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The defeat of Ashur-uballit II at Harran in 609 BC marked the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which was never restored.{{Sfn|Radner|2019|p=141}} The territory of the Assyrian Empire was split between the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] and [[Median Empire|Median]] empires.{{Sfn|Parpola|2004|p=18}} The [[Assyrian people]] survived the fall of the empire, though Assyria continued to be a sparsely populated and marginal region under the Neo-Babylonian and later [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] empires.{{sfn|Hauser|2017|p=236}} Under the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires, Assyria experienced a remarkable recovery. Under the last two or so centuries of Parthian rule, archaeological surveys have shown that the region reached a density of settlements that is only comparable to what the region was like under the Neo-Assyrian Empire.{{sfn|Hauser|2017|p=|pp=238, 240}} |
The defeat of Ashur-uballit II at Harran in 609 BC marked the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which was never restored.{{Sfn|Radner|2019|p=141}} The territory of the Assyrian Empire was split between the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] and [[Median Empire|Median]] empires.{{Sfn|Parpola|2004|p=18}} The [[Assyrian people]] survived the fall of the empire, though Assyria continued to be a sparsely populated and marginal region under the Neo-Babylonian and later [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] empires.{{sfn|Hauser|2017|p=236}} Under the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires, Assyria experienced a remarkable recovery. Under the last two or so centuries of Parthian rule, archaeological surveys have shown that the region reached a density of settlements that is only comparable to what the region was like under the Neo-Assyrian Empire.{{sfn|Hauser|2017|p=|pp=238, 240}} |
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A semi-autonomous city-state under Parthian suzerainty appears to have formed around the city of Assur,{{efn|According to the 12th- |
A semi-autonomous city-state under Parthian suzerainty appears to have formed around the city of Assur,{{efn|According to the 12th-centiry AD [[hagiography]] of [[Mar Behnam]] there was also an independent Assyrian king at Nineveh in the fourth century AD, named [[Sinharib]] (i.e. Sennacherib). This figure is not attested elsewhere and is generally regarded to be an invented anachronistic and Christianized version of the ancient king Sennacherib, cast in a role befitting the then Christian Assyrians so that he could still be revered.{{Sfn|Radner|2015|p=7}}{{Sfn|Novák|Younansardaroud|2002|p=170}}}} Assyria's oldest capital,{{Sfn|Parpola|2004|p=20}} near, or shortly after, the end of the 2nd century BC.{{Sfn|Schippmann|2012|pp=816–817}} In this period, the ancient city flourished, with some old buildings being restored and some new ones, such as a new palace, being constructed.{{Sfn|Harper|Klengel-Brandt|p=18|Aruz|Benzel|1995}} The ancient temple dedicated to the god Ashur was also restored for the second time in the second century AD, and a cultic calendar effectively identical to that used under the Neo-Assyrian Empire was used. Stelae erected by the local rulers of Assur in this time resemble the stelae erected by the Neo-Assyrian kings,{{Sfn|Parpola|2004|p=20}} though the rulers are depicted in Parthian-style trouser-suits rather than ancient garb. The rulers used the title {{transl|arc|maryo}} of Assur ("master of Assur") and appear to have viewed themselves as continuing the old Assyrian royal tradition.{{Sfn|Radner|2015|pp=19–20}} These stelae retain the shape, framing and placement (often in city gates) of stelae erected under the ancient kings and also depict the central figure in reverence of the moon and sun, an ever-present motif in the ancient royal stelae.{{Sfn|Andrae|Lenzen|1933|pp=105–106}} This second period of prominent Assyrian cultural development at Assur came to and with the conquests of the [[Sasanian Empire]] in the region, {{Circa}} 240,{{Sfn|Radner|2015|p=7}} whereafter the Ashur temple was destroyed again and the city's people were dispersed.{{Sfn|Radner|2015|p=19}} |
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=== City-lords of Assur === |
=== City-lords of Assur === |
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