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{{Infobox U.S. legislation |
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[[File:TRUMANLUCECELLER.jpg|right|thumb|President Truman signs the bill]] |
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| name = Luce–Celler Act |
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The '''Luce-Celler Act''' of 1946 was proposed by Republican [[Clare Booth Luce]] and Democrat [[Emanuel Celler]] in 1943 and signed into law by President [[Harry Truman]] on July 2, 1946. |
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| cite public law = {{USPL|79|483}} |
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| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|60|416}} |
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| signedpresident = [[Harry Truman]] |
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| signeddate = July 2, 1946 |
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{{Distinguish|text = the [[Hart–Celler Act]] of 1965}} |
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[[File:TRUMANLUCECELLER.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] signing into law the Luce–Celler Act in 1946<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html|title = PBS - Roots in the Sand - the Archives| website=[[PBS]] }}</ref>]] |
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The '''Luce–Celler Act''' of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-483, 60 Stat. 416, is an Act of the [[United States Congress]] which provided a quota of 100 [[Filipinos]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |last=Bayor |first=Ronald |year=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |page=714 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN9jC2_7UHYC&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA714 |access-date=7 February 2011}}</ref> and 100 [[Indian people|Indians]] from Asia to immigrate to the United States per year,<ref>{{cite book |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |last=Bayor |first=Ronald |year=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |page=969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN9jC2_7UHYC&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA969 |access-date=7 February 2011}}</ref> which for the first time allowed these people to [[United States nationality law#Naturalization|naturalize]] as [[Citizenship of the United States|American citizens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-04/us-has-come-long-way-its-first-highly-restrictive-naturalization-law |title=The US has come a long way since its first, highly restrictive naturalization law |date=July 4, 2016 |publisher=[[Public Radio International]] |access-date=2020-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Guide to Asian American History |last=Okihiro |first=Gary Y. |year=2005 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-11511-7 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZDkwy7CURgC&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA24 |access-date=7 February 2011|author-link=Gary Okihiro}}</ref> Upon becoming citizens, these new Americans could own property under their names and even petition for their immediate family members from abroad.<ref>{{cite book |title=Filipinos in Stockton |last=Mabalon |first=Dawn B. |author2=Rico Reyes|agency= Filipino American National Historical Society, Little Manila Foundation |year=2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-5624-6 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckpjRPYfEk8C&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA8 |access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The Act was proposed by Republican [[Clare Boothe Luce]] and Democrat [[Emanuel Celler]] in 1943 and signed into law by U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] on July 2, 1946, two days before the [[Philippines]] became independent with the signing of the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]] on July 4, 1946. Because of the imminent independence of the Philippines, Filipinos would have been [[Asiatic Barred Zone Act|barred]] from immigrating without the Act.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mobilizing an Asian American community |last=Trinh Võ |first=Linda |year=2004 |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-59213-262-1 |pages=20–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etKbIhfnCiYC&q=Luce-Celler%20Act%20Filipino%20Indian&pg=PA20 |access-date=7 February 2012 |quote=The Philippines was granted independence in 1946, and Filipinos, then barred from immigration along with individuals from other countries in the "Eastern Hemisphere," were allotted 100 immigration slots (Yu 1980).}}</ref> |
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==Effects of the law== |
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⚫ |
The |
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Prior to 1946, [[British Raj|Indian]] nationals were not eligible to naturalize in the United States.<ref>See ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]''; {{cite web |url=https://casetext.com/admin-law/in-the-matter-of-k-27#p256|title=In the Matter of K|work=[[Board of Immigration Appeals]] (BIA)|date=May 26, 1945|publisher=Casetext.com|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Huping Ling|author2=Allan W. Austin|title=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1111|date=17 March 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-47644-3|page=1111}}<br/>{{cite book|author1=Kathryn Gin Lum|author2=Paul Harvey|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Race in American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2hNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA449|date=1 March 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022118-8|page=449}}</ref> They were also not allowed to obtain any form of permanent residency, a legal status introduced later under the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]]. |
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The act also allowed [[Filipino Americans]] and [[Indian Americans]] to [[United States nationality law#Naturalization|naturalize]] and become [[United States Citizen]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Guide to Asian American History |last=Okihiro |first=Gary Y. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location= |isbn=978-0-231-11511-7 |page=24 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2ZDkwy7CURgC&lpg=PA24&dq=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&f=false |accessdate=7 February 2011}}</ref> Upon becoming citizens, these new Americans could own homes and farmland, and petition for family from their nation of birth.<ref>{{cite book |title=Filipinos in Stockton |last=Mabalon |first=Dawn B. |authorlink= |coauthors=Rico Reyes, Filipino American National Historical Society, Little Manila Foundation |year=2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location= |isbn=978-0-7385-5624-6 |page=8 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ckpjRPYfEk8C&lpg=PA40&dq=Luce-Celler%20Act&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=Luce-Celler%20Act&f=false |accessdate=7 February 2012}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Asian immigration to the United States]] |
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*[[History of Asian American immigration]] |
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* ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' (1923) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Harry S. Truman}} |
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{{Immigration to the United States}} |
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[[Category:United States federal immigration and nationality legislation]] |
[[Category:United States federal immigration and nationality legislation]] |
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[[Category:Indian-American history]] |
[[Category:Indian-American history]] |
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[[Category:Filipino-American history]] |
[[Category:Filipino-American history]] |
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[[Category:Asian-American culture]] |
[[Category:Asian-American culture]] |
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{{US-law-stub}} |
{{US-law-stub}} |
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Citations | |
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Public law | Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–483 |
Statutes at Large | 60 Stat. 416 |
Legislative history | |
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The Luce–Celler Act of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-483, 60 Stat. 416, is an Act of the United States Congress which provided a quota of 100 Filipinos[2] and 100 Indians from Asia to immigrate to the United States per year,[3] which for the first time allowed these people to naturalizeasAmerican citizens.[4][5] Upon becoming citizens, these new Americans could own property under their names and even petition for their immediate family members from abroad.[6]
The Act was proposed by Republican Clare Boothe Luce and Democrat Emanuel Celler in 1943 and signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman on July 2, 1946, two days before the Philippines became independent with the signing of the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946. Because of the imminent independence of the Philippines, Filipinos would have been barred from immigrating without the Act.[7]
Prior to 1946, Indian nationals were not eligible to naturalize in the United States.[8][9] They were also not allowed to obtain any form of permanent residency, a legal status introduced later under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
{{cite book}}
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The Philippines was granted independence in 1946, and Filipinos, then barred from immigration along with individuals from other countries in the "Eastern Hemisphere," were allotted 100 immigration slots (Yu 1980).
Immigration to the United States and related topics
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