in Europe, volume 1|author=Richard Andrew Cardwell|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuFX3hcqA5oC&q=wallenrod+konrad+christian&pg=PA310|page=310|year=2004 | isbn=978-0-8264-6844-4}}</ref> Mickiewicz was taken aback by the strength of the public response to his poem and regretted its publication; before his death, he expressed frustration at his financial inability to buy back and burn every copy of what he described as a mere "political pamphlet."<ref name=mur/><ref name=recep/> |
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''Konrad Wallenrod'' has twice been turned into an opera: as ''[[I Lituani]]'' (The Lithuanians), by Italian composer [[Amilcare Ponchielli]] (1874); and as |
''Konrad Wallenrod'' has twice been turned into an opera: as ''[[I Lituani]]'' (The Lithuanians), by Italian composer [[Amilcare Ponchielli]] (1874); and as ''Konrad Wallenrod'', by Polish composer [[Władysław Żeleński (musician)|Władysław Żeleński]] (1885). The Polish composer [[Frédéric Chopin]] may have based on this poem his [[Ballade No.1 in G minor]].<ref name=bellman>{{cite book|title=Chopin's Polish Ballade Op. 38 as Narrative of National Martyrdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYh8d5hIScMC&q=chopin+Konrad+Wallenrod&pg=PT89|author=Jonathan Bellman|year=2009|page=72|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US | isbn=978-0-19-533886-7}}</ref> |
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The Polish author [[Joseph Conrad]], who had been christened Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, may have selected the second part of his [[pen name]] as an [[Homage (arts)|hommage]] to the poem's protagonist.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Echoes from Konrad Wallenrod in ''Almayer's Folly'' and ''A Personal Record''|jstor=2902971|author=Jean M. Szczypien|journal=Nineteenth-Century Literature|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1998|volume=53|issue=1|pages=91–110|doi=10.2307/2902971}}</ref> Mickiewicz's poem influenced Conrad's frequent explorations of the conflict between publicly attested loyalty and a hidden affiliation with a national cause.<ref name=uc>{{cite book|title=Perilous States: Conversations on Culture, Politics, and Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/perilousstatesco00geor|url-access=registration|quote=wallenrod joseph conrad.|author=George E. Marcus|pages=[https://archive.org/details/perilousstatesco00geor/page/204 204], 205|year=1993|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | isbn=978-0-226-50447-6}}</ref> |
The Polish-born author [[Joseph Conrad]], who had been christened Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, may have selected the second part of his [[pen name]] as an [[Homage (arts)|hommage]] to the poem's protagonist.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Echoes from Konrad Wallenrod in ''Almayer's Folly'' and ''A Personal Record''|jstor=2902971|author=Jean M. Szczypien|journal=Nineteenth-Century Literature|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1998|volume=53|issue=1|pages=91–110|doi=10.2307/2902971}}</ref> Mickiewicz's poem influenced Conrad's frequent explorations of the conflict between publicly attested loyalty and a hidden affiliation with a national cause.<ref name=uc>{{cite book|title=Perilous States: Conversations on Culture, Politics, and Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/perilousstatesco00geor|url-access=registration|quote=wallenrod joseph conrad.|author=George E. Marcus|pages=[https://archive.org/details/perilousstatesco00geor/page/204 204], 205|year=1993|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | isbn=978-0-226-50447-6}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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[[Category:Polish poems]] |
[[Category:Polish poems]] |
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[[Category:State of the Teutonic Order]] |
[[Category:State of the Teutonic Order]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Lithuaniainfiction]] |
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[[Category:Works by Adam Mickiewicz]] |
[[Category:Works by Adam Mickiewicz]] |
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[[Category:Epic poems in Polish]] |
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