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*''[[Clock radio]]'' - A bedside [[table radio]] that also includes an [[alarm clock]]. The alarm clock can be set to turn on the radio in the morning instead of an alarm, to wake the owner. |
*''[[Clock radio]]'' - A bedside [[table radio]] that also includes an [[alarm clock]]. The alarm clock can be set to turn on the radio in the morning instead of an alarm, to wake the owner. |
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*''[[Tuner (radio)|Tuner]]'' - A [[high fidelity]] AM/FM radio receiver in a component [[home audio|home audio system]]. It has no speakers but outputs an [[audio signal]] which is fed into the system and played through the system's speakers. |
*''[[Tuner (radio)|Tuner]]'' - A [[high fidelity]] AM/FM radio receiver in a component [[home audio|home audio system]]. It has no speakers but outputs an [[audio signal]] which is fed into the system and played through the system's speakers. |
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*''[[Portable radio]]'' - a radio powered by [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] that can be carried with a person. Radios are now often integrated with other audio sources in [[CD player]]s and [[portable media player]]s. Portable radios typically are small enough to be hand held, or, for larger radios, have a handle or carrying strap. Portable radios may have an arrangement for powering from an outlet, conserving the batteries when an outlet is available. Portable "emergency" radios may be solar and/or hand crank powered.<ref>[https://radioattic.com/item.htm?radio=9590006 Solar/Hand Crank Powered Radio]</ref> |
*''[[Portable radio]]'' - a radio powered by [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] that can be carried with a person. Radios are now often integrated with other audio sources in [[CD player]]s and [[portable media player]]s. Portable radios typically are small enough to be hand held, or, for larger radios, have a handle or carrying strap. Portable radios may have an arrangement for powering from an outlet, conserving the batteries when an outlet is available. Portable "emergency" radios may be solar and/or hand crank powered. <ref>[https://radioattic.com/item.htm?radio=9590006 Solar/Hand Crank Powered Radio]</ref> |
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**''[[Boom box]]'' - a portable battery-powered [[high fidelity]] stereo sound system in the form of a box with a handle, which became popular during the mid |
**''[[Boom box]]'' - a portable battery-powered [[high fidelity]] stereo sound system in the form of a box with a handle, which became popular during the mid 1970s. |
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**''[[Transistor radio]]'' - an older term for a portable pocket-sized broadcast radio receiver. Made possible by the invention of the [[transistor]] and developed in the 1950s, transistor radios were hugely popular during the 1960s and early 1970s, and changed the public's listening habits. |
**''[[Transistor radio]]'' - an older term for a portable pocket-sized broadcast radio receiver. Made possible by the invention of the [[transistor]] and developed in the 1950s, transistor radios were hugely popular during the 1960s and early 1970s, and changed the public's listening habits. |
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*''[[Car radio]]'' - A radio integrated into the dashboard of a vehicle, used for entertainment while driving. Virtually all modern cars and trucks are equipped with radios, which usually also includes a [[CD player]]. |
*''[[Car radio]]'' - A radio integrated into the dashboard of a vehicle, used for entertainment while driving. Virtually all modern cars and trucks are equipped with radios, which usually also includes a [[CD player]]. |
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*''[[Satellite radio]]'' receiver - subscription radio receiver that receives audio programming from a [[direct broadcast satellite]]. The subscriber must pay a monthly fee. They are mostly designed as car radios. |
*''[[Satellite radio]]'' receiver - subscription radio receiver that receives audio programming from a [[direct broadcast satellite]]. The subscriber must pay a monthly fee. They are mostly designed as car radios. |
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*''[[Shortwave receiver]]'' - This is a broadcast radio that also receives the shortwave bands. It is used for [[shortwave listening]]. |
*''[[Shortwave receiver]]'' - This is a broadcast radio that also receives the shortwave bands. It is used for [[shortwave listening]]. |
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* An ''[[AV receiver|AV or Stereo receiver]]'' (in context often just called a ''receiver'') is a component in a [[high fidelity|hi-fi]] or [[home cinema|home theatre]] system combining a radio and audio amplifier in one unit that connects to the speakers and often to other input and output components ( |
* An ''[[AV receiver|AV or Stereo receiver]]'' (in context often just called a ''receiver'') is a component in a [[high fidelity|hi-fi]] or [[home cinema|home theatre]] system combining a radio and audio amplifier in one unit that connects to the speakers and often to other input and output components (eg turntable, television, tape deck, and CD and DVD players) |
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==Other applications== |
==Other applications== |
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The coherer is an obscure antique device, and even today there is some uncertainty about the exact physical mechanism by which the various types worked.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Nahin1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GBW6UD4CcC&pg=PA53 Nahin, Paul J. (2001) ''The Science of Radio'', p. 53-56]</ref><ref name="Phillips5">[https://archive.org/stream/EarlyRadioWaveDetectors/Phillips-EarlyRadioWaveDetectors#page/n35/mode/1up Phillips, Vivian 1980 ''Early Radio Wave Detectors'', p. 57-60]</ref> However it can be seen that it was essentially a [[Bistability|bistable]] device, a radio-wave-operated switch, and so it did not have the ability to [[rectifier|rectify]] the radio wave to [[demodulate]] the later [[amplitude modulated]] (AM) radio transmissions that carried sound.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Nahin1" /> |
The coherer is an obscure antique device, and even today there is some uncertainty about the exact physical mechanism by which the various types worked.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Nahin1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GBW6UD4CcC&pg=PA53 Nahin, Paul J. (2001) ''The Science of Radio'', p. 53-56]</ref><ref name="Phillips5">[https://archive.org/stream/EarlyRadioWaveDetectors/Phillips-EarlyRadioWaveDetectors#page/n35/mode/1up Phillips, Vivian 1980 ''Early Radio Wave Detectors'', p. 57-60]</ref> However it can be seen that it was essentially a [[Bistability|bistable]] device, a radio-wave-operated switch, and so it did not have the ability to [[rectifier|rectify]] the radio wave to [[demodulate]] the later [[amplitude modulated]] (AM) radio transmissions that carried sound.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Nahin1" /> |
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In a long series of experiments Marconi found that by using an elevated wire [[monopole antenna]] instead of Hertz's [[dipole antenna]]s he could transmit longer distances, beyond the curve of the Earth, demonstrating that radio was not just a laboratory curiosity but a commercially viable communication method. This culminated in his historic transatlantic wireless transmission on December 12, 1901 |
In a long series of experiments Marconi found that by using an elevated wire [[monopole antenna]] instead of Hertz's [[dipole antenna]]s he could transmit longer distances, beyond the curve of the Earth, demonstrating that radio was not just a laboratory curiosity but a commercially viable communication method. This culminated in his historic transatlantic wireless transmission on December 12, 1901 from [[Poldhu|Poldhu, Cornwall]] to [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], a distance of 3500 km (2200 miles), which was received by a coherer.<ref name="Nahin1" /><ref name="Sarkar3" /> However the usual range of coherer receivers even with the powerful transmitters of this era was limited to a few hundred miles. |
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The coherer remained the dominant detector used in early radio receivers for about 10 years,<ref name="McNicol2" /> until replaced by the [[crystal detector]] and [[electrolytic detector]] around 1907. In spite of much development work, it was a very crude unsatisfactory device.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Coe2" /> It was not very sensitive, and also responded to impulsive [[radio noise]] ([[radio frequency interference|RFI]]), such as nearby lights being switched on or off, as well as to the intended signal.<ref name="Coe2" /><ref name="McNicol2" /> Due to the cumbersome mechanical "tapping back" mechanism it was limited to a data rate of about 12-15 words per minute of [[Morse code]], while a spark-gap transmitter could transmit Morse at up to 100 WPM with a paper tape machine.<ref name="Maver">{{cite journal |
The coherer remained the dominant detector used in early radio receivers for about 10 years,<ref name="McNicol2" /> until replaced by the [[crystal detector]] and [[electrolytic detector]] around 1907. In spite of much development work, it was a very crude unsatisfactory device.<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Coe2" /> It was not very sensitive, and also responded to impulsive [[radio noise]] ([[radio frequency interference|RFI]]), such as nearby lights being switched on or off, as well as to the intended signal.<ref name="Coe2" /><ref name="McNicol2" /> Due to the cumbersome mechanical "tapping back" mechanism it was limited to a data rate of about 12-15 words per minute of [[Morse code]], while a spark-gap transmitter could transmit Morse at up to 100 WPM with a paper tape machine.<ref name="Maver">{{cite journal |
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| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089533605&view=1up&seq=356 |
| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089533605&view=1up&seq=356 |
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| doi = 10.1109/t-aiee.1906.4764762 |
| doi = 10.1109/t-aiee.1906.4764762 |
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| access-date = March 30, 2021}} The link is to a reprint of the paper in the ''Scientific American Supplement'', Nos. 1665 and 1666, November 30, 1907 and December 7, 1907, p.348-350 and 354-356.</ref> It was not widely used until its [[amplifier|amplifying]] ability was recognized around 1912.<ref name="Lee1" /> The first tube receivers, invented by De Forest and built by hobbyists until the mid |
| access-date = March 30, 2021}} The link is to a reprint of the paper in the ''Scientific American Supplement'', Nos. 1665 and 1666, November 30, 1907 and December 7, 1907, p.348-350 and 354-356.</ref> It was not widely used until its [[amplifier|amplifying]] ability was recognized around 1912.<ref name="Lee1" /> The first tube receivers, invented by De Forest and built by hobbyists until the mid 1920s, used a single Audion which functioned as a [[grid-leak detector]] which both [[rectifier|rectified]] and amplified the radio signal.<ref name="McNicol8" /><ref name="Williams" /><ref name="Terman7">{{cite book |
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| last1 = Terman |
| last1 = Terman |
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| first1 = Frederick E. |
| first1 = Frederick E. |
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| date = October 1924 |
| date = October 1924 |
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| url = http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Broadcast/Radio-Broadcast-1924-10.pdf |
| url = http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Broadcast/Radio-Broadcast-1924-10.pdf |
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| access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> In AM reception, to get the most sensitivity the tube was operated very close to instability and could easily break into oscillation (and in CW reception ''did'' oscillate), and the resulting radio signal was radiated by its wire antenna. In nearby receivers, the regenerative's signal would beat with the signal of the station being received in the detector, creating annoying [[heterodyne]]s, ([[beat (acoustics)|beat]]s), howls and whistles.<ref name="Carr" /> Early regeneratives which oscillated easily were called "bloopers". One preventive measure was to use a stage of RF amplification before the regenerative detector, to isolate it from the antenna.<ref name="Williams" /><ref name="ArmyManual2" /> But by the mid |
| access-date = January 16, 2016}}</ref> In AM reception, to get the most sensitivity the tube was operated very close to instability and could easily break into oscillation (and in CW reception ''did'' oscillate), and the resulting radio signal was radiated by its wire antenna. In nearby receivers, the regenerative's signal would beat with the signal of the station being received in the detector, creating annoying [[heterodyne]]s, ([[beat (acoustics)|beat]]s), howls and whistles.<ref name="Carr" /> Early regeneratives which oscillated easily were called "bloopers". One preventive measure was to use a stage of RF amplification before the regenerative detector, to isolate it from the antenna.<ref name="Williams" /><ref name="ArmyManual2" /> But by the mid 1920s "regens" were no longer sold by the major radio manufacturers.<ref name="Carr" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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