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==Government in Parliament== |
==Government in Parliament== |
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[[File:20200508 New Zealand government structure.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Chart showing the relationship between the executive Government and the Parliament. All ministers are MPs.]] |
[[File:20200508 New Zealand government structure.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Chart showing the relationship between the executive Government and the Parliament. All ministers are MPs.]] |
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Under the conventions of the [[Westminster system]], the Government is accountable to the House of Representatives, the democratically elected component of [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], rather than to the sovereign. This is called [[responsible government]].<ref name="system_of_government"/><ref name="glossary"/> For example, ministers are required to be members of the House, and they make statements and [[Question time#New Zealand|take questions]] from other members in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Question time in the House |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=2 June 2018 |date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100637/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> The Government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the support, or confidence, of the House of Representatives. It also requires the support of the House for the maintenance of [[loss of supply|supply]] (by voting through the government's [[New Zealand Budget|budgets]]) and in order to pass [[primary legislation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galligan |first1=Brian |last2=Brenton |first2=Scott |title=Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107100244 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bracewell-Worrall |first1=Anna |title=What is confidence and supply… and how does it differ from a coalition? |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=4 October 2017 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235519/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> By convention, if a government [[motion of no confidence|loses the confidence]] of the House then it must either resign or call for a [[General elections in New Zealand|general election]].<ref name="glossary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arwine |first1=A. |last2=Mayer |first2=L. |title=The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137306654 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCPVes3RmhUC&pg=PT119 |language=en}}</ref> Not since {{NZ election link year|1928}} has a government been defeated on a confidence vote and therefore been obliged to resign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties and Government |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-8-parties-and-government/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
Under the conventions of the [[Westminster system]], the Government is accountable to the House of Representatives, the democratically elected component of [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], rather than to the sovereign. This is called [[responsible government]].<ref name="system_of_government"/><ref name="glossary"/> For example, ministers are required to be members of the House,<ref group="n">Ministers are exclusively drawn from the democratically elected House of Representatives but may hold office for short periods after leaving the House, particularly after general elections.</ref> and they make statements and [[Question time#New Zealand|take questions]] from other members in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Question time in the House |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=2 June 2018 |date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100637/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> The Government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the support, or confidence, of the House of Representatives. It also requires the support of the House for the maintenance of [[loss of supply|supply]] (by voting through the government's [[New Zealand Budget|budgets]]) and in order to pass [[primary legislation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galligan |first1=Brian |last2=Brenton |first2=Scott |title=Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107100244 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bracewell-Worrall |first1=Anna |title=What is confidence and supply… and how does it differ from a coalition? |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=4 October 2017 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235519/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> By convention, if a government [[motion of no confidence|loses the confidence]] of the House then it must either resign or call for a [[General elections in New Zealand|general election]].<ref name="glossary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arwine |first1=A. |last2=Mayer |first2=L. |title=The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137306654 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCPVes3RmhUC&pg=PT119 |language=en}}</ref> Not since {{NZ election link year|1928}} has a government been defeated on a confidence vote and therefore been obliged to resign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties and Government |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-8-parties-and-government/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The Constitution Act 1986 stipulates that general elections must be held at least every three years,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |title="Term of Parliament," Section 17 of the Constitution Act 1986 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018160909/http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> making this the maximum period of time that a government can serve without seeking renewal of its [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |title=The Concept of Mandate in New Zealand Politics |journal=[[Political Science (journal)|Political Science]] |date=December 1978 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=88–96 |doi=10.1177/003231877803000203}}</ref> Upon the dissolution of Parliament (preceding a general election) ministers are no longer members of the House of Representatives; however, they can remain members of the Executive Council "until the expiration of the 28th day after the day on which that person ceases to be a member of Parliament".<ref name="constitution act"/> |
The Constitution Act 1986 stipulates that general elections must be held at least every three years,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |title="Term of Parliament," Section 17 of the Constitution Act 1986 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018160909/http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> making this the maximum period of time that a government can serve without seeking renewal of its [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulgan |first1=R. G. |title=The Concept of Mandate in New Zealand Politics |journal=[[Political Science (journal)|Political Science]] |date=December 1978 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=88–96 |doi=10.1177/003231877803000203}}</ref> Upon the dissolution of Parliament (preceding a general election) ministers are no longer members of the House of Representatives; however, they can remain members of the Executive Council "until the expiration of the 28th day after the day on which that person ceases to be a member of Parliament".<ref name="constitution act"/> |
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