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{{Short description|History of LGBTQI people and rights in Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2022}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}

{{History of Australia|image=Melbourne Rally for Marriage Equality.jpg|imagesize=220px|caption=Rally for Marriage Equality in Melbourne, August 2017}}This article details the history of the [[LGBT rights]] movement in [[Australia]], from the colonial era to the present day.

== The Indigenous experience ==

Whilst identifying as [[LGBT]] is not uncommon amongst [[Indigenous Australians]] today<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archermagazine.com.au/2014/10/homosexuality-and-aboriginal-culture-a-lore-unto-themselves/|title=Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves|date=2014-10-20|website=Archer Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> there is no record of it being a phenomenon in pre-colonial Australian societies. Anthropologists [[Bill Stanner]], [[Norman Tindale]], [[A. P. Elkin]] and [[Ralph Piddington]] found evidence of [[polygamy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/12.%20Aboriginal%20Marriages%20and%20Family%20Structures/marriages-aboriginal-societies-today|title=Marriages in Aboriginal Societies Today|last=Anonymous|date=2010-08-18|website=www.alrc.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823095724/https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/12.%2520Aboriginal%2520Marriages%2520and%2520Family%2520Structures/marriages-aboriginal-societies-today|url-status=dead}}</ref> and other non-binary behaviours, but not of homosexuality as such.
While there is no evidence of these cultures on [[mainland Australia]], this may not confirm that homosexual and other queer behaviours and identities were absent from mainland [[Aboriginal Australian]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archermagazine.com.au/2014/10/homosexuality-and-aboriginal-culture-a-lore-unto-themselves/|title=Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves|date=2021-06-06|website=Archer Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

An exception is in the [[Tiwi Islands]]. While there is not a lot of evidence that there were formal structures and formal roles within mainland Aboriginal communities in the Tiwi Islands, language that names sexual and gender diversity exists, and there is evidence that there were roles that were quite set out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What do we know about queer Indigenous history?|date=2018-05-30|website=[[Triple j]] |publisher =[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en|access-date=2020-01-12|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/the-hook-up/indigenousqueer/9815712}}</ref>

== Colonial period to 1951 ==
[[File:Hyde Park Barracks and Statue of Prince Albert on the corner of Macquarie Street and Prince Albert Road, Sydney.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in Sydney, where some convicts identified themselves with female names]]
Early laws in Australia were based on then-current laws in [[Great Britain|Britain]], which were inherited upon [[History of Australia (1788-1850)|colonisation]] in 1788. [[Lesbian]]ism was never illegal in Britain nor its colonies, including Australia. [[Sodomy]] laws, however, were part of Australian law, from 1788 through to 1994 under ''Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994''. The punishment for "buggery" (sodomy) was reduced from execution to life in prison in 1899.<ref name="petra1">[http://www.petra.ac.id/asc/people/homo/development.html The Development Of Homosexuality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013161453/http://www.petra.ac.id/asc/people/homo/development.html |date=October 13, 2008 }}</ref>

Throughout the [[Penal transportation|transportation]] period there was a severe imbalance between the sexes, convict and free, and large numbers of convicts were kept in relative or complete isolation from the other sex. Homosexual behaviour was prevalent among Europeans in colonial Australia; Historian [[Robert Aldrich (historian)|Robert Aldrich]] suggests that sodomy became more common in the 1820s and 1830s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Colonialism and Homosexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialismhomos00aldr|url-access=limited|last=Aldrich|first=Robert|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9780415196154|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colonialismhomos00aldr/page/n232 220]}}</ref> Some historians have suggested that anti-sodomy rhetoric was utilised effectively against the practice of transportation, contributing to its eventual conclusion in the 1840s, although the emergence of gold mining also led to an increase in free migration and settlement.<ref name=":0" />

In 1796 Francis Wilkinson became the first man to be charged with buggery (but acquitted). Class differences appear to have been involved in tolerance and indulgence of gay sex amongst convicts, with little attention paid by working-class convicts, but condemnation from middle-class or upwardly mobile transportees.<ref name=":1">[[Babette Smith]]: Australia's Birthstain: The Startling Legacy of the Convict Era: Sydney Allen and Unwin: 2008</ref>

In 1822 an official inquiry into the sexual scandal that resulted from the movement of thirty female prisoners to the male prison farm at [[Emu Plains]] reported the rumour that the women had been placed there to prevent "unnatural crimes" on the part of the men.

In a secret dispatch of 1843 the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land stated that women in the Hobart female factory have "their Fancy-women, or lovers, to who they are attached with as much ardour as they would be to the opposite sex, and practice onanism to the greatest extent".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daniels|first=Kay|date=December 1993|title=The flash mob: Rebellion, rough culture and sexuality in the female factories of Van Diemen's Land|journal=Australian Feminist Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=18|pages=133–150|doi=10.1080/08164649.1993.9994701|issn=0816-4649}}</ref>

Select committees of the [[British Parliament]] inquiring into racism in 1832 and 1837 heard much evidence of the prevalence of scandalism. Major James Mudie testified that the prisoners called each other "sods" and that at [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in Sydney boy prisoners went by names such as Kitty and Nancy.<ref>Wayne Dynes, The Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, London 1990</ref>

In 1932, an Australian tabloid, ''[[The Arrow (newspaper)|The Arrow]]'', described the growth of the "pervert population" of Brisbane, largely men aged 18 to 25, whose activities presented "a scandal of evil almost unprecedented". It called for police action to suppress and end their gatherings. It reported clandestine weddings between gay men there: "In the last two weeks there have been two 'weddings'—ghastly, horrifying spectacles of painted men and primping lads united in a sacrilegious blasphemy that they call the 'bonds of matrimony'."<ref>{{cite news|title=Wide Open Immorality among Brisbane's Perverts |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article103477393 |access-date=6 June 2013 |newspaper=The Arrow (Sydney)|date=4 March 1932|author=Andrew Potts}}</ref>

In 1951, the [[New South Wales]] Crimes Act was amended to ensure that "buggery" remained a criminal act "with or without the consent of the person", removing legal loophole of consent. The government of [[Joseph Cahill|J.J. Cahill]] increased arrests of male homosexuals and reopened a prison at [[Cooma]] exclusively for gay prisoners in 1957.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Franklin |first=James |author-link=James Franklin (philosopher) |date=2022 |title=Catholic Action, Sydney Style: Catholic lay organisations from friendly societies to the Vice Squad |url=https://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/vicesquadpublished.pdf |journal=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=172–201 |doi= |access-date=2 Jan 2023}}</ref>

== 20th Century Gay Rights Movement ==

While Britain's influence on Australian political culture was still strong in the fifties there was no local appetite for a political response to the [[Wolfenden Committee]], which recommended the [[decriminalisation]] of male homosexuality in Britain in 1957. Ten years later there was little comment from any Australian public figure (state or federal) when Britain finally decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales. Some historians have attributed this to the association of homosexuality with the 'convict stain'.<ref name=":1" />

However, it was in the wake of decriminalisation in Britain that the first Australian gay and lesbian rights groups were organised. The ACT Homosexual Law Reform Society, a [[Canberra]]-based organisation formed in mid 1969; and an Australian arm of the [[Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)|Daughters of Bilitis]], formed in [[Melbourne]] in January 1970, are considered Australia's first [[List of gay-rights organizations#Australia|gay rights organisation]]s. Although, it was a [[Sydney]] organisation, the [[Campaign Against Moral Persecution]] (CAMP), founded in 1970, that was to gain the most public attention.<ref name="petra1"/>

CAMP set out to publicly campaign for political and social change, rather than focusing on law reform. This was apparent when activists John Ware and Christobell Poll announced its formation in an article on the front page of the magazine section of ''[[The Australian]]'' newspaper on 19 September 1970. CAMP was officially launched on 6 February 1971, at the first public gathering of gay women and men in Australia, which took place in a church hall in [[Balmain, New South Wales |Balmain]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web| url=https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/20/4-20/australias-queer-history/|title=Australia's queer history|date=2018-11-28|website=O&G Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> Within 12 months local CAMP groups had formed in each capital city, creating an informal gay rights network around Australia.

CAMP's first demonstration took place in October 1971 outside the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] headquarters in Sydney when a right-wing Christian fundamentalist stood against [[Tom Hughes (Australian politician)|Tom Hughes]] for pre-selection. [[Tom Hughes (Australian politician)|Tom Hughes]] was the federal Liberal Attorney-General and had spoken out in favour of limited homosexual law reform, so CAMP mounted a demonstration. In January 1971, the Melbourne-based gay rights organisation [[Society Five]] was formed, inspired by CAMP, and was to become the largest gay organisation in Australia during the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Gisela |author-link1=Gisela Kaplan |title=The Meagre Harvest: The Australian Women's Movement 1950s–1990s |publisher=St Leonards |year=1996 |page=93}}</ref>

The emergence of this movement in the early 1970s was aided by the growing visibility of the gay and lesbian community in the Australian media. Reform of Australia's tough censorship rules by then Minister for Customs and Excise, [[Don Chipp]], meant that by the early 1970s gay and lesbian content was no longer automatically censored. In February 1970 the first gay themed Australian film [[The Set (film)|The Set]] was released. While in October 1970 ABC TV's ''[[This Day Tonight]]'' broadcast an interview with a lesbian couple featuring the first same-sex kiss seen on Australian television. Further exposure occurred when another ABC TV's ''Chequerboard'' program broadcast an interview with a gay couple in February 1972 and Australian TV soap opera ''[[Number 96 (TV series)|Number 96]]'' introduced the first sympathetic gay character, Don Finlayson, to local audiences.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

This visibility and increasing publicity around the emergence of gay and lesbian groups in major Australian cities soon encouraged more groups to form. Additional gay and lesbian rights organisations included The Gay Teachers Group,<ref>{{cite web |title=A gay bibliography – Melbourne Gay Teachers Group|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1284859?lookfor=author:"Melbourne"}}</ref> and The Homosexual Law Reform Coalition, all gay rights organisations which started in the late 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carbery|first=Graham|date=2014|title=Towards homosexual equality in Australian criminal law - A brief history (revised ed.)|url=http://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf|journal=Australian Lesbian & Gay Archives|pages=11|access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> In May 1973 Australia's first LGBTI focused social service [[Phone-a-Friend]] was established in Sydney, which in 1978 saw the launch of Australia's first gay focused news publications [[The Sydney Star Observer]].

However, homosexual law reform first occurred in [[South Australia]], not [[New South Wales]] or [[Victoria, Australia |Victoria]]. In 1972, in response to public outrage at the murder of [[University of Adelaide]] academic [[Dr George Duncan]], the [[Don Dunstan|Dunstan]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government introduced a ''consenting adults in private'' type reform bill. This led to a later more comprehensive reform bill introduced by Murray Hill, father of former defence minister [[Robert Hill (Australian politician)|Robert Hill]]. In 1975, South Australia became the first Australian state to legalise sexual conduct between consenting adult males. This action prompted other Australian jurisdictions to debate law reform for the first time, with the [[Australian Capital Territory]] following the South Australian lead in 1976.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

In 1973 the [[The Pink Ban|Pink Bans]] were carried out by the Builders Laborers Federation to protest discrimination against gay people by universities in Sydney.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Liz |date=2023-04-03 |title=Revolution Is For Us: Gay Liberation, Unions and the Left in the 1970s |url=https://commonslibrary.org/revolution-is-for-us-gay-liberation-unions-and-the-left-in-the-1970s/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

In October 1973 the [[Australian Parliament]] passed a motion in favour of the decriminialization of homosexual acts between consenting adults in private. While at the same time, the [[Australian Medical Association]] removed homosexuality from its list of illnesses and disorders, two months before the [[American Psychiatric Association]] did the same.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirby|first=Michael|date=2003-12-01|title=The 1973 Deletion of Homosexuality as a Psychiatric Disorder: 30 Years on|journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=37|issue=6|pages=674–677|doi= 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01269.x|pmid=14636380|s2cid=44818542 |issn=0004-8674}}</ref> Following in the wake of South Australia and the ACT the other Australian states and territories reformed their laws between 1976 and 1991. The exception was [[Tasmania]], which retained its laws until the [[Government of Australia|federal government]] forced their repeal in 1997.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

It was in this context that an estimated 500 people marched to and rallied in [[Martin Place]] in Sydney on 24 June 1978.<ref name=":2" /> Organisers said the march and rally were part of "international homosexual solidarity day" to demonstrate against [[sexual repression]] in Australia and other countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Original report – 500&nbsp;march in city |publisher=NEWS.com.au |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23257207-5016087,00.html |access-date=22 February 2008 |date=22 February 2008 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302093417/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23257207-5016087,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Police attacked a late night street party or Mardi Gras that night and arrested 53 revelers. This response, coupled with the publication of the names of the activists arrested in the local press over the next few days, attracted considerable public sympathy and led to this event becoming an annual community event, the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]], which celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2008. It also inspired similar events in other cities like [[Melbourne]] and [[Perth]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}

Law reform and the emergence of visible gay and lesbian communities did not however lead to the end of police harassment of individuals, which would continue into the 1990s. The last gay man was arrested on 14 December 1984 in [[Hobart]], Tasmania, when he was found engaging in sexual conduct with another man on the side of the road in a car. He was sentenced to eight months jail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/vws488.htm|title=Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994).|date=March 31, 1994|website=hrlibrary.umn.edu|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>

In 1991, after consistent pressure from Gay and Lesbian Immigration Task Force (GLITF), the ''Migration Amendment Act (No. 2) 1991 (Cth)'' was passed, amending the ''[[Migration Act 1958|Migration Act 1958 (Cth)]]'' to allow Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents to sponsor their same-sex partners to Australia through a new Interdependency Visa.<ref name="Australian Human Rights Commission - Same-Sex: Same Entitlements: Chapter 15">{{cite web| url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/same-sex-same-entitlements-chapter-15#2|title=Same-Sex: Same Entitlements: Chapter 15|publisher=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref>

In 1994, the Commonwealth passed the ''[[Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994]]'',<ref name="act1994">{{cite web |title=Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 – Sect 4 |publisher=Commonwealth Consolidated Acts |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hrca1994297/s4.html |access-date=3 September 2007}}</ref> section four of which legalised sexual activity between consenting adults (in private) throughout Australia. It was not until 1997 however when the law in Tasmania prohibiting gay male sexual conduct was repealed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-12-22 |title=Campaigns that Changed Tasmania |url=https://commonslibrary.org/campaigns-that-changed-tasmania/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> The ban on gay male sexual conduct was overturned in the courts in 1996 following ''[[Toonen v. Australia]]'' that gay male sexual conduct became formally legal in all Australian states and territories when the federal government passed the ''Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hrca1994297/ |title=HUMAN RIGHTS (SEXUAL CONDUCT) ACT 1994 |publisher=Austlii.edu.au |access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

== Howard government ==

Since the beginning of his term as [[prime minister of Australia]] in 1996, [[John Howard]] made his position clear on the gay rights issue.<ref>{{cite news | title = Howard rules on gay marriages | date = 2004-05-27 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2004/s1117638.htm | work =www.abc.net.au (lateline) | access-date = 9 Jun 2013}}</ref><ref name ="lateline">{{cite news | author = AAP | title = Howard attacks ACT gay adoption law | date = 8 March 2004 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/03/08/1078594269414.html | work = www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald) | access-date = 9 Jun 2013}}</ref> In January 1997, Howard refused to offer a message of support to Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} and said on the TV program ''[[A Current Affair (Australian TV series)|A Current Affair]]'' that he would be "disappointed" if one of his children were to tell him they were gay or lesbian.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} In August 2001 when asked in a [[Triple J]] interview where he placed himself on a scale of acceptance of homosexuality, one end being total acceptance and the other total rejection, Howard replied, "Oh I'd place myself somewhere in the middle. I certainly don't think you should give the same status to homosexual liaisons as you give to marriage, I don't."{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

In July 1996 the [[Howard government]] reduced the number of interdependency visas, making migration for same-sex couples more difficult.<ref>{{Cite news | title=MIGRATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL | date=13 December 1996 | work=Anthony Albanese MP | url=http://www.anthonyalbanese.com.au/file.php?file=/news/NNSUGWSDTEQDAKKWAESVLOUV/index.html | access-date=2018-11-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218061754/http://www.anthonyalbanese.com.au/file.php?file=%2Fnews%2FNNSUGWSDTEQDAKKWAESVLOUV%2Findex.html | archive-date=2011-02-18 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Reported in 2003, the government was pushed into permitting passports with an 'X' sex marker by [[Alex MacFarlane]]. This was stated by the West Australian to be on the basis of a challenge by MacFarlane, using an "indeterminate" birth certificate issued by the State of Victoria.<ref name="West Australian">[http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf "X marks the spot for intersex Alex"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110023525/http://www.bodieslikeours.org/pdf/xmarks.pdf |date=2013-11-10 }}, West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003</ref><ref name="Science as Culture">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/09505430802280784 | volume=17 | issue=3 | title=Hearing People's Own Stories | year=2008 | journal=Science as Culture | pages=341–344 | last1 = Holme | first1 = Ingrid| s2cid=143528047 }}</ref><ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">[http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/neither-man-nor-woman-20100626-zaye.html "Neither man nor woman"], Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2010</ref> Australian government policy between 2003 and 2011 was to issue passports with an 'X' marker only to people who could "present a birth certificate that notes their sex as indeterminate".<ref>[https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sex-files-legal-recognition-concluding-paper-sex-and-gender-2009#Heading495, Sex Files: the legal recognition of sex in documents and government records. Concluding paper of the sex and gender diversity project (2009)], Australian Human Rights Commission, March 2009.</ref><ref name="oii10">[http://oii.org.au/21597/ Ten years of 'X' passports, and no protection from discrimination], Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 19 January 2013</ref><ref name="oii.org.au">[http://oii.org.au/14763/on-x-passports/ On Australian passports and "X" for sex], Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 9 October 2011</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Getting a passport made easier for sex and gender diverse people|url=http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2011/kr_mr_110914b.html|access-date=23 December 2011|newspaper=The Hon Kevin Rudd MP|date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119075623/http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2011/kr_mr_110914b.html|archive-date=19 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The UN Human Rights Commission declared Australia's federal government in violation of equality and privacy rights under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights in September 2003 after it had denied a man a de facto spouse veteran's pension based on his 38-year same-sex relationship. The request from the UN that Australia take steps to treat same sex couples equally was ignored. When directly questioned, Attorney General [[Philip Ruddock]] said that the government is not bound by the ruling.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

In March 2004, Howard condemned Australia's first laws which would allow gay couples to adopt children in the ACT as part of a new ACT Bill of Rights. Howard said, "I think the idea of the ACT having a bill of rights is ridiculous. I'm against gay adoption, just as I'm against gay marriage."<ref name ="lateline" /> The Commonwealth, however, did not overturn the legislation.

On 27 May 2004, approximately two months after Tony Blair's Labour Government in Britain proposed its ''[[Civil Partnership Act 2004]]'', federal Attorney-General [[Philip Ruddock]] introduced the ''Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill'' to prevent any possible court rulings allowing same-sex marriages or civil unions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marriage Amendment Bill 2004 |date=24 June 2004 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=oldbills&Criteria=BILL_ID:r2123;SEQ_NUM:0; |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121127092643/http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=oldbills&Criteria=BILL_ID:r2123;SEQ_NUM:0; |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=26 May 2008 }}</ref> In August 2004, same-sex marriage was officially prohibited when the ''[[Marriage Act 1961 (Australia)|Marriage Act 1961]]'' and the ''Family Law Act'' were amended in order to define marriage as a "union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life". Amendments were also made to prevent the recognition in Australia of marriages conducted in other countries between a man and another man or a woman and another woman.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

The passage of the legislation was made possible because the Australian Labor Party supported the Howard government's proposed ban on same-sex marriages at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/labor-backs-ban-on-gay-marriage-20040805-gdyea0.html|title=Labor backs ban on gay marriage|date=2004-08-05|website=The Age|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

== State and territory initiatives ==
In March 2006, after the ACT government announced plans to create civil unions within the territory, the federal government vowed to block it.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hacker, Peter |title=Australian Federal Gov't Moves To Block Civil Union Bid |publisher=365Gay.com |date=29 March 2006 |url=http://365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032906ozUnions.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510112436/http://www.365gay.com/Newscon06/03/032906ozUnions.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref> Following the public outcry over Howard's move to kill the ACT bill, in April the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) began a six-month inquiry to hear from Australians about the federal government's treatment of gays.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |title=Australian Gay Marriage Treatment Like Apartheid Inquiry Told |publisher=365Gay.com |date=11 October 2006 |url=http://www.365gay.com/Newscon06/10/101106ozrts.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217014756/http://www.365gay.com/Newscon06/10/101106ozrts.htm |archive-date=17 February 2008 |access-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref> The Howard government banned its departments from making submissions to the inquiry into financial discrimination experienced by same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Howard Bans Submissions to HREOC |publisher=Sydney Star Observer |url=http://www.ssonet.com.au/archives/display.asp?articleID=6174 |access-date=29 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112253/http://www.ssonet.com.au/archives/display.asp?articleID=6174 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>

In May 2006, Attorney General Philip Ruddock blocked a gay Australian man from marrying in Europe. Ruddock refused to grant a gay man living in the Netherlands a '[[Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage]]' document required by some European countries before marriage, to prove foreigners are in fact single. Under Ruddock's instructions, no such documents were to be released to gay and lesbians individuals intending to marry overseas.<ref name = "Age3">{{Cite news |title=Govt defends block to same sex marriage (January&nbsp;18, 2006 – 9:29&nbsp;am) |work=The Age |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Govt-defends-block-to-same-sex-marriage/2006/01/18/1137467021053.html |access-date=3 September 2007 | location=Melbourne, Australia| date=18 January 2006}}</ref> Following a request for the certificate the following statement was received:

{{Quote|Following the advice of the Australian Attorney-General's Department we herewith certify that Australian law does not allow the issue of a Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage to persons wishing to enter into a same-sex marriage.|Australian Embassy, Netherlands on behalf of the Attorney-General's Office<ref name = "Age3"/>}}

In June 2006, the ACT's civil union legislation was passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly however the law was subsequently disallowed by the Governor General on instruction from the Howard government.  A second attempt to legislate for civil unions for same-sex couples in 2007 was again disallowed.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

In 2007, following the successful same-sex adoption of a boy in Western Australia by two gay men the Howard government made plans to introduce a federal bill, The Family Law (Same Sex Adoption) Bill, which sought to prevent same-sex couples from adopting. The idea was taken off the legislative agenda after the 2007 election, which Coalition government lost.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gay couples face overseas adoption ban|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Same-sex-couples-face-adoption-ban/2007/08/02/1185648030026.html|website=www.smh.com.au|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

Despite the reluctance of the federal government, individual states and territories were continuing to make inroads towards same-sex marriage. 
Since 2001, Victoria has amended 60 Acts to advance same-sex marriage. In 2002, [[Western Australia]] removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation (including adoption) by adding the new definition of "de facto partner", and [[Queensland]] created a new, non-discriminatory definition of "de facto partner" within 61 pieces of legislation. In 2003, [[Tasmania]] became the first state to create a relationship registry for same sex couples, giving same-sex couples nearly equal rights to married couples, excluding adoption. In 2004, the [[Northern Territory]] removed legislative discrimination against same-sex couples in most areas of territory law, and the ACT began allowing same-sex couples to adopt. In 2005, the city of Sydney, in [[New South Wales]], created a Relationship Declaration Program offering limited legal recognition for same-sex couples. In 2006, [[South Australia]], the last state to recognise same-sex couples, amended 97 Acts, dispensing with the term "de facto" and categorising couples as "domestic partners". The city of [[Melbourne]], in Victoria, provided a "Relationship Declaration Register" for all relationships and carers starting in 2007, which was followed in December with Victoria introducing a statewide registry and amending 69 pieces of legislation to include couples who are in registered relationships.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

== Major reforms in the 2010s ==
[[File:Pro-marriage equality wall in Redfern, New South Wales.jpg|thumb|A wall with the signage "Yes" painted in the colours of the LGBT flag, designed to demonstrate the support for Australia's [[Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey|Marriage Equality survey]] from 2017. Advertising in Australian media frequently used the phrase "Australia said yes" in response to the [[Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey#Result|survey result]].]]
By the late 2000s and early 2010s, support for LGBT rights in Australia generally grew, and a number of significant legal achievements were made. Nationwide equalisation with respect to the [[age of consent]] laws was achieved when [[Queensland]] amended the law in 2016. The decade was also marked by the implementation of [[expungement]] schemes in many states and territories, which allowed men who had been charged with anti-homosexuality laws to apply to have their convictions removed from the record. As of November 2018, all of the eight states and territories have passed expungement laws.

States and territories, with the exception of [[South Australia]], also abolished the use of the [[gay panic defence]] in common law and the first nationwide [[anti-discrimination]] law was passed by the [[Parliament of Australia|Federal Parliament]] in the form of the ''Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013'', the provisions of which extended to [[intersex]] people. Significantly, [[LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia|adoption laws]] were amended in six states and territories ([[New South Wales]] 2010; [[Tasmania]] 2013; [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] 2015; [[Queensland]] 2016; [[South Australia]] 2017; [[Northern Territory]] 2018) to allow same-sex couples the right to adopt children. South Australia's amendment of [[assisted reproduction]] laws in 2016 ensured same-sex couples had equal access to these methods in all jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrlc.org.au/news/2017/2/28/same-sex-couples-in-south-australia-to-have-access-to-ivf-and-unpaid-surrogacy|title=Same-sex couples in South Australia to have access to IVF and unpaid surrogacy|work=Human Rights Law Centre|date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307135102/https://www.hrlc.org.au/news/2017/2/28/same-sex-couples-in-south-australia-to-have-access-to-ivf-and-unpaid-surrogacy|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> By 2018, all states and territories, with the exception of [[Western Australia]] and the [[Northern Territory]], had implemented a relationships registration scheme, which allowed couples to demonstrate proof of the existence of a ''de facto'' relationship for the purpose of federal law. Some of these laws included the option for a couple to have a formal, state-sanctioned ceremony. Queensland made history in this regard by legislating for [[civil unions]] twice in the decade, once in 2011 and again in 2016 after the intervening [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Newman LNP Government]] had repealed the legislation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/dec/03/queensland-brings-back-civil-unions-for-same-sex-couples|title=Queensland brings back civil unions for same-sex couples|work=The Guardian|date=3 December 2015}}</ref>

[[Transgender]] people in the [[Australian Capital Territory]], the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia also benefited from landmark reforms which allowed them to change their gender marker on their [[birth certificate]], irrespective of whether or not they had undergone [[sexual reassignment surgery]], though this was rejected by the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/landmark-transgender-rights-bill-passes-in-south-australia-n|title=Landmark Transgender Rights Bill Passes In South Australia, Nixed In Victoria|date=6 December 2016|work=BuzzFeed}}</ref> Arguably the most significant reform in the transgender space was a November 2017 ruling from the [[Family Court of Australia]] which allowed transgender children to access [[Hormone replacement therapy (transgender)|cross-sex hormone treatment]] (known as "stage 2 treatment") without court approval needing to be sought, in cases where there is no dispute between a child, their parents, and their treating doctors, hormone treatment can be prescribed without court permission.<ref name="30NovFamilyCourtRuling">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/transgender-teens-can-now-access-treatment-without-going-to|title=Transgender Teens Can Now Access Treatment Without Going To Court, Following Landmark Decision|work=BuzzFeed|date=30 November 2017|author=Lane Sainty}}</ref><ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Re: Kelvin|link=|source=|num=258|year=2017|pinpoint=|parallelcite=|date=30 November 2017|court=FamCAFC|courtname=auto|juris=|ref=}}</ref>

In the relationships recognition space, federal law would be critical. The [[Parliament of Australia|Federal Parliament]]'s reforms of ''de facto'' recognition in 2008/09, spearheaded by the [[Rudd government (2007-10)|Rudd government]], would amend 85 pieces of Commonwealth legislation to allow same-sex couples equal access to a range of areas including taxation, superannuation, health, social security, aged care and child support, immigration, citizenship and veterans' affairs.<ref name="DeFactoExplanatory1">{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2008B00213/Explanatory%20Memorandum/Text|title=Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws - General Law Reform) Act 2008|work=Federal Register of Legislation|date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="DeFactoExplanatory2">{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/ems/r3011_ems_2c957e05-c675-4019-a6ee-910a9e68583f/upload_pdf/317500.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws—Superannuation) Act 2008|work=Parliament of Australia|date=1 January 2009}}</ref> In time however, glaring examples of deficiencies between ''de facto'' relationships and [[Marriage in Australia|marriages]] would be identified, enhancing the momentum for [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="730invisible">{{cite news|last1=Holman|first1=Julia|title=Same-sex couples 'invisible' and financially vulnerable because they can't marry|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-27/ssm-couples-vulnerable-without-marriage/8994234|access-date=27 September 2017|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=27 September 2017|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-21/same-sex-marriage-legal-rights-married-defacto-couples-explained/8964368|title=SSM: What legal benefits do married couples have that de facto couples do not?|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=21 September 2017}}</ref> Same-sex marriage legislation would fail 22 times in the Federal Parliament between 2004 and 2017,<ref name="chron">{{cite web|last1=McKeown|first1=Deirdre|title=Chronology of same-sex marriage bills introduced into the federal parliament: a quick guide|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1718/Quick_Guides/SSMarriageBills|website=www.aph.gov.au|publisher=Parliamentary Library (Australia)|access-date=27 December 2016|location=Canberra|language=en-AU|date=1 December 2017}}</ref> most notably in September 2012 when legislation was rejected by large majorities in both houses of Parliament, despite the [[Gillard government|Gillard Labor government]] agreeing to a [[conscience vote]] on the issue.<ref name="reps2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-09-19/same-sex-marriage-bill-voted-down/4270016|title=Lower House votes down same-sex marriage bill|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref name="sen2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-09-20/an-senate-votes-down-second-bill/4272428|title=Australian Senate votes down same-sex marriage bill|work=ABC News}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Turnbull government|Turnbull Liberal/National government]], having been denied the opportunity to hold a [[Referendums in Australia|plebiscite]], succeeded in conducting a [[Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey|voluntary postal survey]] on same-sex marriage, which resulted in a 61.6% "Yes" vote in favour of legalisation.<ref name="ABCNovember2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-15/same-sex-marriage-what-happens-next/9134072|title=Australia wants same-sex marriage. Here's what happens next|date=15 November 2017|work=ABC News|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> Consequently, the Federal Parliament passed a law amending the ''[[Marriage Act 1961 (Australia)|Marriage Act 1961]]'' to allow same-sex couples to marry in December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-07/same-sex-marriage-bill-passes-house-of-representatives/9235560|title=Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings|work=ABC News|date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |first= |date=2021-08-12 |title=Marriage Equality Campaign Timeline and Reflections |url=https://commonslibrary.org/marriage-equality-campaign-timeline-and-reflections/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==In sport ==

In 1982, the first LGBTQI football team, the Adelaide Armpits, played their first season in [[Adelaide]], and continued to play in [[South Australian]] competitions for 30 years.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lewis | first=Samantha | title='A bunch of ratbag, lesbian feminists': The coming-out story of the Adelaide Armpits, Australia's first LGBTQIA+ football club | website=ABC News |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=18 June 2022 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-19/adelaide-armpits-australias-first-lgbtqia-football-team/101126586 | access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey]]
*[[LGBT rights in Australia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives]] is the largest repository of library, archive and museum material relating to Australian LGBT history, and international LGBT history in Australia.
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99183306808802061 Museum of Brisbane: Prejudice and Pride Exhibition Material 1980-2010], [[State Library of Queensland|State Library Queensland]]

[[Category:LGBT history in Australia| ]]

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