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== History == |
== History == |
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'''Piapoco''' is a branch of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawak language]], which also includes Achagua and Tariana.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Seifart | first1 = F | year = 2012 | title = Causative Marking in Resígaro (Arawakan): A Descriptive and Comparative Perspective | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 369–384 | doi = 10.1086/665917 }}</ref> Piapoco is considered a Northern Arawak language.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|jstor=1265983|title=Review of Vocabulario Piapoco- |
'''Piapoco''' is a branch of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawak language]], which also includes Achagua and Tariana.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Seifart | first1 = F | year = 2012 | title = Causative Marking in Resígaro (Arawakan): A Descriptive and Comparative Perspective | url = | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 369–384 | doi = 10.1086/665917 }}</ref> Piapoco is considered a Northern Arawak language.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|jstor=1265983|title=Review of Vocabulario Piapoco-Español, ; Bosquejo del Macuna: Aspectos de la cultura material de los macunas--Fonología; Gramática, , , ; Gramática Pedagógica del Cuiba-Wámonae: Lengua indígena de la familia lingüística guahiba de los llanos orientales|first=Alexandra Y.|last=Aikhenvald|date=1 January 1998|publisher=|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=64|issue=2|pages=168–173|doi=10.1086/466355}}</ref> There are only about 3,000 Piapoco speakers left today. These people live in the Meta, Vichada, and Guaviare rivers in Colombia<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|jstor=1265211|title=Relative Clauses in Piapoco|first1=James|last1=Klumpp|first2=Donald A.|last2=Burquest|date=1 January 1983|publisher=|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=49|issue=4|pages=388–399|doi=10.1086/465801}}</ref> Piapoco speakers also reside in Venezuela.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2955|title=Did you know Piapoco is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages}}</ref> It is an endangered language.<ref name="auto5"/> |
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== Geography/Background == |
== Geography/Background == |
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== Grammar == |
== Grammar == |
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A Piapoco-Spanish dictionary containing 2,500 words was written by Deloris Klumpp, in which botanical identification of plants were captured, although not all.<ref name="auto"/> The Piapoco language follows the following grammatical rules: plural suffix -nai used for animates only, derivational suffixes masculine -iri, feminine -tua, suffix -mi |
A Piapoco-Spanish dictionary containing 2,500 words was written by Deloris Klumpp, in which botanical identification of plants were captured, although not all.<ref name="auto"/> The Piapoco language follows the following grammatical rules: plural suffix -nai used for animates only, derivational suffixes masculine -iri, feminine -tua, suffix -mi 'late, defunct,' nominalizing -si, declarative mood marker -ka.<ref name="auto"/> Piapoco is unique in that it seems to be a nominative-accusative language.<ref name="auto"/> There are eighteen segmental phonemes, fourteen consonant and four vowels in the Piapoco language.<ref name="auto3">Klumpp, D. (1990). Piapoco Grammar. 1-136. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18810.</ref> |
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== Bilingualism == |
== Bilingualism == |
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The word Piapoco is a Spanish nickname in reference to the toucan.<ref name="auto1"/> Most Piapoco also speak Spanish.<ref name="auto2"/> Speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers more often pronounce the phoneme |
The word Piapoco is a Spanish nickname in reference to the toucan.<ref name="auto1"/> Most Piapoco also speak Spanish.<ref name="auto2"/> Speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers more often pronounce the phoneme "s" as a voiceless interdental fricative.<ref name="auto3"/> Younger speakers of the Piapoco language tend to eliminate the "h" more than older speakers due to their contact with the Spanish language.<ref name="auto3"/> |
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When a large portion of people come in contact with another language and are competent in it, their language gradually becomes more like the other.<ref name="auto4">{{cite journal|jstor=4176787|title=Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact|first=Alexandra Y.|last=Aikhenvald|date=1 January 2003|publisher=|journal=Journal of Linguistics|volume=39|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1017/s0022226702001937}}</ref> This allows for a gradual convergence, where grammar and semantics of one language begin to replicate the other.<ref name="auto4"/> |
When a large portion of people come in contact with another language and are competent in it, their language gradually becomes more like the other.<ref name="auto4">{{cite journal|jstor=4176787|title=Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact|first=Alexandra Y.|last=Aikhenvald|date=1 January 2003|publisher=|journal=Journal of Linguistics|volume=39|issue=1|pages=1–29|doi=10.1017/s0022226702001937}}</ref> This allows for a gradual convergence, where grammar and semantics of one language begin to replicate the other.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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| Piapoco | |
|---|---|
| Cháse | |
| Native to | Colombia, Venezuela |
Native speakers | 6,400 (2001–2007)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pio |
| Glottolog | piap1246 Piapocopona1251 Ponares – undemonstrated |
| ELP | Piapoco |
Piapoco is an Arawakan languageofColombia and Venezuela.
A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Piapoco or Achagua.
Piapoco is a branch of the Arawak language, which also includes Achagua and Tariana.[2] Piapoco is considered a Northern Arawak language.[3] There are only about 3,000 Piapoco speakers left today. These people live in the Meta, Vichada, and Guaviare rivers in Colombia[4] Piapoco speakers also reside in Venezuela.[5] It is an endangered language.[5]
The Piapocos come from the larger tribe, the Piaroa, who are indigenous to the Amazon rain forest.[6] The Piapoco people originally lived in the midsection of Rio Guaviare, later moving in the 18th century to avoid settlers, missionaries, and others.[7]
A Piapoco-Spanish dictionary containing 2,500 words was written by Deloris Klumpp, in which botanical identification of plants were captured, although not all.[3] The Piapoco language follows the following grammatical rules: plural suffix -nai used for animates only, derivational suffixes masculine -iri, feminine -tua, suffix -mi 'late, defunct,' nominalizing -si, declarative mood marker -ka.[3] Piapoco is unique in that it seems to be a nominative-accusative language.[3] There are eighteen segmental phonemes, fourteen consonant and four vowels in the Piapoco language.[8]
The word Piapoco is a Spanish nickname in reference to the toucan.[4] Most Piapoco also speak Spanish.[7] Speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers more often pronounce the phoneme "s" as a voiceless interdental fricative.[8] Younger speakers of the Piapoco language tend to eliminate the "h" more than older speakers due to their contact with the Spanish language.[8]
When a large portion of people come in contact with another language and are competent in it, their language gradually becomes more like the other.[9] This allows for a gradual convergence, where grammar and semantics of one language begin to replicate the other.[9]
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Arawakan (Maipurean) languages
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This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
