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'''Lie detection''' is an assessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit. Lie detection may refer to a cognitive process of detecting deception by evaluating message content as well as non-verbal cues.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pär Anders|last1=Granhag|first2=Aldert|last2=Vrij|first3=Bruno|last3=Verschuere|title=Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches (Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law)|year=2015|pages=205|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118509661}}</ref> It also may refer to questioning techniques used along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. The latter is commonly used by law enforcement in the United States, but rarely in other countries because it is based on [[pseudoscience]]. |
'''Lie detection''' is an assessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit. Lie detection may refer to a cognitive process of detecting deception by evaluating message content as well as non-verbal cues.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pär Anders|last1=Granhag|first2=Aldert|last2=Vrij|first3=Bruno|last3=Verschuere|title=Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches (Wiley Series in Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law)|year=2015|pages=205|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118509661}}</ref> It also may refer to questioning techniques used along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. The latter is commonly used by law enforcement in the United States, but rarely in other countries because it is based on [[pseudoscience]]. |
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There are a wide variety of technologies available for this purpose.<ref name="Parliament">{{cite web|title=Detecting Deception|url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/POST-PN-375|publisher=Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (UK)|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> The most common and long used measure is the [[polygraph]]. A comprehensive 2003 review by the [[National Academy of Sciences]] of existing research concluded that there was "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy."<ref name="Polygraph and Lie Detection 2003">{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10420/the-polygraph-and-lie-detection|title=The Polygraph and Lie Detection|publisher=National Research Council|year=2003| doi=10.17226/10420 |isbn=978-0-309-26392-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2,212}} There is no evidence to substantiate that [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal]] lie detection, such as by looking at body language, is an effective way to detect lies, even if it is widely used by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vrij|first1=Aldert|last2=Hartwig|first2=Maria|last3=Granhag|first3=Pär Anders|date=2019|title=Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=70|issue=1|pages=295–317|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135|pmid=30609913| s2cid=58562467 |issn=0066-4308| url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/reading-lies-nonverbal-communication-and-deception(3d64cf66-725e-4cb5-ae5a-5619417b1452).html |
There are a wide variety of technologies available for this purpose.<ref name="Parliament">{{cite web|title=Detecting Deception|url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/POST-PN-375|publisher=Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (UK)|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> The most common and long used measure is the [[polygraph]]. A comprehensive 2003 review by the [[National Academy of Sciences]] of existing research concluded that there was "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy."<ref name="Polygraph and Lie Detection 2003">{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10420/the-polygraph-and-lie-detection|title=The Polygraph and Lie Detection|publisher=National Research Council|year=2003| doi=10.17226/10420 |isbn=978-0-309-26392-4|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2,212}} There is no evidence to substantiate that [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal]] lie detection, such as by looking at body language, is an effective way to detect lies, even if it is widely used by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vrij|first1=Aldert|last2=Hartwig|first2=Maria|last3=Granhag|first3=Pär Anders|date=2019|title=Reading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=70|issue=1|pages=295–317|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135|pmid=30609913| s2cid=58562467 |issn=0066-4308| url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/reading-lies-nonverbal-communication-and-deception(3d64cf66-725e-4cb5-ae5a-5619417b1452).html }}</ref><ref name="Seigel">{{cite journal |last1=Seigel |first1=Jessica |title=The truth about lying |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=25 March 2021 |doi=10.1146/knowable-032421-1 |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2021/the-truth-about-lying |access-date=8 December 2021 |doi-access=}}</ref> |
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==General accuracy and limitations of assessment== |
==General accuracy and limitations of assessment== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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