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{{Short description|Passion play performed in Germany}}
[[File:Oberammergau Passion Play.jpg|thumb|{{center|Jesus Christ and John, 1900 performance of the Oberammergau Passion Play.}}]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-10478, Oberammergau, Henry Ford bei Passionsspielen.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Henry Ford]] attending the Passion Play in 1930}}]]

The '''Oberammergau Passion Play''' ({{lang-de|Oberammergauer Passionsspiele}}) is a [[passion play]] that has been performed every 10 years from 1634 to 1674 and each decadal year since 1680 (with a few exceptions) by the inhabitants of the village of [[Oberammergau]], [[Bavaria]], Germany. It was written by Othmar Weis, J A Daisenberger, Otto Huber, Christian Stuckl, [[Rochus Dedler]], [[Eugen Papst]], Marcus Zwink, Ingrid H Shafer, and the inhabitants of Oberammergau, with music by Dedler.<ref>{{cite book|last=Weis|first=Othmar|title=Oberammergau passion play 2000: Textbook english|author2=Daisenberger, J. A. (Joseph Alois)|last3=Huber, Otto|last4=Stuckl, Christian|last5=Dedler, Rochus|last6=Papst, Eugen|publisher=Community of Oberammergau|year=2000|isbn=3-00-006015-4|location=Oberammergau|type=Book|oclc=44671984}}</ref> Since its first production it has been performed on open-air stages in the village. The text of the play is a composite of four distinct manuscripts dating from the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=Friedman>{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Saul S.|title=The Oberammergau Passion Play : a lance against civilization.|year=1984|publisher=Southern Illinois Univ. Pr.|location=Carbondale u.a.|isbn=0809311534|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oberammergaupass0000unse}}</ref>

The play is a staging of Jesus' [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]], covering the short final period of his life from his visit to Jerusalem and leading to his execution by crucifixion. It is the earliest continuous survivor of the age of Christian religions vernacular drama.

==Background==
[[File:Oberammergau Bühne c1860.jpg|thumb|1860 production]]

===Vow===

According to legend:
an outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] devastated [[Bavaria]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648). [[Bad Kohlgrub]] was so depopulated that only two married couples remained alive. The village of [[Oberammergau]] remained plague-free until 25 September 1633, when a man named Kaspar Schisler returned home after working in the nearby village of [[Eschenlohe]]. Over the next 33 days, 81 villagers would die, half of Oberammergau's population. On 28 October 1633, the villagers vowed that if God spared them from the plague, they would perform a play every 10 years depicting the life and death of [[Jesus]]. Nobody died of plague in Oberammergau after that vow, and the villagers kept their word to God by performing the passion play for the first time in 1634.<ref name="shapiro2000">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=James |authorlink=James S. Shapiro |title=Oberammergau: The Troubling Story of the World's Most Famous Passion Play |date=2000 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=9780375708527 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVpC5TkFXdgC&pg=PA101 }}</ref>{{rp|101-111}}

The legend is a distorted account of the actual plague. There was an outbreak of plague in Oberammergau, but it took place from September 1632 to March 1633, when there were a total of 84 deaths from all causes. Deaths followed an [[epidemic curve]] instead of ending suddenly. There was one death in September 1632, rising to 20 deaths in March 1633, and ending with one death in July 1633. There is also no record of a man named Kaspar Schisler. Only two couples got married in Bad Kohlgrub in 1634, instead of only two couples surviving the plague. There were 39 marriages in Bad Kohlgrub in 1635, so hundreds of villagers must have survived.<ref name="shapiro2000"/>{{rp|101-111}}

The errors may have been introduced by the retelling of an oral history that was not written down until 1733. The original work has been lost, and only fragments of the oral history survive as quotations in other works. The legend is told in the play ''The Plague of 1633'' ({{lang-de|Die Pestnot Anno 1633}}), which used to be performed the year before the Passion Play. It was retold as recently as the 1999 vow ceremony, which marked the beginning of rehearsals for the 2000 play.<ref name="shapiro2000"/>{{rp|101-111}} The town of Oberammergau now claims that Kaspar Schisler came home for a church festival in 1632 instead of 1633.<ref name="history2020_1"/>

===Performance===

The production involves over 2,000 people: actors, musicians, stage technicians, and others, all residents of the village.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.passionsspiele-oberammergau.de/en |title=Passion Play 2020 Oberammergau |publisher=Passionsspiele Oberammergau |access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> The play comprises spoken dramatic text, musical and choral accompaniment and ''tableaux vivants'', which are scenes from the [[Old Testament]] depicted for the audience by motionless actors accompanied by verbal description. These scenes are the basis for the typology, the interrelationship between the Old and [[New Testament]]s, of the play. They include a scene of [[King Ahasuerus]] rejecting [[Vashti]] in favor of [[Esther]], the brothers selling [[Joseph (dreamer)|Joseph]] into slavery in [[Egypt]], and [[Moses]] raising up the [[nehushtan]] ([[bronze]] [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]]) in the wilderness. Each scene precedes that section of the play that is considered to be prefigured by the scene. The three ''tableaux'' mentioned are presented to the audience as prefiguring Christianity [[supersessionism|superseding]] Judaism, [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]] selling information on the location of Jesus, and the [[crucifixion]] of Jesus.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

The evolution of the [[Passion Play]] was about the same as that of the [[Easter Play]], originating in the ritual of the Latin Church, which prescribes, among other things, that the Gospel on [[Good Friday]] should be sung in parts divided among various persons.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Plot synopsis==
'''Prelude'''

The prologue and chorus greet the audience. Two tableaux are presented.  In the first, [[Adam and Eve]], wearing sheepskins are banished from the [[Garden of Eden]] by a winged angel who holds a sword in the form of a flame.  Behind the angel stands a burst of gilded rays symbolizing the tree of [[forbidden fruit]].  The second living picture traditionally showed a number of girls and smaller children surrounding a cross at center stage.  The adoration represents the time in 1633 when villagers swore their vow before a huge crucifix bearing a twelve-foot-high Jesus.

'''Act 1'''
''[[Jesus and the Money Changers]].'' Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey to the shouts and exultation of the people on [[Palm Sunday]].  He drives the money changers and traders from the [[Second Temple]] then returns to [[Bethany]].

'''Act 2'''
''Conspiracy of the High Council.'' In the past, this act began with a tableau showing the sons of the patriarch [[Jacob]] conspiring to kill [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] in the Plain of Dothan; the frieze was deleted from the 1980 presentation.  The act consists of discussions between the traders and [[Sanhedrin]], who agree that Jesus must be arrested to preserve [[Mosaic law]].

'''Act 3'''
''Parting at Bethany.'' Two tableaux presage the action.  In the first, the young Tobias departs from his parents while the angel Raphael, played by another boy, waits, crook in hand, stage left.  In the second, the loving bridesmaid from the [[Song of Solomon]] laments the loss of her groom.  In the play, Christ is anointed by [[Mary Magdalene]], then takes leave of his mother and friends.  Judas is angered by the waste of the spikenard oil.

'''Act 4'''
''The Last Journey to Jerusalem.'' A controversial tableau (now deleted) showed [[Queen Vashti]] dishonored at the court of King [[Ahasuerus]].  The old queen (Judaism, explains the Prologue) has been displaced by [[Esther]] (Christianity). Jesus sends two disciples to secure a [[Passover sacrifice|Paschal lamb]].  He enters Jerusalem for the last time and weeps over the fate of the city.  Judas contemplates betraying his master and is tempted by Dathan and other merchants.

'''Act 5'''
''[[The Last Supper]].'' The [[Passover Seder]] or Last Supper is celebrated in a scene evocative of the famous [[Da Vinci]] painting.  Jesus washes the feet of his disciples and institutes the mass with wine and thick, brown, leavened bread.  Two tableaux show [[Moses]] with rays or horns protruding from his head, bringing manna and grapes to the people in the wilderness.

'''Act 6'''
''The Betrayer.'' In a tableau, Joseph, a boy nude to the waist, is sold by his brothers to the Midianites for twenty pieces of silver.  In accompanying action, Judas appears before the Sanhedrin and promises to deliver Jesus for [[thirty pieces of silver]].  After his departure, the [[Pharisees]] plan at great length the death of Jesus.

'''Act 7'''
''Jesus at the [[Mount of Olives]].'' Two more Old Testament scenes introduce the soliloquy of Jesus in the [[Garden of Gethsemane]].  The first, a non-sequitur, which we are told explains that man must earn his food by the sweat of his brow, shows Adam, in sheepskin and assisted by a brood of similarly attired children, drawing a plow across a field.  The second frieze more appropriately offers a helmeted Joab, surrounded by soldiers stabbing an unsuspecting Amasa in the ribs.  Christ agonizes over his fate while his apostles doze.  Judas enters with an armed band and betrays Jesus with a kiss.

'''Act 8'''
''Jesus before [[Annas]].''  The Old Testament parallel has Micah slapped on the cheek by Zedekiah, priest of Baal, for daring to predict King Ahab would die in battle.  In like manner, Jesus is taken before a waiting, eager Annas and is struck on the face for his insolence.  Soldiers also deride Christ as he is led through the streets by a rope.

'''Act 9'''
''Condemned by the High Council.'' Two more tableaux emphasize the humiliation of Christ.  In one, the aged Naboth is condemned by false witnesses and is stoned to death by the sons of Jezebel.  In the other, Job, sitting on a dunghill is railed at by his friends, servants, even his wife and children.  Meanwhile, Jesus is questioned by [[Caiaphas]] about his [[messiah]]-ship and is condemned.  A tortured Judas tries to get the Sanhedrin to repeal its verdict.  When his efforts prove unsuccessful, he tosses the money back at them and storms off.

'''Act 10'''
''Despair of Judas.'' Judas and all who identify with him are linked with Cain in the opening tableau.  The battered body of Abel appears at center stage.  To the right is Cain, clad in a leopard skin and holding a club in one hand.  His other hand is at his brow, attempting to conceal the brand of God.  In this short act Judas offers a speech of remorse then hangs himself.

'''Act 11'''
''Christ before [[Pilate]].'' Originally there was a frieze that heralded Christ's first appearance before Pilate.  The tableau of Daniel in the great pillared hall of Darius was deleted from later twentieth-century productions.  Pilate's interrogation, coupled with news of his wife's dream, convinces the governor that Jesus should be prosecuted by [[Herod Antipas]] for lese majesty.

'''Act 12'''
''Christ Before Herod.'' The scene stands without the original living picture which showed a blinded [[Samson]] mocked by the [[Philistines]].  Herod treats Christ with scorn, demanding a miracle, then sends him back to Pilate, cloaked in a red mantle of royalty.  Responding to the urging of the Sanhedrin, Pilate reluctantly agrees to have Jesus scourged. [[Classical Rome|Roman]] guards beat Jesus and press a [[crown of thorns]] into his scalp.

'''Act 13'''
''Christ Sentenced to Death on the Cross.'' Two graphic pictures showing the presentation of Joseph's bloodied coat to Jacob, and [[Abraham]] about to stab Isaac on [[Moriah|Mt. Moriah]] have been rejected from contemporary versions of the Passion.  Retained, however, are tableaux which show Joseph riding a sedan chair as vizir of Egypt and another which supposedly represents the scapegoat offering of [[Yom Kippur]].  Following the tableaux, the stage is swarming with action as priests and Pharisees bring mobs from every direction.  Pilate gives Jesus another hearing then offers the people a choice between Jesus and [[Barabbas]].  They demand and receive a final judgement on Christ.

'''Act 14'''
''[[The Way of the Cross]].'' The final segment of the Passion is introduced by a more sublime image of the ''[[Akedah]],'' or binding of Isaac.  In this tableau, the boy, like Jesus, carries wood on his back as he and Abraham climb Mt. Moriah.  Another frieze, showing Moses and a bronze serpent intertwined about the cross has been deleted.  When the chorus withdraws from the stage Christ bears his cross to [[Golgotha]].  As he passes through the streets he encounters his mother, Veronica, and [[Simon of Cyrene]].  The women of Jerusalem weep for him.

'''Act 15'''
''Jesus on [[Calvary]].'' For the first time the chorus appears in black traditional mourning garb.  There is no tableau.  He is mocked by members of the Sanhedrin and the soldiers and utters his last words.  The legs of the criminals are broken.  A soldier pierces the side of Christ with a lance and blood gushes forth.  Jesus' followers slowly and reverently take down the body and lay it before his mother in a replica of the [[Pieta]].  The Sanhedrin insists that guards be posted before the tomb which is to hold Christ's body.

'''Act 16'''
''[[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] and [[Apotheosis]].'' For the first time, action precedes a tableau. Roman guards see a light at the tomb. Mary Magdalene and the other women encounter an angel and recite the same lines as ''[[Quem Quaeritis]].'' The final tableau shows Jesus resplendent in white with his apostles, angels, the Virgin Mary, and Moses. The Passion ends with a proclamation by the chorus.<ref name=Friedman/>

==Length==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2013}}

The running time has varied due to the many revisions that have taken place through the years.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} In 2010 it had a running time of 5 hours, beginning at 2:30 pm and ending at 10:00 pm, with a meal break. It was staged a total of 102 days and ran from May 15 until October 3 that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=passion play 2010 oberammergau|url=http://pilatushaus.de/index.php?id=190|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> According to a record from 1930, the play then had running time of approximately seven hours. It started at 8:00 am and ended at 5:00 pm with a meal break.<ref name=Moses>{{cite book|last=Moses|first=Montrose J.|title=The Passion Play of Oberammergau| year=1930|publisher=The Cornwall Press|location=Cornwall, NY}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2014}} Audiences come from all over the world, often on package tours, the first instituted in 1870. Admission fees were first charged in 1790. Since 1930, the number of visitors has ranged from 420,000 to 530,000. Most tickets are sold as part of a package with one or two nights' accommodation.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Frequency==

The play is performed every ten years. From 1634 to 1674, it was performed in years ending in 4. Since 1680, it has been performed in years ending in the digit zero.  There have been several cancellations and off-cycle performances.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px" | Year scheduled
! style="width:100px" | Year performed
! Description
|-
| 1770
| Cancelled
| Elector [[Maximilian III Joseph]] banned all passion plays in Bavaria, saying, "The theatre stage is no place for the greatest secret of our holy religion."<ref name="history2020_1">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.passionsspiele-oberammergau.de/en/play/history |website=Passion 2020 |publisher=2020 Passion Play Oberammergau |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1800
| 1800, 1801
| After passion plays were banned in Bavaria in 1770, Oberammergau was given special permission to perform the passion play in 1780, 1790, and 1800. The 1800 play was disrupted by the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and the town performed the play again in 1801 to pay back the debt.<ref name="history2020_1"/>
|-
| 1810
| 1811, 1815
| The town's performance privilege was revoked after the off-cycle performance of 1801. After the text was re-written by Othmar Weis, the play was performed again in 1811 and 1815.<ref name="history2020_1"/>
|-
| 1870
| 1870, 1871
| Interrupted by the [[Franco-Prussian War]].<ref name="history2020_1"/>
|-
| 1920
| 1922
| Delayed by the German defeat in [[World War I]] and the ensuing political and economic turmoil.<ref name="history2020_2">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.passionsspiele-oberammergau.de/en/play/history/2 |website=Passion 2020 |publisher=2020 Passion Play Oberammergau |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Off-cycle
| 1934
| Additional performance to mark the 300th anniversary; [[#Nazi support of 1934 play|rise of Nazi Party]].<ref name="history2020_2"/>
|-
| 1940
| Cancelled
| Cancelled due to [[World War II]].<ref name="history2020_2"/>
|-
| Off-cycle
| 1984
| Additional performance to mark the 350th anniversary.<ref name="history2020_2"/>
|-
| 2020
| 2022
| Delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe]].<ref name="nytimes20200319">{{cite news|title=Oberammergau Passion Play Canceled as Coronavirus Locks Down Germany|author=Alex Marshall|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=March 19, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/theater/oberammergau-passion-play-coronavirus.html}}</ref><ref name="nytimes20200405">{{cite news|title=Of Beards and Bubonic Plague: German Village Prays for a (2nd) Miracle|author=Katrin Bennhold|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=April 5, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/world/europe/germany-oberammergau-passion-play-coronavirus.html}}</ref>
|}

== The Passion Play Theatre ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
[[File:OberammergauFestspielhaus.jpg|right|thumb|The Passion festival theater.]]
[[File:Oberammergau Passionstheater 2010 3.jpg|right|thumb|View of the stage during the 2000 production.]]
[[File:Oberammergau Passionstheater - Kofel.jpg|thumb|View of the Passion festival theater from the [[Kofel]].]]
Oberammergau's original parish church proved to be far too small for performances of the Passion Play, so it was decided to hold the Play in the graveyard of the church, before the graves of the villagers who had died in the plague.

The fame of the Play must have spread quickly to the surrounding towns and villages for as early as 1674 records show that seats were to be provided for the audience.

Over the following years, sets and stage mechanics were added to the simple wooden stage structure. By the middle of the 18th century, it was obvious that the graveyard was also too small and a new venue was found on a field close by; however, the stage had to be specially built every year of the Play.

The first permanent stage seems to have been built in 1815 to a design by the then-local parish priest. In 1830 he was asked to help build a new, larger stage on the site of the present theatre. When it rained the audience got wet: umbrellas would have obscured the view of people sitting behind them.

However, in 1890 a new, purpose-built theatre was built and, apart from some of the scenes on the side of the stage, it would have looked much as it does today. It was ready in time for the 1900 performance, with the six-arched hall capable of holding over 4000 spectators.

The theatre was enlarged in time for the 1930 and 1934 seasons and whilst it was considered ugly and uncomfortable it was praised for its superb acoustics and sight of the stage.

Following the 1990 production both the interior and façade of the theatre were renovated and the stage mechanics modernised.

It has now been transformed – new more comfortable seating has been installed along with under-floor heating; cloakrooms have been extended; the foyer made accessible for wheelchair users; exhibition areas added; safety and toilet facilities improved. In 2010 a retractable glass roof was installed over the stage, which before then had been open to precipitation.

Today the theatre can seat an audience of over 4700.

==Antisemitism==

Previous versions of the play were considered antisemitic in character, blaming the Jews for the "murder" of Christ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-04|title=Oberammergau Passion Play {{!}} AJC|url=https://www.ajc.org/OberammergauPassionPlay|access-date=2021-07-14|website=www.ajc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ddb>{{cite magazine |url=https://die-deutsche-buehne.de/sites/default/files/archiv/files/DDB_2000_07_26_29.pdf |first=Knut |last=Lennartz |title=Schwerpunkt: Theater Populär |magazine=Die Deutsche Bühne |date=July 2000 |access-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="shapiro2000"/>{{page needed|date=January 2014}} [[Adolf Hitler]] indicated, according to [[Abe Foxman]], approval of these allegedly anti-Semitic elements in the Oberammergau Passion Play.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Passion problems |date=2004-03-04 |first=Abraham H. |last=Foxman |journal=National Review}}</ref>

The play had been largely based on a mid-19th century version edited by pastor Alois Daisenberger.<ref name=ddb/> After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the passion play came under increasing pressure from American Jews because of its anti-Semitic elements. In 1950, playwright [[Arthur Miller]] and composer [[Leonard Bernstein]] led a petition to cancel the passion play. However, the townspeople defiantly restaged the 1934 play.<ref name="history2020_2"/> In the 1960s, [[Heinrich Böll]], [[Günter Grass]], [[Paul Celan]], and other prominent intellectuals called for a boycott due to the play's antisemitism.<ref name=ddb/><ref name=Goldmann/> In the 1970s, Oberammergau invited representatives from Jewish organizations to revise the play, and revisions were approved by a Christian theological advisor.<ref name=Goldmann/> However, only minor revisions were made in the 1980 play. Change finally came in 1986, when generational turnover in the Community Council resulted in the 24-year-old Christian Stückl becoming director. Stückl narrowly outlasted an attempt by conservative members of the Community Council to fire him in 1989. Stückl, alongside dramaturgist Otto Huber, made considerable changes to the 1990 version to remove antisemitism from the text.<ref name=ddb/> The most radical changes came in 2000, when the story was reinterpreted as an inter-Jewish conflict, with some Jews supporting and others opposing the crucifixion of Jesus. Muslims, whose [[Islam|religion]] was not founded until six centuries after the events of the Passion occurred, were allowed to perform in the Passion Play for the first time in 2000.<ref name="history2020_2"/>

A 2010 review in the Jewish newspaper ''[[The Forward]]'' stated: "It is undeniably true that the play was virulently antisemitic through most of its history, and that it gained an extra dose of notoriety after Hitler endorsed the 1934 production."<ref name=Goldmann>{{cite news |last=Goldmann |first=A. J. |url=https://forward.com/news/128345/new-kind-of-passion-in-an-alpine-jerusalem/ |title=New Kind of Passion in an 'Alpine Jerusalem', Letter From Oberammergau |work=The Forward |date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> The review noted that the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) stated that the play "continues to transmit negative stereotypes of Jews" and that even the Catholic Church demanded changes to the play, to bring it more in line with church policies expressed by the [[Second Vatican Council]], 1962–1965, in the Apostolic Constitution, ''[[Nostra aetate]]'', 4, October 28, 1965 ("[T]he Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God as if this followed from Sacred Scripture"). 2000 and 2010 director Christian Stückl told "The Forward" that Jesus "lived as a Jew." Therefore, in the revised play, Jesus and his disciples pray in Hebrew. After viewing the play, the reviewer was sympathetic to its artistry and felt less offended by its message than by "Wagner's antisemitic caricatures and religious mysticism".<ref name=Goldmann/> Nonetheless, the review quoted a report from the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations, which reviewed the 2010 script and objected that the play still makes use of "elements that are historically dubious" from the Gospels. The review stated that "It seems unfair" to accuse the play of anti-semitism when it recounts material in Christianity's sacred texts and noted that the ADL's national director Abe Foxman had said that if the play is "about a Crucifixion in which the Jews kill Christ, you can never clean it up enough" to avoid an anti-semitic message.<ref name=Goldmann/>

For the 2022 play, the American Jewish Committee convened an Academic Advisory Group led by their Director of Interreligious and 
Relations, composed of experts in the play, Christian-Jewish relations, New Testament studies, and German-Jewish relations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-14|title=AJC Convenes Academic Advisory Group, Launches Website, to Engage 2020 Oberammergau Passion Play {{!}} AJC|url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-convenes-academic-advisory-group-launches-website-to-engage-2020-oberammergau-passion-play|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.ajc.org|language=en}}</ref> This group was created to recommend, through ongoing dialogue, paths by which the play's leadership can further advance a decades-long process to rid the play of any lingering anti-Jewish tropes. AJC has described the collaborative process with the Oberammergau community as productive: “The Oberammergau leadership desire for ongoing improvement is genuine,” even as “there remain concerns about points within the play that do not properly reflect" the range of first century Jewish opinion on Jesus's leadership.<ref name=":0" /> This reflects both the historic progress in Christian-Jewish relations in the past decades and also lingering tensions over the anti-Jewish implications of certain traditional Christian interpretations of the Gospels’ narratives of Jesus's conviction and execution.

The changes to the play since World War II have included the manner in which the play presents the charge of [[deicide]], collective guilt, [[supersessionism]] and typology, as well as the following:

*the role of the Temple traders has been reduced;
*the "Rabbi" character has been eliminated and his lines given to another character;
*Jewish priests no longer wear horn shaped hats;
*Jesus has been addressed as Rabbi Yeshua;
*Jesus and others speak fragments of Hebrew prayers in the play;
*Jews are shown disputing with others about theological aspects of Judaism, not just about Jesus;
*Pilate has been made to appear more tyrannical and threatens Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest, and it is made clear that Caiaphas does not speak for all the Jews;
*Romans now stand guard at the gates when Jesus makes his entrance to Jerusalem;
*Jesus' supporters have been added to the screaming crowd outside Pilate's palace;
*Judas is portrayed as being duped into betraying Jesus;
*removing the line "His blood is upon us and also upon our children's children" (from [[Matthew 27:25]]), and "[[Ecce homo]]" (Behold [only] a man);
*[[Saint Peter|Peter]], when questioned by Nathaniel regarding abandoning [[Judaism]] replies, "No! We don't want that! Far be it from us to abandon [[Moses]] and his law"; and
*at the [[Last Supper]] Jesus recites the blessing over the wine in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref name="shapiro2000"/>{{page needed|date=January 2014}}<ref name=Goldmann/> although Jesus actually spoke Aramaic.

===Nazi support of 1934 play===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
The special jubilee season of the Oberammergau Passion Play in 1934, marking the 300th anniversary of the original vow to stage the play every ten years thereafter, was the first and only performance after the Nazi regime's rise to power the previous year. Among other things, the [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]] ordered the official poster for the jubilee season amended to include the message "Deutschland ruft dich!" ("Germany is calling you!"), and the ''[[Strength Through Joy|Kraft durch Freude]]'' scheme's discount-travel programme offered special cut-rate packages for the Passion Play, including train fare, tickets and accommodations.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Official propaganda described the Passion Play as "peasant drama ... inspired by the consecrating power of the soil", and Hitler attended a performance. An attempt to rewrite the Passion Play script to bring it into line with Nazi ideology was rejected, however, by the more conservative element.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Catholic Church certification==
''Missio Canonica'' is a canonical certification necessary for preaching. In 19th-century Germany, it was extended to teaching as well. In 1922 the Catholic Church gave the play a ''[[Missio Canonica]]''. It is a certification that the beliefs of the Catholic Church are being taught or, in this case, being presented.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==See also==
*[[Liturgical drama]]
*[[Medieval theatre]]
*[[Mystery Play of Elche]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Scripts==
* Joseph Alois Daisenberger: {{Google books|8FwZAAAAYAAJ|Complete official text of the Oberammergau passion-play. (1900) Translated by Frances Manette Jackson. Oberammergau: Georg Lang sel. Erben, 1900}}
* {{Google books|pcYTAAAAQAAJ|The Passion Play in Oberammergau. A Religious Play in Three Parts and with 24 Tableaux. With use of the Old Text Written by J. A. Daisenberger at the Time Ecclesiastical Councillor in Oberammergau. Official Total Text for the Year 1922 Revised and Reedited by the Community of Oberammergau}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Saul S. Friedman]], ''The Oberammergau Passion Play'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1984)
** Mork, Gordon R. ''Shofar (book review)'' 3, no. 1 (1984): 44-46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42940664.
*{{Cite book|last=Roth, Eugen|title=Jubiläums Passions-Spiele Oberammergau 1634-1934|date=1934|publisher=Bruckmann|oclc=902461504}}
* Jan Mohr, Julia Stenzel (eds.): ''Politics of the Oberammergau Passion Play. Tradition as Trademark''. Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames 2023. ISBN 9780367617400.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Passionsspiele Oberammergau|Oberammergau Passion Play}}
{{EB1911 poster|Oberammergau}}
*[https://www.passionsspiele-oberammergau.de/en/home Official English Website for Oberammergau Passion Play 2020]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110410210142/http://www.oberammergau.org/ Oberammergau Passion Play Blog]
*[http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Oberammergau Books about Oberammergau and the Passion Play] at the German Wikisource project (including links to many digitized books in English)
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Passion Play |year=1905 |short=x}}
*[https://www.theaterderzeit.de/buch/passion_play/ Passion Play Oberammergau 2020], The official illustrated book, edited by the Community of Oberammergau, publisher: [[Theater der Zeit]], May 2020
*[https://www.ajc.org/OberammergauPassionPlay American Jewish Committee's educational resource on the Oberammergau Passion Play]

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[[Category:1634 plays]]
[[Category:Christianity and antisemitism]]
[[Category:German plays]]
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[[Category:Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)]]
[[Category:Religion and plague]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mary Magdalene]]
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[[Category:Christianity in Bavaria]]

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