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=== Pathogenesis === |
=== Pathogenesis === |
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Though most pituitary tumors are sporadic, some genetic syndromes include increased risk for pituitary adenomas including [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]] (caused by a mutation in the [[MEN1|MEN1 gene]]), [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4]] ([[MEN4]] gene), [[Carney complex]], and [[Familial isolated pituitary adenoma]] (FIPA).<ref name=":0" /> Despite their frequent association with genetic [[Syndrome|syndromes]] that cause multiple cancers in affected body tissues, the large majority of prolactinomas are [[Monoclonality|monoclonal]] in origin (originating from a single cell developing a random [[mutation]]), even in cases where the tumor begins producing multiple distinct [[Hormone|hormones]] aside from prolactin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Wenbin |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hidetoshi |last3=Yoshimoto |first3=Takashi |date=2002-07-15 |title=Clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with special reference to multihormone production and clonality of the adenomas |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12124824 |journal=Cancer |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=258–266 |doi=10.1002/cncr.10676 |issn=0008-543X |pmid=12124824}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
Though most pituitary tumors are sporadic, some genetic syndromes include increased risk for pituitary adenomas including [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]] (caused by a mutation in the [[MEN1|MEN1 gene]]), [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4]] ([[MEN4]] gene), [[Carney complex]], and [[Familial isolated pituitary adenoma]] (FIPA).<ref name=":0" /> Despite their frequent association with genetic [[Syndrome|syndromes]] that cause multiple cancers in affected body tissues, the large majority of prolactinomas are [[Monoclonality|monoclonal]] in origin (originating from a single cell developing a random [[mutation]]), even in cases where the tumor begins producing multiple distinct [[Hormone|hormones]] aside from prolactin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Wenbin |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hidetoshi |last3=Yoshimoto |first3=Takashi |date=2002-07-15 |title=Clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with special reference to multihormone production and clonality of the adenomas |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12124824 |journal=Cancer |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=258–266 |doi=10.1002/cncr.10676 |issn=0008-543X |pmid=12124824}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
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A ''micro''-prolactinoma usually does not grow to become a ''macro''-prolactinoma, and also does not often become [[Metastasis|metastatic]]. As such, it is considered a [[benign tumor]], even if it causes symptoms due to excess prolactin. However, it is still recommended that patients with known microprolactinomas should receive an MRI and visual field assessment every 6 to 12 months, to detect unexpected progression and expansion of the tumor before it becomes an emergency.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Splicing factor 3B1 ==== |
==== Splicing factor 3B1 ==== |
Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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