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==History== |
==History== |
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{{See also|Political history of New Zealand}} |
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The first [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1846|New Zealand Constitution Act]] was passed in 1846, though Governor [[George Grey]] was opposed to its implementation, specifically the proposed division of the country into European and [[Māori people|Māori]] districts, and stated that settlers were not ready for self-government. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended pending the new Act of 1852. New Zealand was at this time being governed as a [[Crown colony]]. Prior to the act, the basic document setting out the governance of New Zealand since the signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand of 1840.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moon |first=Paul |title=New Zealand Birth Certificates: 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents |publisher=AUT University Media |year=2010 |isbn=9780958299718 |pages=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Paul |title=Turning Points - events that changed the course of New Zealand history |date=2013 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-86966-379-7 |page=71 |chapter=The New Zealand Constitution Act, 1852}}</ref> |
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New Zealand was granted [[self-governing colony|colonial self-government]] in 1853 following the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]], which was an [[Act of Parliament|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Governments were set up at both central and [[Provinces of New Zealand|provincial]] level, with initially six provinces.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|title=Political and constitutional timeline|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=1 May 2017|date=4 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408214941/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones|archive-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> The provinces were abolished by the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876, during the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|premiership]] of [[Harry Atkinson]]. For the purposes of the law, the provinces formally ceased to exist on 1 January 1877.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provinces 1848–77 |url= http://rulers.org/newzprov.html |publisher=rulers.org |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> |
New Zealand was granted [[self-governing colony|colonial self-government]] in 1853 following the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]], which was an [[Act of Parliament|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Governments were set up at both central and [[Provinces of New Zealand|provincial]] level, with initially six provinces.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|title=Political and constitutional timeline|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=1 May 2017|date=4 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408214941/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones|archive-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> The provinces were abolished by the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876, during the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|premiership]] of [[Harry Atkinson]]. For the purposes of the law, the provinces formally ceased to exist on 1 January 1877.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provinces 1848–77 |url= http://rulers.org/newzprov.html |publisher=rulers.org |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> |
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The [[Sewell Ministry, 1856|Sewell Ministry]] constituted the first [[responsible government]], with control over all domestic matters other than [[indigenous peoples|native]] policy.<ref name="timeline" /> Formed in 1856, it lasted from 18 April to 20 May. From 7 May onward, [[Henry Sewell]] was titled "[[Colonial Secretary of New Zealand|colonial secretary]]", and is generally regarded as having been the country's first prime minister.<ref>McIntyre, W. David. "[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s8/sewell-henry Sewell, Henry] |
The [[Sewell Ministry, 1856|Sewell Ministry]] constituted the first [[responsible government]], with control over all domestic matters other than [[indigenous peoples|native]] policy.<ref name="timeline" /> Formed in 1856, it lasted from 18 April to 20 May. From 7 May onward, [[Henry Sewell]] was titled "[[Colonial Secretary of New Zealand|colonial secretary]]", and is generally regarded as having been the country's first prime minister.<ref>McIntyre, W. David. "[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s8/sewell-henry Sewell, Henry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513093518/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s8/sewell-henry |date=13 May 2015 }}", from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]''. ''Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Retrieved 30 April 2017.</ref> The first ministry that formed along party lines did not appear until 1891,<!--Following elections the previous year--> when [[John Ballance]] formed the [[New Zealand Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] and the [[Liberal Government of New Zealand|Liberal Government]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Responsible government|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/adjusting-to-responsible-government|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=1 May 2017|date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Wilson|first1=John|title=History – Liberal to Labour|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=30 April 2017|date=8 February 2005|quote=The watershed election of 1890 put the Liberals, who were to become New Zealand’s first 'modern' political party, into power.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192640/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/page-5|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> The prime minister became the leader and public face of the governing party.<ref name="McLean2017"/> The status of the monarch's representative was upgraded from "governor" to "[[governor-general]]" in 1917 [[letters patent]].<ref name="timeline" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand (SR 1983/225) (as at 22 August 2006)|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1983/0225/latest/whole.html|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office|access-date=1 May 2017|language=en-NZ}}</ref> |
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===List of successive governments=== |
===List of successive governments=== |
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By convention, a distinct government is named after the largest party that leads it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boston|first1=Jonathan|last2=Holland|first2=Martin|title=The Fourth Labour Government: Politics and Policy in New Zealand|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195582130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6irVAAAAMAAJ|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010703/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6irVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Garfield|first1=Norton Fausto|title=Fifth National Government of New Zealand|date=2012|publisher=Anim Publishing|isbn=9786138498315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SWCtgAACAAJ|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032726/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6SWCtgAACAAJ|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hickey">{{cite news|last1=Hickey|first1=Bernard|title=It's the Sixth Labour Government|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/19/54406/its-the-sixth-labour-government|access-date=12 May 2018|work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]|date=20 October 2017|language=en-AU|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011235/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/19/54406/its-the-sixth-labour-government|archive-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> |
By convention, a distinct government is named after the largest party that leads it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boston|first1=Jonathan|last2=Holland|first2=Martin|title=The Fourth Labour Government: Politics and Policy in New Zealand|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195582130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6irVAAAAMAAJ|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010703/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6irVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Garfield|first1=Norton Fausto|title=Fifth National Government of New Zealand|date=2012|publisher=Anim Publishing|isbn=9786138498315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SWCtgAACAAJ|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032726/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6SWCtgAACAAJ|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hickey">{{cite news|last1=Hickey|first1=Bernard|title=It's the Sixth Labour Government|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/19/54406/its-the-sixth-labour-government|access-date=12 May 2018|work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]|date=20 October 2017|language=en-AU|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011235/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/19/54406/its-the-sixth-labour-government|archive-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> |
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== |
==Government and the Crown== |
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{{Further|Monarchy of New Zealand| |
{{Further|Monarchy of New Zealand|The Crown}} |
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[[File:New Zealand Cabinet, 1981.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25| |
[[File:New Zealand Cabinet, 1981.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Quueen [[Elizabeth II]] and her New Zealand Cabinet, photographed during the Queen's 1981 tour of the country]] |
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The New Zealand Government is formally styled [[His Majesty's Government (term)|''[His] Majesty's Government'']] in the [[Seal of New Zealand|Seal of New Zealand Act 1977]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seal of New Zealand Act 1977|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1977/0001/latest/whole.html?|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en-NZ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082155/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1977/0001/latest/whole.html|archive-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> This is a reference to the monarch, King [[Charles III]], who is the [[head of state]] |
The New Zealand Government is formally styled [[His Majesty's Government (term)|''[His] Majesty's Government'']] in the [[Seal of New Zealand|Seal of New Zealand Act 1977]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seal of New Zealand Act 1977|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1977/0001/latest/whole.html?|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en-NZ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082155/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1977/0001/latest/whole.html|archive-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> This is a reference to the monarch, currently King [[Charles III]], who is identified as the [[head of state]] in the Constitution Act 1986.<ref name="constitution act" /> The legal authority of the [[state (polity)|state]] that is vested in the monarch, known as "the Crown", remains the source of the executive power exercised by the Government.<ref name="glossary" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boyce|first1=Peter John|title=The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand|year=2008|publisher=Federation Press|isbn=9781862877009|page=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010102409/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> [[Sovereignty]] in New Zealand has never rested solely with the monarch due to the English [[Bill of Rights 1689]], later inherited by New Zealand, which establishes the principle of [[parliamentary sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament Brief: What is Parliament?|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/fact-sheets/pbrief7/|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074453/https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/fact-sheets/pbrief7/|archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Constitution Act describes the monarch as the "[[Sovereign]]".<ref name="constitution act" /> |
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In many areas |
In many areas the Crown possesses a body of powers known as the [[royal prerogative]].<ref name="Cox">{{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=Noel|title=The Royal Prerogative in the Realms|journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin|volume=33|issue=4|pages=611–638|doi=10.1080/03050710701814839|date=1 December 2007 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ALRS/2007/7.html|publisher=ALTA Law Research Series |s2cid=143050540|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Q&A: Royal Prerogative|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4267761.stm|publisher=BBC News|access-date=30 April 2017|date=15 February 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510220129/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4267761.stm|archive-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> For example, the [[Royal Assent]] (the monarch's approval)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews031220091/the-royal-assent|title=The Royal Assent|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|access-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094904/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews031220091/the-royal-assent|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> is required to enact laws and the [[royal sign-manual]] gives authority to [[letters patent]] and [[orders in council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Constitution of New Zealand: An Introduction to the Foundations of the Current Form of Government|url=https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/introduction|access-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406172343/https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/introduction|archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="constitutional roles">{{cite web|title=The Queen's constitutional and public ceremonial roles|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/queen-elizabeths-diamond-jubilee/constitutional-roles|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=30 April 2017|date=11 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518141107/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/queen-elizabeths-diamond-jubilee/constitutional-roles|archive-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> The royal prerogative also includes summoning and [[Dissolution of parliament#New Zealand|dissolving]] the Parliament in order to [[Writ of election|call an election]],<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|title=The New Zealand Constitution|url=https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-nz/00PLLawRP00011/502fa2135dd16543ca15974a028ad70161b80aba|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|access-date=30 April 2017|pages=4–5|date=3 October 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212632/https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-nz/00PLLawRP00011/502fa2135dd16543ca15974a028ad70161b80aba|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> and extends to foreign affairs: the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, the [[declaration of war|right to declare war and peace]], and the deployment and armament of defence forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Philip A. |title=Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand |date=2001 |publisher=Brookers |location=Wellington |page=628 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McKeown |first1=Deirdre |title=Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/ParliamentaryInvolvement |website=www.aph.gov.au |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=15 April 2020 |location=Canberra |language=en-AU |date=22 March 2010 |quote=The formal right to declare war was clearly part of the Royal Prerogative inherited from Great Britain in 1840 and it remains an acknowledged part of New Zealand law.}}</ref> |
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The |
The King rarely personally exercises his executive powers; since the sovereign does not normally reside in New Zealand, he appoints a [[Governor-General of New Zealand|governor-general]] to represent him and exercise most of his powers.<ref name="GG role">{{cite web|title=The Role of the Governor-General|url=http://www.gg.govt.nz/role|publisher=The Governor-General of New Zealand Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa|access-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419033256/https://gg.govt.nz/role|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> The person who fills this role is selected on the advice of the prime minister and other ministers.<ref name="GG role" /> "[[Advice (constitutional law)|Advice]]" in this sense is a choice generally without options since it would be highly unconventional for the prime minister's advice to be overlooked—a convention that protects the monarchy. As long as the monarch is following the advice of his ministers, he is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the Government. The governor-general has no official [[term limit]], and is said to serve "[[at Her Majesty's pleasure|at His Majesty's pleasure]]".<ref name="Letters_patent1983">{{cite web|title=Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1983/0225/latest/whole.html|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> |
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As per the [[constitutional convention (political custom)|conventional]] stipulations of [[constitutional monarchy]], the |
As per the [[constitutional convention (political custom)|conventional]] stipulations of [[constitutional monarchy]], the King and his representative rarely intervene directly in political affairs.<ref name="GG role"/> Just as the sovereign's choice of governor-general is on the prime minister's advice, the governor-general exercises the executive powers of state on the advice of ministers.<ref name="constitution act" /> For example, the governor-general's power to withhold the Royal Assent to [[Bill (law)|Bills]] has been rendered ineffective by convention.<ref name="Constitution" /> |
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==Government in Parliament== |
==Government in Parliament== |
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Under the conventions of the [[Westminster system]], the Government is accountable to the House of Representatives, the democratically elected component of [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], rather than to the sovereign. This is called [[responsible government]].<ref name="system_of_government"/><ref name="glossary"/> For example, ministers are required to be members of the House, and they make statements and [[Question time#New Zealand|take questions]] from other members in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Question time in the House |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=2 June 2018 |date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100637/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> The Government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the support, or confidence, of the House of Representatives. It also requires the support of the House for the maintenance of [[loss of supply|supply]] (by voting through the government's [[New Zealand Budget|budgets]]) and in order to pass [[primary legislation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galligan |first1=Brian |last2=Brenton |first2=Scott |title=Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107100244 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bracewell-Worrall |first1=Anna |title=What is confidence and supply… and how does it differ from a coalition? |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=4 October 2017 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235519/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> By convention, if a government [[motion of no confidence|loses the confidence]] of the House then it must either resign or call for a [[General elections in New Zealand|general election]].<ref name="glossary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arwine |first1=A. |last2=Mayer |first2=L. |title=The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137306654 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCPVes3RmhUC&pg=PT119 |language=en}}</ref> Not since {{NZ election link year|1928}} has a government been defeated on a confidence vote and therefore been obliged to resign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties and Government |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-8-parties-and-government/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
Under the conventions of the [[Westminster system]], the Government is accountable to the House of Representatives, the democratically elected component of [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], rather than to the sovereign. This is called [[responsible government]].<ref name="system_of_government"/><ref name="glossary"/> For example, ministers are required to be members of the House, and they make statements and [[Question time#New Zealand|take questions]] from other members in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Question time in the House |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=2 June 2018 |date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100637/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201210161/question-time-in-the-house |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> The Government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the support, or confidence, of the House of Representatives. It also requires the support of the House for the maintenance of [[loss of supply|supply]] (by voting through the government's [[New Zealand Budget|budgets]]) and in order to pass [[primary legislation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galligan |first1=Brian |last2=Brenton |first2=Scott |title=Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107100244 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bracewell-Worrall |first1=Anna |title=What is confidence and supply… and how does it differ from a coalition? |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=4 October 2017 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235519/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/election/2017/10/what-is-confidence-and-supply-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-coalition.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> By convention, if a government [[motion of no confidence|loses the confidence]] of the House then it must either resign or call for a [[General elections in New Zealand|general election]].<ref name="glossary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arwine |first1=A. |last2=Mayer |first2=L. |title=The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137306654 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCPVes3RmhUC&pg=PT119 |language=en}}</ref> Not since {{NZ election link year|1928}} has a government been defeated on a confidence vote and therefore been obliged to resign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties and Government |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-8-parties-and-government/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
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As the Constitution Act 1986 requires general elections every three years, this is the maximum period of time that a government can serve without its [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] being renewed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |title="Term of Parliament," Section 17 of the Constitution Act 1986 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018160909/http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/DLM94241.html?search=ta_act_C_ac%40ainf%40anif_an%40bn%40rn_25_a&p=5 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Upon the dissolution of Parliament (preceding a general election) ministers are no longer members of the House of Representatives; however, they can remain members of the Executive Council "until the expiration of the 28th day after the day on which that person ceases to be a member of Parliament".<ref name="constitution act"/> |
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==Ministers== |
==Ministers== |
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{{Main|Ministers in the New Zealand Government}} |
{{Main|Ministers in the New Zealand Government}} |
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Also known as "[[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]]", these are members of Parliament who hold ministerial warrants from the Crown to perform certain functions of government. This includes formulating and implementing [[public policy|policies]] and advising the governor-general.<ref name="ExecCouncil">{{cite web|title=Executive Council |
Also known as "[[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]]", these are members of Parliament who hold ministerial warrants from the Crown to perform certain functions of government. This includes formulating and implementing [[public policy|policies]] and advising the governor-general.<ref name="ExecCouncil">{{cite web|title=Executive Council|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/cabinet/ministers/executive|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en-NZ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514144936/http://dpmc.govt.nz/cabinet/ministers/executive|archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> Before 1996 nearly all ministers were members of the Cabinet, but since the introduction of [[proportional representation]], which has led to complex governing arrangements, there are currently three categories of minister: ministers in Cabinet, ministers outside Cabinet, and ministers from [[confidence and supply|supporting]] parties.<ref name="Cabinet6">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Eichbaum|first1=Chris|title=Cabinet government – Ministers and prime ministers in cabinet|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-6|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en|date=20 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402212717/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cabinet-government/page-6|archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> |
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===Executive Council=== |
===Executive Council=== |
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The Executive Council, established under the [[Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand|Letters Patent 1983]], is a formal body that meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions, such as the making of certain appointments to government agencies and boards. The Executive Council's primary function is to issue [[Order in Council|Orders in Council]], which are legally binding regulations made by the Government.<ref name="Letters_patent1983"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Council role in the regulations process |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/executive-council-role-regulations-process |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=17 February 2023 |date=18 July 2017 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> |
The Executive Council, established under the [[Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand|Letters Patent 1983]], is a formal body that meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions, such as the making of certain appointments to government agencies and boards. The Executive Council's primary function is to issue [[Order in Council|Orders in Council]], which are legally binding regulations made by the Government.<ref name="Letters_patent1983"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Executive Council role in the regulations process |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/executive-council-role-regulations-process |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=17 February 2023 |date=18 July 2017 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> |
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All ministers are members of the Executive Council |
All ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled "[[The Honourable]]" for life,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Honourable|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/hon|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en-NZ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408180932/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/hon|archive-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> except for the prime minister, who is styled "[[The Right Honourable]]", a privilege they retain for life.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Right Honourable|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/rthon|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en-NZ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408180916/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/rthon|archive-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> Although not a member of the Executive Council, the governor-general usually presides at Council meetings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Council – Cabinet Manual|url=https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/1.18|date=2008|access-date=30 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407040923/https://cabinetmanual.cabinetoffice.govt.nz/1.18|archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> |
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===Cabinet=== |
===Cabinet=== |
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===Ministers outside Cabinet=== |
===Ministers outside Cabinet=== |
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A few other ministers serve in the Executive Council but outside of Cabinet. Since the introduction of MMP, governments have been formed following agreements between a major party and smaller support parties. In such arrangements, government ministers from the support parties are often ministers outside Cabinet.<ref name="Eichbaum"/> Non-Cabinet ministers may also be from the major governing party, as has been the case in |
A few other ministers serve in the Executive Council but outside of Cabinet. Since the introduction of MMP, governments have been formed following agreements between a major party and smaller support parties. In such arrangements, government ministers from the support parties are often ministers outside Cabinet.<ref name="Eichbaum"/> Non-Cabinet ministers may also be from the major governing party, as has been the case in the current government.<ref>{{cite news |title=The full list of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's new Cabinet |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300147743/the-full-list-of-prime-minister-jacinda-arderns-new-cabinet |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=2 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Ministers outside the Cabinet have the same overall duties and responsibilities as their senior colleagues inside Cabinet.<ref name="Cabinet1" /><ref name="Dowding"/> |
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==Current composition== |
==Current composition== |
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{{Further|Sixth National Government of New Zealand}} |
{{Further|Sixth National Government of New Zealand}} |
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[[File:Appointment of the |
[[File:Appointment of the Ministry in 2023 of the Sixth National Government.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The ministers of the [[Sixth National Government of New Zealand|Sixth National Government]], with Governor-General Dame Cindy Kiro, 27 November 2023]] |
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The current [[ministry (collective executive)|ministry]], since November 2023, is the [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] government led by Prime Minister [[Christopher Luxon]], forming a coalition with [[ACT New Zealand]] and [[New Zealand First]].<ref>{{Cite |
The current [[ministry (collective executive)|ministry]], since November 2023, is the [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] government led by Prime Minister [[Christopher Luxon]], forming a coalition with [[ACT New Zealand]] and [[New Zealand First]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2023/11/live-updates-christopher-luxon-to-be-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-winston-peters-david-seymour-to-become-ministers.html|title=Live updates: Christopher Luxon to be sworn in as Prime Minister, Winston Peters, David Seymour to become ministers}}</ref> |
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=== List of ministers === |
=== List of ministers === |
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{{Anchor|Departments}} |
{{Anchor|Departments}} |
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==Departments and other public sector organisations== |
==Departments and other public sector organisations== |
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{{Further|Public sector organisations in New Zealand}} |
{{Further|Public sector organisations in New Zealand}} |
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New Zealand's [[civil service|public service]] includes 32 core government institutions—most have ''[[Ministry (government department)|ministry]]'' or ''department'' in their name, e.g. [[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]], or [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]]—which are listed in the first schedule to the [[State Sector Act 1988]].<ref name="1988_Act">{{cite web|title=State Sector Act 1988 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1988/0020/latest/DLM129110.html |publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Shaw">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Shaw |first1=Richard |title=Public service - What is the public service? |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/public-service/page-1 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=20 June 2012}}</ref> Staffed by around 45,000 public servants,<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil servant numbers static|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/63817264/civil-servant-numbers-static|date=4 December 2014|access-date=1 May 2017|work=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> they provide the government of the day with advice and deliver services to the public. Since the 1980s, the public service has been [[Marketization|marketised]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Shaw |first1=Richard |title=Public service - Revolution, 1980s and 1990s |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/public-service/page-4 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=20 June 2012}}</ref> Each department is headed by a chief executive who answers to a government minister for that department's performance. In turn, a minister bears the ultimate responsibility for the actions of their department, being answerable to the House of Representatives.<ref name="Shaw"/> This principle is called [[individual ministerial responsibility]].<ref name="Cabinet6"/> |
New Zealand's [[civil service|public service]] includes 32 core government institutions—most have ''[[Ministry (government department)|ministry]]'' or ''department'' in their name, e.g. [[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]], or [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]]—which are listed in the first schedule to the [[State Sector Act 1988]].<ref name="1988_Act">{{cite web|title=State Sector Act 1988 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1988/0020/latest/DLM129110.html |publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Shaw">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Shaw |first1=Richard |title=Public service - What is the public service? |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/public-service/page-1 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=20 June 2012}}</ref> Staffed by around 45,000 public servants,<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil servant numbers static|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/63817264/civil-servant-numbers-static|date=4 December 2014|access-date=1 May 2017|work=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref> they provide the government of the day with advice and deliver services to the public. Since the 1980s, the public service has been [[Marketization|marketised]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Shaw |first1=Richard |title=Public service - Revolution, 1980s and 1990s |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/public-service/page-4 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=20 June 2012}}</ref> Each department is headed by a chief executive who answers to a government minister for that department's performance. In turn, a minister bears the ultimate responsibility for the actions of their department, being answerable to the House of Representatives.<ref name="Shaw"/> This principle is called [[individual ministerial responsibility]].<ref name="Cabinet6"/> |
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The wider state sector<ref name="1988_Act"/> also includes about 2,800 [[Crown entities]] (including some 2,600 school boards of trustees), 17 [[state-owned enterprises of New Zealand|state-owned enterprises]], three officers of Parliament, and the [[Reserve Bank of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Government A-Z |website=govt.nz |url=https://www.govt.nz/organisations/ |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> |
The wider state sector<ref name="1988_Act"/> also includes about 2,800 [[Crown entities]] (including some 2,600 school boards of trustees and 20 [[district health board]]s), 17 [[state-owned enterprises of New Zealand|state-owned enterprises]], three officers of Parliament, and the [[Reserve Bank of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Government A-Z |website=govt.nz |url=https://www.govt.nz/organisations/ |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> |
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==Relationship with local government== |
==Relationship with local government== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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