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{{Short description|American civil rights activist (1913–2005)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Rosa Parks
| image              = Rosaparks.jpg
| caption            = Parks in 1955, with  [[Martin Luther King&nbsp;Jr.]] in the background
| birth_name         = Rosa Louise McCauley
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1913|2|4}}
| birth_place        = [[Tuskegee, Alabama]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2005|10|24|1913|2|4}}
| death_place        = [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], Detroit
| occupation         = [[Civil rights activist]]
| known_for          = [[Montgomery bus boycott]]
| movement           = [[Civil Rights Movement]]
| spouse             = [[Raymond Parks (activist)|Raymond Parks]]<br>(m. 1932; died 1977)
| signature          = Rosa Parks Signature.svg
}}

'''Rosa Louise McCauley Parks''' (February 4, 1913&nbsp;– October 24, 2005) was an American [[activist]] in the [[civil rights movement]], best known for her pivotal role in the [[Montgomery bus boycott]]. The [[United States Congress]] has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".<ref>{{USPL|106|26}}. Retrieved November 13, 2011. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF.</ref>

Parks became an [[NAACP]] activist in 1943, participating in several high-profile civil rights campaigns. On December 1, 1955, in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], Parks rejected bus driver [[James F. Blake]]'s order to vacate a row of four seats in the "[[colored]]" section in favor of a white passenger, once the "white" section was filled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/rosa-parks |title=An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks |date=August 15, 2015 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=National Archives |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024735/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/rosa-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation,<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus |series=[[Democracy Now!]] |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/3/29/the_other_rosa_parks_now_73 |publisher=[[Pacifica Radio]] |last1=González |first1=Juan|author-link=Juan González (journalist) |author2=[[Amy Goodman]] |date=March 29, 2013 |minutes=25 |access-date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> but the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for [[civil disobedience]] in violating Alabama segregation laws, and she helped inspire the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. The case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit ''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'' resulted in a November 1956 decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1988 |first=Taylor |last=Branch|author-link=Taylor Branch |url=http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/branch4.htm |access-date=February 5, 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130523192706/http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/branch4.htm| archive-date= May 23, 2013| url-status=dead }}</ref>

Parks's act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the movement. She became an international icon of resistance to [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], and organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including [[Edgar Nixon]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] At the time, Parks was employed as a seamstress at a local department store and was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the [[Highlander Folk School]], a [[Tennessee]] center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job and received death threats for years afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Commentary: Rosa Parks' Role In The Civil Rights Movement |date=June 13, 1999 |work=Weekend Edition Sunday |publisher=NPR |id={{ProQuest|190159646}}}}</ref> Shortly after the boycott, she moved to [[Detroit]], where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988, she served as secretary and receptionist to [[John Conyers]], an African-American [[US Representative]]. She was also active in the [[black Power]] movement and the support of [[political prisoners]] in the US.

After retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that there was more work to be done in the struggle for justice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/01/how-history-got-the-rosa-parks-story-wrong/ |title=How History Got Rosa Parks Wrong |author-link=Jeanne Theoharis |last=Theoharis |first=Jeanne |date=December 1, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 12, 2016 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005211109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/01/how-history-got-the-rosa-parks-story-wrong/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 [[Spingarn Medal]], the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's [[National Statuary Hall]]. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman to [[State funerals in the United States#List of lying in state and honor recipients|lie in honor]] in the [[Capitol Rotunda]]. [[California]] and [[Missouri]] commemorate [[Rosa Parks Day]] on her birthday, February 4, while [[Ohio]], [[Oregon]], and [[Texas]] commemorate the anniversary of her arrest, December 1.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 1, 2021|title=HB 3481, 87th Regular Session|url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legis/billSearch/BillDetails.cfm?legSession=87-0&billTypeDetail=HB&billnumberdetail=3481|access-date=November 30, 2021|website=Legislative Reference Library of Texas|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021114254/https://lrl.texas.gov/legis/billSearch/BillDetails.cfm?legSession=87-0&billTypeDetail=HB&billnumberdetail=3481|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in [[Tuskegee, Alabama]], on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a [[carpenter]]. In addition to African ancestry, one of Parks's great-grandfathers was [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]], and one of her great-grandmothers was a part–[[Slavery among Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] slave.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilmore |first1=Kim |title=Remembering Rosa Parks on Her 100th Birthday |url=https://www.biography.com/news/remembering-rosa-parks-on-her-100th-birthday-21114273 |website=Biography.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211214249/https://www.biography.com/news/remembering-rosa-parks-on-her-100th-birthday-21114273 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rosa Parks|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/brinkley-parks.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The New York Times|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126184423/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/brinkley-parks.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Douglas |last=Brinkley |work=Rosa Parks |title=Chapter 1 (excerpt): 'Up From Pine Level' |publisher=Lipper/Viking; excerpt published in The New York Times |url-access=registration|year=2000 |isbn=0-670-89160-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/rosaparks00brin | access-date= July 1, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Webb |first=James |date=October 3, 2004 |title=Why You Need to Know the Scots-Irish |work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_10-03-2004/featured_0 |access-date=September 2, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704152512/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_10-03-2004/featured_0 |archive-date=July 4, 2009}}</ref> As a child, she suffered from chronic [[tonsillitis]] and was often bedridden; the family could not afford to pay for an operation to address the condition.<ref name="TIRED"/>{{rp|12}} When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to her grandparents' farm outside [[Pine Level, Montgomery County, Alabama|Pine Level]], where her younger brother Sylvester was born.<ref name="TIRED"/>{{rp|12–13}} Rosa joined the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] (AME), a century-old independent [[black church|black denomination]] founded by free blacks in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], in the early nineteenth century,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=African Methodist Episcopal Church |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Methodist-Episcopal-Church |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Records of Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church 1760-1972 |date=1999 |publisher=Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church |location=Wilmington, Delaware |isbn=0-8420-4225-3 |url=https://assets.cengage.com/gale/psm/8338000C.pdf |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> and remained a member throughout her life.<ref name="rebellious mrs."/>{{rp|6}}

McCauley attended rural schools<ref name="NYT2" /> until the age of eleven. Before that, her mother taught her "a good deal about sewing." She started piecing quilts from around the age of six, as her mother and grandmother were making quilts, she put her first quilt together by herself around the age of ten, which was unusual, as quilting was mainly a family activity performed when there was no field work or chores to be done. She learned more sewing in school from the age of eleven; she sewed her own "first dress [she] could wear".<ref name="Quilts">{{cite book |editor-last=MacDowell |editor-first=Marsha L. |chapter=An Interview with Rosa Parks, The Quilter |last1=Barney |first1=Deborah Smith |title=African American Quiltmaking in Michigan |date=1997 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63YAAAAMAAJ |oclc=36900789 |location=East Lansing, MI |isbn=0870134108 |pages=x, 133–138 |access-date=October 12, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409073552/https://books.google.com/books?id=R63YAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a student at the [[Montgomery Industrial School for Girls|Industrial School for Girls]] in Montgomery from 1925 to 1928, she took academic and vocational courses. As the school closed in 1928, she transferred to Booker T. Washington Junior High School for her final year.<ref name="rebellious mrs."/>{{rp|10}} Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the [[Alabama State University|Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes]] for secondary education, but dropped out to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill.<ref name="TIRED">{{cite book |title=Rosa Parks: Tired of Giving In |publisher=Enslow |last=Shraff |first=Anne |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7660-2463-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J37vgZvCI78C&pg=PA23}}</ref>{{rp|23–27}}<ref name=harmon/>

Around the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchised]] black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under the white-established [[Jim Crow laws]], passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the [[Southern United States|South]], including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded.

Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:

<blockquote>I'd see the bus pass every day ... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/story.asp |title=The Story Behind the Bus |work=Rosa Parks Bus |publisher=[[The Henry Ford]] |access-date=July 1, 2008 |archive-date=September 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905080138/http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/story.asp |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Although Parks's autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the [[Racism in the United States|racism]] of her society. When the [[Ku Klux Klan]] marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-11-08/html/CREC-1995-11-08-pt1-PgE2135-2.htm |work=[[The Washington Post Magazine]]|publisher=republished in Congressional Record Volume 141, Number 176; November 8, 1995 |first=Walt |last=Harrington |title=A Person Who Wanted To Be Free  |date=October 8, 1995 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101606/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1995-11-08/html/CREC-1995-11-08-pt1-PgE2135-2.htm|archive-date= August 5, 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[Montgomery Industrial School for Girls|Montgomery Industrial School]], founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community.<ref name=harmon>{{cite web |first=David |last=Harmon |title=Montgomery Industrial School for Girls |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1162 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]] |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206170354/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1162 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Repeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said: "As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible."<ref name="rebellious mrs.">{{cite book |title=The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks |author-link=Jeanne Theoharis|first=Jeanne |last=Theoharis |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0807076927 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9_YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|208}}

By January 1, 1946, Parks was a member of the [[Order of the Eastern Star]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1947|title=Rosa Parks Papers: Subject File, 1937-2005; Order of Eastern Star, 1947 , 1972, undated|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/mss859430192/|access-date=March 2, 2024|website=Library of Congress|language=en-US|archive-date=March 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061911/https://www.loc.gov/item/mss859430192/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early activism===
In 1932, Rosa married [[Raymond Parks (activist)|Raymond Parks]], a barber from Montgomery.<ref name="rebellious mrs." />{{rp|13, 15}}<ref name="Crewe Walsh">{{cite book |title=The Montgomery Bus Boycott |first1=Sabrina |last1=Crewe |first2=Frank |last2=Walsh |year=2002 |publisher=Gareth Stevens |chapter=Chapter 3: The Boycott| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YHwiynhKj9UC&pg=PA15 |page=15|isbn=978-0836833942 |access-date= July 19, 2016}}</ref> He was a member of the [[NAACP]],<ref name="Crewe Walsh" /> which at the time was collecting money to support the defense of the [[Scottsboro Boys]], a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women.<ref name="Whitaker 2011">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSGhEUq5bp0C&pg=PA690 |title=Icons of black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries |last=Whitaker |first=Matthew |year= 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0313376436 }}</ref>{{Rp|690}} Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when fewer than 7% of African Americans had a high-school diploma.

In December 1943, Parks became active in the [[civil rights movement]], joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary at a time when this was considered a woman's job. She later said, "I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no."<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Feeney |title=Rosa Parks, civil rights icon, dead at 92 |work=The Boston Globe |date=October 25, 2005 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2005/10/25/rosa_parks_civil_rights_icon_whose_single_act_sparked_a_movement_at_92/ |access-date=July 31, 2009 |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217145942/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2005/10/25/rosa_parks_civil_rights_icon_whose_single_act_sparked_a_movement_at_92/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She continued as secretary until 1957. She worked for the local NAACP leader [[Edgar Nixon]], even though he maintained that "Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen."<ref name="daughters">{{cite book |title=Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970 |last=Olson |first=L. |date=2001 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0684850122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lddD_IFIJisC&pg=PA97 |page=97 |access-date=August 1, 2015}}</ref> When Parks asked, "Well, what about me?", he replied: "I need a secretary and you are a good one."<ref name="daughters" />

In 1944, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang-rape of [[Recy Taylor]], a black woman from [[Abbeville, Alabama]]. Parks and other civil rights activists organized "[[The Committee for Equal Justice]] for Mrs. Recy Taylor", launching what the ''[[Chicago Defender]]'' called "the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Danielle |last=McGuire |url=http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/01/opinion-its-time-to-free-rosa-parks-from-the-bus/ |title=Opinion: It's time to free Rosa Parks from the bus |work=CNN|date=December 1, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119110219/http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/12/01/opinion-its-time-to-free-rosa-parks-from-the-bus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Parks continued her work as an anti-rape activist five years later when she helped organize protests in support of Gertrude Perkins, a black woman who was raped by two white Montgomery police officers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-01|title=More Than A Seat On The Bus|url=https://werehistory.org/rosa-parks/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=We're History|language=en-US|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309195643/http://werehistory.org/rosa-parks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although never a member of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious [[Scottsboro Boys|Scottsboro case]] had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How 'Communism' Brought Racial Equality To The South |work=Tell Me More |publisher=NPR |date=February 16, 2010 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123771194 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |archive-date=April 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402044448/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123771194 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the [[League of Women Voters]]. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], which, despite its location in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], did not permit racial segregation because it was [[federal government of the United States|federal]] property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, "You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up." Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for [[Clifford Durr|Clifford]] and [[Virginia Foster Durr|Virginia Durr]], a white couple. Politically [[American liberalism|liberal]], the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the [[Highlander Research and Education Center|Highlander Folk School]], an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in [[Monteagle, Tennessee]]. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer [[Septima Clark]].<ref name="rebellious mrs." /> In 1945, despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.<ref name="Whitaker 2011" />{{Rp|690}}

In August 1955, black teenager [[Emmett Till]] was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in [[Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2004/May/04_crt_311.htm |title=Justice Department to Investigate 1955 Emmett Till Murder |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |date=May 10, 2004 |access-date=May 27, 2007 |quote=R. Alexander Acosta, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, states, "This brutal murder and grotesque miscarriage of justice outraged a nation and helped galvanize support for the modern American civil rights movement." |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309044451/https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2004/May/04_crt_311.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 27, 1955, four days before she would make her stand on the bus, Rosa Parks attended a mass meeting at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery that addressed this case, as well as the recent murders of the activists [[George W. Lee]] and [[Lamar Smith (activist)|Lamar Smith]]. The featured speaker was [[T. R. M. Howard]], a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the [[Regional Council of Negro Leadership]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=David T. |last1=Beito |first2=Linda |last2=Royster Beito |title=black Maverick: T. R. M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2009 |pages=138–139}}</ref> Howard brought news of the recent acquittal of the two men who had murdered Till. Parks was deeply saddened and angry at the news, particularly because Till's case had garnered much more attention than any of the cases she and the Montgomery NAACP had worked on—and yet, the two men still walked free.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/emmett-till/|title=Emmett Till {{!}} The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks|newspaper=The Rebellious Life of MRS. Rosa Parks|date=May 16, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2016|author1=Admin|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301013816/http://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/emmett-till/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Parks' arrest and bus boycott==
[[File:Rosaparks busdiagram.jpg|thumb|The seat layout on the bus where Parks sat, December 1, 1955]]

===Montgomery buses: law and prevailing customs===
In 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passenger would be required to move or give up their seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left.<ref>''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'', 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956).</ref>

The first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Buses had "colored" sections for black people generally in the rear of the bus, although blacks composed more than 75% of the ridership. The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows until the white section filled. If more whites needed seats, blacks were to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus.<ref name="Garrow, David J. 1986">Garrow, David J. ''Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.'' (1986), {{ISBN|0-394-75623-1}}, p. 13.</ref>

Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver could move the "colored" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people had to board at the front to pay the fare, then disembark and reenter through the rear door.<ref name="Garrow, David J. 1986"/>

For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, "My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest. I did a lot of walking in Montgomery."<ref name="NYT2" />

One day in 1943, Parks boarded a bus and paid the fare. She then moved to a seat, but driver [[James F. Blake]] told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. When Parks exited the vehicle, Blake drove off without her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/27/guardianobituaries |title=James F. Blake |newspaper=The Guardian |date=March 26, 2002 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201354/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/27/guardianobituaries |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks waited for the next bus, determined never to ride with Blake again.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-25-na-parks25-story.html |title=She Set Wheels of Justice in Motion |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Elaine |last=Woo |date=October 25, 2005 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920225631/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/25/nation/na-parks25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Refusal to move===
{{multiple image
| width             = 220
| direction         = vertical
| header            = Rosa Parks's arrest
| header_align      = center
| image1            = Rosa Parks Booking.jpg
| caption1          = Booking photo of Parks following her February 1956 arrest during the [[Montgomery bus boycott]]
| image2            = Rosaparks policereport.jpg
| caption2          = Police report on Parks, December 1, 1955, page 1
| image3            = Rosaparks policereport2.jpg
| caption3          = Police report on Parks, December 1, 1955, page 2
| image4            = Rosaparks fingerprints.jpg
| caption4          = [[Fingerprint]] card of Parks from her arrest on December 1, 1955
| image5            = Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger on a segregated municipal bus in Montgomery, Alabama.jpg
| caption5          = Parks being fingerprinted on February 22, 1956, when she was arrested again, along with 73 other people, after a grand jury indicted 113 African Americans for organizing the Montgomery bus boycott<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43029721/p_3/ |title=Call Pilgrimage in Ala. Boycott |work=Daily News |location=New York |date=February 23, 1956 |page=3 |volume=37 |issue=208 |agency=Associated Press |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126125959/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43029721/p_3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2018/12/05/alabama-officer-recalls-1955-arrest-of-rosa-parks/ |title=Alabama officer recalls 1955 arrest of Rosa Parks |last=Yawn |first=Andrew J. |date=December 5, 2018 |website=Press Herald|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205204146/https://www.pressherald.com/2018/12/05/alabama-officer-recalls-1955-arrest-of-rosa-parks/|archive-date=December 5, 2018|access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref>
| align             = 
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| alt1              = 
}}

After working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a [[General Motors]] [[GM "old-look" transit bus|Old Look bus]] belonging to the [[National City Lines|Montgomery City Lines]],<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Larry Plachno |title=The Rosa Parks Bus |magazine=National Bus Trader |date=September 2002 |pages=26–29 |url=http://www.busmag.com/pdfs/2002-09_RPBus.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906131826/http://www.busmag.com/pdfs/2002-09_RPBus.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2015 }}</ref> around 6&nbsp;pm, Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the "colored" section. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers.<ref name="Chicago Review Press">{{Cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/thunderofangelsm00will/page/48 48] |last1=Williams |first1=Donnie |first2=Wayne |last2=Greenhaw |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55652-590-7 |title=The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People who Broke the Back of Jim Crow |url=https://archive.org/details/thunderofangelsm00will/page/48}}</ref>

Initially, she did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity.<ref name="Chicago Review Press"/>

The bus driver moved the "colored" section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit. Years later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, "When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination cover my body like a quilt on a winter night."<ref name="Chicago Review Press"/>

By Parks's account, Blake said, "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats."<ref>{{cite interview |last=Parks |first=Rosa |interviewer=Lynn Neary |title=Parks Recalls Bus Boycott, Excerpts from an interview with Lynn Neary |chapter=Main Reason For Keeping Her Seat |type=radio interview |url=https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973703 |format=adobe flash |publisher=[[NPR]] |year=1992 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201233016/http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973703 |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |url-status=dead }} linked at {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |title=Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies |last=<!--Staff writer(<span class="ltr">s</span>), no byline --> |date=October 25, 2005 |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102021843/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |archive-date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=July 4, 2008}}</ref> Three of them complied. Parks said, "The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We didn't move at the beginning, but he says, 'Let me have these seats.' And the other three people moved, but I didn't."<ref name="CNN obit">{{Cite web|title=Civil rights icon Rosa Parks dies at 92|date=Oct 25, 2005|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/24/parks.obit/|access-date=2022-02-23|publisher=CNN|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302193223/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/24/parks.obit/|url-status=live}}</ref> The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat.<ref name="Neary2" />

Parks moved, but toward the window seat; she did not get up to move to the redesignated colored section.<ref name="Neary2">{{Cite news|title=Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548&sourceCode=gaw|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214132915/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548&sourceCode=gaw|url-status=live}}</ref> Parks later said about being asked to move to the rear of the bus, "I thought of [[Emmett Till]]—a 14-year-old African American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store, whose killers were tried and acquitted—and I just couldn't go back."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Houck |first1=Davis |last2=Grindy |first2=Matthew |title=Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press |location=Jackson |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |date=2008 |isbn=978-1604733044 |page=x}}</ref>

Blake said, "Why don't you stand up?" Parks responded, "I don't think I should have to stand up." Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident for ''[[Eyes on the Prize]]'', a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not.' And he said, 'Well, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested.' I said, 'You may do that.{{' "}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will/page/66 66] |last=Williams |first=Juan |author-link=Juan Williams |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-009653-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will/page/66}}</ref>

During a 1956 radio interview with [[Sydney Rogers]] in [[West Oakland]] several months after her arrest, Parks said she had decided, "I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Beloved Community: How Faith Shapes Social Justice from the Civil Rights to Today |page=21 |last=Marsh |first=Charles |publisher=Basic Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-465-04416-6}}</ref>

In her autobiography, ''My Story'', she said:
{{blockquote|People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parks |first=Rosa |author2=James Haskins |title=Rosa Parks: My Story |page=[https://archive.org/details/rosaparksmystory00park_0/page/116 116] |publisher=Dial Books |isbn=0-8037-0673-1 |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/rosaparksmystory00park_0/page/116}}</ref>}}

When Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, "Why do you push us around?" She remembered him saying, "I don't know, but the law's the law, and you're under arrest."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/|title=Rosa Parks: Pioneer of Civil Rights|date=June 2, 1995|publisher=Academy of Achievement |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309183949/https://achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/|archive-date=March 9, 2020|access-date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> She later said, "I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind. ... "<ref name="CNN obit" />

Parks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11, segregation law of the Montgomery City code,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthofmontgomer00hugh/page/27 27] |last=Wright |first=Roberta Hughes |year=1991 |publisher=Charro Press |isbn=0-9629468-0-X |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofmontgomer00hugh/page/27}}</ref> although technically she had not taken a white-only seat; she had been in a colored section.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement in the World Came Into Being, and Why No One Saw it Coming |page=[https://archive.org/details/blessedunresthow00hawk/page/79 79] |last=Hawken |first=Paul |publisher=Viking |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-670-03852-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/blessedunresthow00hawk/page/79}}</ref> [[Edgar Nixon]], president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and leader of the [[Pullman Union|Pullman Porters Union]], and her friend [[Clifford Durr]] bailed Parks out of jail that evening.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Phibbs |first1=Cheryl |title=The Montgomery Bus Boycott: A History and Reference Guide |page=15 |publisher=Greenwood |year=2009 |isbn=978-0313358876 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKPtlNXNILsC&pg=PA15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/daybreakoffreedo00burn/page/9 9] |last=Burns |first=Stewart |title=Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott |publisher=UNC Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-8078-4661-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/daybreakoffreedo00burn/page/9}}</ref>

Parks did not originate the idea of protesting segregation with a bus [[sit-in]]. Those preceding her included [[Bayard Rustin]] in 1942,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fellowship |last=Rustin |first=Bayard |date=July 1942 |title=Non-Violence vs. Jim Crow}} reprinted in {{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Clayborne |author-link1=Clayborne Carson |last2=Garrow |first2=David J. |author-link2=David J. Garrow |last3=Kovach |first3=Bill |author-link3=Bill Kovach |title=Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j8OAQAAMAAJ |access-date=September 13, 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=Library of America |pages=15–18|isbn=978-1931082280 }}</ref> [[Irene Morgan]] in 1946, [[Lillie Mae Bradford]] in 1951,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/04/usa.julianborger |title=Civil rights heroes may get pardons |first=Julian |last=Borger |date=April 3, 2006 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000056/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/04/usa.julianborger |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company|Sarah Louise Keys]] in 1952,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/years-rosa-parks-sarah-keys-160026246.html|title=Years Before Rosa Parks, Sarah Keys Refused to Give Up Her Seat on a Bus. Now She’s Being Honored in the City Where She Was Arrested|last=Waxman|first=Olivia B.|work=Time|date=July 29, 2020|via=Yahoo News}}</ref> and the members of the ultimately successful ''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'' 1956 lawsuit ([[Claudette Colvin]], [[Aurelia Browder]], [[Susie McDonald]], and [[Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist)|Mary Louise Smith]]) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks.<ref name="stanford1">{{cite web |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/browder-v-gayle-352-us-903 |title=Browder v. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903 &#124; The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute |date=April 24, 2017 |publisher=Kinginstitute.stanford.edu |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710094402/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/browder-v-gayle-352-us-903 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Montgomery bus boycott===
{{Main|Montgomery bus boycott}}
Nixon conferred with [[Jo Ann Robinson]], an [[Alabama State College]] professor and member of the [[Women's Political Council]] (WPC), about the Parks case. Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night [[mimeograph machine|mimeographing]] over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott.

On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery bus boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front-page article in the ''[[Montgomery Advertiser]]'' helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first-come basis.

The next day, Parks was tried on charges of [[disorderly conduct]] and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs (combined total {{Inflation|US|14|1955|fmt=eq}}),<ref name="CNN obit" /> Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with [[National Public Radio]]'s Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:

{{blockquote|I did not want to be mistreated, I did not want to be deprived of a seat that I had paid for. It was just time ... there was opportunity for me to take a stand to express the way I felt about being treated in that manner.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Parks |first=Rosa |interviewer=Lynn Neary |title=Parks Recalls Bus Boycott, Excerpts from an interview with Lynn Neary |chapter=Main Reason For Keeping Her Seat |type=radio interview |url=https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973703 |format=adobe flash |publisher=[[NPR]] |year=1992 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201233016/http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973703 |archive-date=2014-12-01 |url-status=dead }} linked at {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |title=Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies |last=<!--Staff writer(<span class="ltr">s</span>), no byline --> |date=October 25, 2005 |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102021843/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |archive-date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=December 1, 2014}}</ref> I had not planned to get arrested. I had plenty to do without having to end up in jail. But when I had to face that decision, I didn't hesitate to do so because I felt that we had endured that too long. The more we gave in, the more we complied with that kind of treatment, the more oppressive it became.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Parks |first=Rosa |interviewer=Lynn Neary |title=Parks Recalls Bus Boycott, Excerpts from an interview with Lynn Neary |chapter=On the possibility of Arrest |type=radio interview |url=https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973699 |format=Adobe Flash |publisher=[[NPR]] |year=1992 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201232854/http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4973548&m=4973699 |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |url-status=dead }} linked at {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |title=Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies |last=<!--Staff writer(<span class="ltr">s</span>), no byline--> |date=October 25, 2005 |publisher=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102021843/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 |archive-date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=December 1, 2014}}</ref>}}

On the day of Parks's trial—December 5, 1955—the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read,

<blockquote>We are ... asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday.<ref name="Time 100">{{cite news |first=Rita |last=Dove |author-link=Rita Dove |url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617132629/http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 17, 2000 |title=Heroes and Icons: Rosa Parks: Her simple act of protest galvanized America's civil rights revolution |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 14, 1999| access-date= July 4, 2008}}</ref></blockquote>

It rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black-operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents ({{Inflation|US|.1|1955|r=2|fmt=eq}}). Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as {{convert|20|mi|sigfig=1}}.

That evening after the success of the one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion [[AME Zion]] Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time, Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, "Why, you've said enough."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408 |title=Civil Rights History from the Ground Up |isbn=978-0820338651 |last1=Crosby |first1=Emilye |year=2011|publisher=University of Georgia Press }}</ref> This movement also sparked riots leading up to the [[1956 Sugar Bowl]].<ref>{{Cite news | last = Thamel | first = Pete | author-link = Pete Thamel | title = Grier Integrated a Game and Earned the World's Respect | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 2006-01-01 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/sports/ncaafootball/01grier.html | access-date = 2009-04-15 | archive-date = June 20, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150620004823/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/sports/ncaafootball/01grier.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. [[Ralph Abernathy]] suggested the name "[[Montgomery Improvement Association]]" (MIA).<ref name="Testament">{{Cite book |title=A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. |last=Washington |first=James M. |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-06-064691-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/testamentofhope00mart}}</ref>{{rp|432}} The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], a relative newcomer to Montgomery, who was a young and mostly unknown minister of the [[Dexter Avenue Baptist Church]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/us/rosa-parks-92-founding-symbol-of-civil-rights-movement-dies.html |title=Rosa Parks, 92, Founding Symbol of Civil Rights Movement, Dies |date=October 25, 2005 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |last=Shipp |first=E. R. |author-link=E. R. Shipp |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529193103/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/us/rosa-parks-92-founding-symbol-of-civil-rights-movement-dies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

That Monday night, 50 leaders of the African-American community gathered to discuss actions to respond to Parks's arrest. [[Edgar Nixon]], the president of the NAACP, said, "My God, look what segregation has put in my hands!"<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rosa Parks: My Story |page=[https://archive.org/details/rosaparksmystory00park_0/page/125 125] |last1=Parks |first1=Rosa |first2=James |last2=Haskins |publisher=Dial Books |year=1992 |isbn=0-8037-0673-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/rosaparksmystory00park_0/page/125}}</ref> Parks was considered the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws, as she was seen as a responsible, mature woman with a good reputation. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. King said that Parks was regarded as "one of the finest citizens of Montgomery—not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery".<ref name="NYT2" />

Parks's court case was being slowed down in appeals through the Alabama courts on their way to a Federal appeal and the process could have taken years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://civics.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/05/FreedomRides1.pdf |title=The Freedom Rides of 1961 |work=NC Civic Education Consortium |publisher=University of North Carolina |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223033101/http://civics.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/05/FreedomRides1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Holding together a boycott for that length of time would have been a great strain. In the end, black residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the city repealed its law requiring segregation on public buses following the US Supreme Court ruling in ''[[Browder v. Gayle]]'' that it was unconstitutional. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney [[Fred Gray (attorney)|Fred Gray]] concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=''Browder v. Gayle'', 352 US 903 (1956) |encyclopedia=King Institute Encyclopedia |date=April 24, 2017 |publisher=Stanford University |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/browder-v-gayle-352-us-903 |access-date=December 4, 2019}}</ref>

Parks played an important part in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book ''Stride Toward Freedom'' that Parks's arrest was the catalyst rather than the cause of the protest: "The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices."<ref name="Testament" />{{rp|437}} He wrote, "Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, 'I can take it no longer.'"<ref name="Testament" />{{rp|424}}

==Detroit years==

===1960s===
[[File:Rosaparks bus.jpg|thumb|Parks on one of Montgomery's buses on December 21, 1956, the day they became legally integrated. Behind her is a [[United Press International|UPI]] reporter.]]

After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. Her husband lost his job as a barber at Maxwell Air Force Base<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Jeanne Theoharis|last1=Theoharis |first1=Jeanne |title=The Real Rosa Parks Story Is Better Than the Fairy Tale |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/opinion/rosa-parks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/opinion/rosa-parks.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |access-date=February 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 1, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case.<ref name=":0" /> Parks traveled and spoke about the issues.

In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for [[Hampton, Virginia]]; mostly because she was unable to find work. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats.<ref name="rebellious mrs." /> In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at [[Hampton Institute]], a [[Historically Black colleges and universities|historically Black college]].

Later that year, at the urging of her brother and sister-in-law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and her mother moved north to join them. The City of Detroit attempted to cultivate a progressive reputation, but Parks encountered numerous signs of discrimination against African-Americans. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in Black neighborhoods substandard. In 1964, Parks told an interviewer that, "I don't feel a great deal of difference here ... [[Housing segregation]] is just as bad, and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities." She regularly participated in the movement for open and [[fair housing]].<ref name="wasn't">{{cite journal |first=Jeanne |last=Theoharis |author-link=Jeanne Theoharis|title='The northern promised land that wasn't': Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit |url=http://www.virginia.edu/lifetimelearning/civilrights/articles/Rosa%20Parks%20and%20the%20Black%20Freedom%20Struggle%20in%20Detroit.pdf |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=26 |number=1 |pages=23–27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207061017/http://www.virginia.edu/lifetimelearning/civilrights/articles/Rosa%20Parks%20and%20the%20Black%20Freedom%20Struggle%20in%20Detroit.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |doi=10.1093/oahmag/oar054 |year=2012}}</ref>

Parks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by [[John Conyers]]. She persuaded Martin Luther King, who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates, to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate's profile.<ref name="wasn't" /> When Conyers was elected, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988.<ref name="NYT2">{{Cite news |title=Rosa Parks, 92, Founding Symbol of Civil Rights Movement, Dies |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/us/25parks.html?pagewanted=2 |date=October 25, 2005 |last=Shipp |first=E. R. |author-link=E. R. Shipp |access-date=January 1, 2010 |page=2 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122650/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/us/25parks.html?pagewanted=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a telephone interview with [[CNN]] on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, "You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene—just a very special person&nbsp;... There was only one Rosa Parks."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parks remembered for her courage, humility |date=October 30, 2005 |work=CNN|access-date=July 1, 2008 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/25/parks.reax/index.html |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226122545/https://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/25/parks.reax/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Doing much of the daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focused on socio-economic issues including welfare, education, job discrimination, and affordable housing. She visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers grounded in community concerns and activism.<ref name="wasn't" />

Parks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the [[Selma-to-Montgomery March]]es, the Freedom Now Party,<ref name="rebellious mrs." /> and the [[Lowndes County Freedom Organization]]. She also befriended [[Malcolm X]], who she regarded as a personal hero.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeanne-theoharis/rosa-parks-100th-birthday_b_2614678.html |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Rosa Parks |first=Jeanne |last=Theoharis |author-link=Jeanne Theoharis |date=March 2, 2013 |work=HuffPost |access-date=August 1, 2015 |archive-date=July 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706015403/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeanne-theoharis/rosa-parks-100th-birthday_b_2614678.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like many Detroit Blacks, Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and [[urban renewal]]. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African-American. Parks lived just a mile from the center of [[1967 Detroit riot|the riot]] that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder.<ref name="wasn't" />

In the aftermath Parks collaborated with members of the [[League of Revolutionary Black Workers]] and the [[Republic of New Afrika]] in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. She served on a "people's tribunal" on August 30, 1967, investigating the killing of three young men by police during the 1967 Detroit uprising, in what came to be known as the [[Algiers Motel incident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/the-peoples-tribunal-on-the-algiers-motel-killings/|title=The People's Tribunal on the Algiers Motel Killings {{!}} The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks|website=rosaparksbiography.org|date=May 18, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=March 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315004202/http://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/the-peoples-tribunal-on-the-algiers-motel-killings/|url-status=live}}</ref> She also helped form the Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The council facilitated the building of the only Black-owned shopping center in the country.<ref name="wasn't" /> Parks took part in the [[Black power]] movement, attending the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. She also supported and visited the [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] school in Oakland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psc-cuny.org/clarion/march-2013/alabama-detroit-rosa-parks-rebellious-life |title=From Alabama to Detroit: Rosa Parks' Rebellious Life |work=psc-cuny.org |date=March 13, 2013 |access-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141211203251/http://psc-cuny.org/clarion/march-2013/alabama-detroit-rosa-parks-rebellious-life |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/2/2/1/9/p522193_index.html?phpsessid=52461e5fbc3ff8d78be0c47d44ef4d26 |title='I Don't Believe in Gradualism': Rosa Parks and the Black Power Movement in Detroit |work=allacademic.com |access-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141211203242/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/2/2/1/9/p522193_index.html?phpsessid=52461e5fbc3ff8d78be0c47d44ef4d26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/02/rosa-parks-stamp/1885129/ |title=Stamp ceremony kicks off day in Parks' honor |date=February 3, 2013 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019200206/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/02/rosa-parks-stamp/1885129/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1970s===
[[File:Rosa Parks (13270402093) (cropped).jpg|thumb| Parks {{circa}} 1978]]

In the 1970s, Parks organized for the freedom of [[political prisoners in the United States]], particularly cases involving issues of self-defense. She helped found the Detroit chapter of the [[Joanne Little]] Defense Committee, and also worked in support of the [[Wilmington 10]], the [[RNA 11]], and [[Gary Tyler]].<ref name=Theoharis2013Parks>{{cite book |first1=Jeanne |last1=Theoharis |title=The rebellious life of Mrs. Rosa Parks |date=2013 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelliouslifeof0000theo_i7s2/page/n9/mode/2up |isbn=978-0807050477 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Rosa Parks' Biography |title=The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks |date=May 18, 2016 |access-date=September 11, 2016 |url=http://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/prisoner-defense-committees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314233819/https://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/prisoner-defense-committees/ |archive-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> When [[Angela Davis]] was acquitted, Parks introduced her to an audience of 12,000 as a "dear sister who has suffered so much persecution".<ref>{{cite news |first1=John |last1=Oppedahl |title=12,000 Hail Angela Davis |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=June 19, 1972 |pages=3A, 8A}}</ref> Following national outcry around her case, Little succeeded in her defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault and was acquitted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Gore|first1=Dayo F|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/326484307|title=Want to start a revolution?: radical women in the black freedom struggle|last2=Theoharis|first2=Jeanne|last3=Woodard|first3=Komozi|date=2009|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-8313-9|location=New York|pages=126|language=English|oclc=326484307}}</ref> Tyler was finally released in April 2016 after 41 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2016/04/gary_tyler_a_free_man_after_mo.html |url-status=dead |title=Gary Tyler a free man after more than 4 decades in Angola |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502113441/http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2016/04/gary_tyler_a_free_man_after_mo.html |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans |access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=May 2, 2016}}</ref>

The 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Her family was plagued with illness; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. She donated most of the money from speaking to civil rights causes, and lived on her staff salary and her husband's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers.

Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977, and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Her personal ordeals caused her to become removed from the civil rights movement. She learned from a newspaper of the death of [[Fannie Lou Hamer]], once a close friend. Parks suffered two broken bones in a fall on an icy sidewalk, an injury which caused considerable and recurring pain. She decided to move with her mother into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92.

===1980s===
In 1980, Parks—widowed and without immediate family—rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the [[Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation]] for college-bound high school seniors,<ref>[http://www.madisonet.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=15486990&BRD=1302&PAG=461&dept_id=181987&rfi=8 "Editorial: Rosa Parks' legacy: non-violent power"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715141805/http://www.madisonet.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=15486990&BRD=1302&PAG=461&dept_id=181987&rfi=8 |date=July 15, 2009}}, ''Madison Daily Leader'', October 31, 2005. Retrieved November 13, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.rosaparksscholarship.org/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Mysite|language=en|archive-date=February 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223111135/https://www.rosaparksscholarship.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987, she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the [[Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development]], an institute that runs the "Pathways to Freedom" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and [[Underground Railroad]] sites throughout the country. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of [[Planned Parenthood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/rosa-parks-9433715?page=4 |title=Rosa Parks |website=Biography.com from the section titled 'Life After the Bus Boycott' |date=March 26, 2021 |access-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125080230/http://www.biography.com/people/rosa-parks-9433715?page=4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pcxqzal4bEYC&pg=PA969 |title=Parks, Rosa |first=Andrea |last=O'Reilly |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Motherhood, Volume 1 |publisher=Sage Publishing |year=2010 |page=969 |isbn=978-1412968461}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/09/gop-candidates-who-hate-planned-parenthood-want-put-rosa-parks-planned-parenthood-board |first=Hannah |last=Levintova |title=Republicans Hate Planned Parenthood But Want to Put One of Its Backers on the $10 Bill |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=September 17, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217195705/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/09/gop-candidates-who-hate-planned-parenthood-want-put-rosa-parks-planned-parenthood-board |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, Parks continued to make many appearances and devoted considerable energy to these causes. Unrelated to her activism, Parks loaned quilts of her own making to an exhibit at Michigan State University of quilts by African-American residents of Michigan.<ref name="Quilts"/>

===1990s===
[[File:Rosa Parks MLK 30th anniversary.jpg|thumb|Parks in 1993]]

In 1992, Parks published ''Rosa Parks: My Story'', an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. A few years later, she published ''Quiet Strength'' (1995), her memoir, which focuses on her faith.

At age 81, Parks was robbed and assaulted in her home in central Detroit on August 30, 1994. The assailant, Joseph Skipper, broke down the door but claimed he had chased away an intruder. He requested a reward and when Parks paid him, he demanded more. Parks refused and he attacked her. Hurt and badly shaken, Parks called a friend, who called the police. A neighborhood manhunt led to Skipper's capture and reported beating. Parks was treated at [[Detroit Receiving Hospital]] for facial injuries and swelling on the right side of her face. Parks said about the attack on her by the African-American man, "Many gains have been made ... But as you can see, at this time we still have a long way to go." Skipper was sentenced to 8 to 15 years and was transferred to prison in another state for his own safety.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-08-31|title=Rosa Parks Robbed and Beaten|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/31/us/rosa-parks-robbed-and-beaten.html|access-date=2022-02-23|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223112636/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/31/us/rosa-parks-robbed-and-beaten.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-02|title=1994 Mugging Reveals Rosa Park's True Character|first=Jeanne|last=Theoharis|url=https://womensenews.org/2013/02/1994-mugging-reveals-rosa-parks-true-character/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Women's eNews|language=en-US|archive-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428121202/https://womensenews.org/2013/02/1994-mugging-reveals-rosa-parks-true-character/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"Man Gets Prison Term For Attack on Rosa Parks", ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', August 8, 1995.</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Assailant Recognized Rosa Parks |date=September 2, 1994 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19940902&id=WmMxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3582,937539 |newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]] |via=Google news |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207084830/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19940902&id=WmMxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3582,937539 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into [[Riverfront Towers]], a secure high-rise apartment building. Learning of Parks's move, [[Little Caesars]] owner [[Mike Ilitch]] offered to pay for her housing expenses for as long as necessary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2014/02/24/Champions/Ilitch-Rosa-Parks.aspx |title=Ilitch aids civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks, others |last=Botta |first=Christopher |date=February 24, 2014 |website=Sports Business Daily |access-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216031949/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2014/02/24/Champions/Ilitch-Rosa-Parks.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1994, the [[Ku Klux Klan]] applied to sponsor a portion of United States [[Interstate 55 in Missouri|Interstate 55]] in [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] and [[Jefferson County, Missouri|Jefferson County]], Missouri, near [[St. Louis]], for cleanup (which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization). Since the state could not refuse the KKK's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the "Rosa Parks Highway". When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, "It is always nice to be thought of."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1210/context/ourdailylives |title=Happy Birthday, Rosa Parks! |first=Ilena |last=Rosenthal |website=WomenseNews.org |date=February 4, 2003 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817233310/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1210/context/ourdailylives |archive-date=August 17, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/rosapark.htm |title=The Name Game |website=Snopes.com |date=December 3, 2007| access-date= November 13, 2001}}</ref>

In 1999, Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series ''[[Touched by an Angel]]''.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=black Like Monica |series=Touched by an Angel |series-link=Touched by an Angel |first=John |last=Masius |network=CBS |station=CBS |date=May 2, 1999 |season=5 |number=23}}</ref> It was her last appearance on screen; Parks began to suffer from health problems due to old age.

===2000s===
In 2002, Parks received an eviction notice from her $1,800 per month ({{Inflation|US|1800|2002|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) apartment for non-payment of rent. Parks was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age-related physical and mental decline. Her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent-free in the building for the remainder of her life. Elaine Steele, manager of the nonprofit Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute, defended Parks's care and stated that the eviction notices were sent in error.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6659487/ns/us_news-life/t/landlord-wont-ask-rosa-parks-pay-rent/ |title=Landlord won't ask Rosa Parks to pay rent |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=December 6, 2004 |access-date=May 28, 2010 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208173329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6659487/ns/us_news-life/t/landlord-wont-ask-rosa-parks-pay-rent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several of Parks's family members alleged that her financial affairs had been mismanaged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rosa Parks's death stirs up bitter feud over her estate|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2005/11/16/Rosa-Parks-s-death-stirs-up-bitter-feud-over-her-estate/stories/200511160259|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|language=en|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509163240/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2005/11/16/Rosa-Parks-s-death-stirs-up-bitter-feud-over-her-estate/stories/200511160259|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Parks's former residence in Detroit was threatened with demolition. A Berlin-based American artist, [[Ryan Mendoza]], arranged to have the house disassembled, moved to his garden in Germany, and partly restored. It served as a museum honoring Rosa Parks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saved From Demolition, Rosa Parks's House Gets a Second Life |last=McGrane |first=Sally |date=May 2, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/world/europe/rosa-parks-house-berlin.html |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529032329/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/02/world/europe/rosa-parks-house-berlin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the house was moved back to the United States. [[Brown University]] was planning to exhibit the house, but the display was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brown University cancels Rosa Parks house display in dispute |date=March 9, 2018 |work=Associated Press News |author=Michelle R. Smith |url=https://apnews.com/da8bc52972bd41abbee1be1b1b076723/Brown-University-cancels-Rosa-Parks-house-display-in-dispute |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214231151/https://apnews.com/da8bc52972bd41abbee1be1b1b076723/Brown-University-cancels-Rosa-Parks-house-display-in-dispute |url-status=live }}</ref> The house was exhibited during part of 2018 in an arts centre in Providence, Rhode Island.<ref>{{cite news |title=House Where Rosa Parks Sought Refuge Will Be Displayed |date=April 19, 2018 |work=Voice of America News |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/house-where-rosa-parks-sought-refuge-will-be-displayed |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025053853/https://www.voanews.com/usa/house-where-rosa-parks-sought-refuge-will-be-displayed |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death and funeral==
Parks died of [[natural causes]] on October 24, 2005, at the age of 92, in her apartment on the east side of [[Detroit]]. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister-in-law (Raymond's sister), 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of [[Michigan]] or [[Alabama]].

{{Wikinews|Body of Rosa Parks to lie in honor at U.S. Capitol}}
City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul [[African Methodist Episcopal]] (AME) church, where she [[lying in repose|lay in repose]] at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]], said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to [[Washington, D.C.]], and transported by a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.

[[File:Rosa Parks lying in state.jpg|thumb|The casket of Rosa Parks at the U.S. Capitol rotunda]]

Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second private person (after the French planner [[Pierre L'Enfant]]) to be honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second black person to lie in honor in the Capitol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Those Who Have Lain in State |url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/capitol/lain_in_state.cfm |date=December 1, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2009 |publisher=Architect of the Capitol |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817130231/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/capitol/lain_in_state.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Senate: 404 Error Page|url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/general/one_item_and_teasers/file_not_found.htm|access-date=2022-02-23|website=senate.gov|archive-date=March 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301133205/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Nelson_Rockefeller.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at [[Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church|Metropolitan AME Church]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite news |title=An Overflowing Tribute to an Icon |last1=Wilgoren |first1=Debbi |first2=Theola S. |last2=Labbe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/31/AR2005103100370.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 1, 2005 |access-date=December 10, 2012 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920225656/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/31/AR2005103100370.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

With her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]]. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the [[Michigan National Guard]] draped the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who were viewing the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and [[Balloon release|released white balloons]]. Parks was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit's [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in the chapel's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor.<ref>{{cite news |author=Santiago Esparza |agency=The Detroit News |title=Parks to remain private in death |date=November 3, 2005 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |url=http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051103%2FNEWS06%2F511030463%2F1012 |access-date=May 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614033729/http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051103%2FNEWS06%2F511030463%2F1012 |archive-date=June 14, 2006}}</ref>

==Legacy and honors==
[[File:Rosa Parks statue NSHC.jpg|thumb|''[[Rosa Parks (National Statuary Hall)|Rosa Parks]]'' statue by [[Eugene Daub]] (2013), in [[National Statuary Hall]], United States Capitol]]
* 1963: Inspired by the Montgomery boycott, [[Paul Stephenson (civil rights campaigner)|Paul Stephenson]] initiated a bus boycott in [[Bristol]], England, to protest against the refusal of a local bus company to employ black and Asian drivers and  conductors.<ref>Madge Dresser, ''black and white on the Buses'', Bristol: Bristol Broadsides, 1986. {{ISBN|0-906944-30-9}}, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What was behind the Bristol bus boycott? |date=August 27, 2013 |author=Jon Kelly |work=BBC News Magazine |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23795655 |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911105036/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23795655 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1976: [[Detroit]] renamed 12th Street "Rosa Parks Boulevard".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/files/UP000775.pdf |title=Rosa L. Parks Collection. Papers, 1955–1976 |publisher=Walter P. Reuther Library |access-date=November 22, 2011 |page=1 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121124149/http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/files/UP000775.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2012 }}</ref>
* 1979: The NAACP awarded Parks the [[Spingarn Medal]],<ref>[http://www.naacp.org/index.php/pages/spingarn-medal-winners Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707201030/http://www.naacp.org/index.php/pages/spingarn-medal-winners |date=July 7, 2010}}, NAACP, no date but list goes through 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2011.</ref> its highest honor,<ref>[http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2007-04-03/index.htm NAACP Honors Congressman Conyers With 92nd Spingarn Medal] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090627213311/http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2007-04-03/index.htm |date=June 27, 2009}}, NAACP press release, April 3, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008.</ref>
* 1980: She received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=black History Month |url=http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/parks_r.htm |publisher=gale.cengage.com |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423120817/http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/parks_r.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1982: California State University, Fresno, awarded Parks the African-American Achievement Award. The honor, given to deserving students in succeeding years, became the Rosa Parks Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parks to be honored tonight |url=https://digitized.library.fresnostate.edu/digital/collection/collegian/id/37842/rec/11 |website=The Daily Collegian |publisher=Associated Students of California State University, Fresno |access-date=February 4, 2020 |date=April 1, 1982 |archive-date=February 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204013919/https://digitized.library.fresnostate.edu/digital/collection/collegian/id/37842/rec/11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uribes |first1=Tom |title=Rosa Parks Awards recognize community engagement |url=http://www.fresnostatenews.com/2015/03/23/rosa-parks-awards-recognize-community-engagement/ |website=Fresno State News |access-date=February 4, 2020 |date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>
* 1983: She was inducted into [[Michigan Women's Hall of Fame]] for her achievements in [[civil rights]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hall.michiganwomen.org/honoree.php?C=177& |title=Michigan Women's Hall of Fame |publisher=Hall.michiganwomen.org |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010205426/http://hall.michiganwomen.org/honoree.php?C=177& |archive-date=October 10, 2014 }}</ref>
* 1984: She received a [[Candace Award]] from the [[National Coalition of 100 black Women]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Coalition of 100 black Women |title=Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990 |page= 3 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314213306/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award3.html |archive-date=March 14, 2003}}</ref>
* 1990:
** Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming [[Nelson Mandela]] upon his release from prison in [[South Africa]].<ref>Ashby, Ruth. ''Rosa Parks: Freedom Rider'', Sterling Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-4027-4865-3}}</ref>
** Parks was in attendance as part of [[Interstate 475 (Ohio)|Interstate 475]] outside of [[Toledo, Ohio]], was named after her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part of I-475 named for Parks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19900509&id=bjkdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1541,3256480 |access-date=June 20, 2012 |newspaper=[[Tuscaloosa News]] |date=September 5, 1990 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207090012/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19900509&id=bjkdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1541,3256480 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1992: She received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. [[Benjamin Spock]] and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Award Recipients |publisher=The Peace Abbey Foundation |url=https://www.peaceabbey.org/list-of-award-recipients/ |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815124824/https://www.peaceabbey.org/list-of-award-recipients/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1993: She was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parks, Rosa|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/rosa-parks/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=National Women's Hall of Fame|language=en-US|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115132206/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/rosa-parks/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1994: She received an honorary doctorate from [[Florida State University]] in Tallahassee, FL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Flambeau |url=http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:478009#page/Page+1/mode/2up |access-date=February 22, 2019 |date=November 22, 1994 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228204013/http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:478009#page/Page+1/mode/2up |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1994: She received an honorary doctorate from [[Sōka University (Japan)|Soka University]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks Biography |url=http://www.rosaparks.org/biography/ |access-date=October 23, 2015 |work=Rosa Parks Foundation |date=January 22, 2005 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007041741/http://www.rosaparks.org/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks Speaks at Soka University |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2015647350/ |access-date=October 23, 2015 |publisher=United States Library of Congress |date=March 16, 2000 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324230926/https://www.loc.gov/item/2015647350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1995: She received the [[Academy of Achievement|Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award]] in Williamsburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|title=Golden Plate Awardees|publisher=Academy of Achievement|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1996: She was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest honor given by the US executive branch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Medal of Freedom |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/presidential-medal-of-freedom/ |website=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319131250/https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/presidential-medal-of-freedom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1998: She was the first-ever recipient of the International Freedom Conductor Award from the [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]], honoring people whose actions support those struggling with modern-day issues related to freedom.<ref>{{Citation  | last = National Underground Railroad Freedom Center  | title = International Freedom Conductor Award  | url = https://freedomcenter.org/ifca/  | access-date = October 25, 2021  | archive-date = October 25, 2021  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025183550/https://freedomcenter.org/ifca/  | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author2=Mark Curnutte|first=Byron |last=McCauley|title=For 15th anniversary, 15 facts about the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2019/08/02/national-underground-railroad-freedom-center-15th-anniversary-cincinnati/1888031001/|date=August 2, 2019|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Enquirer|language=en-US|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301232610/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2019/08/02/national-underground-railroad-freedom-center-15th-anniversary-cincinnati/1888031001/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1999:
** She received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], the highest award given by the US legislative branch, the medal bears the legend "Mother of the Modern Day Civil Rights Movement"<ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Gold Medal |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/congressional-gold-medal/ |website=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331160946/https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/rosa-parks-in-her-own-words/about-this-exhibition/a-life-of-global-impact/congressional-gold-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century.<ref name="Time 100" />
** President [[Bill Clinton]] honored her in his [[State of the Union address]], saying: "She's sitting down with the first lady tonight, and she may get up or not as she chooses."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou99.htm |title=1999 State of the Union Address |access-date=February 5, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 28, 2000 |archive-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220154524/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou99.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2000:
** Her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/rosa-parks/featured/2 |title=Alabama Puts Rosa Parks In Its Academy Of Honor |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=December 17, 2011 |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107120228/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/rosa-parks/featured/2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** She received the first Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Rosa Parks Museum Dedicated During Civil Rights Movement Anniversary Gala in Montgomery |magazine=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] |access-date=December 17, 2011 |page=8 |date=December 18, 2000 }}</ref>
** She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide<ref>{{cite book | doi=10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_323 | chapter=Parks, Rosa | title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health | date=2004 | last1=Cain | first1=Tambra K. | pages=967–969 | isbn=978-0-306-48073-7 }}</ref>
** She was made an honorary member of the [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] sorority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/civil-human-rights-1/naacp/1989-parks-rosa?Itemid= |title=Pioneering Members: Parks, Rosa |website=akapioneers.aka1908.com |access-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810131952/http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/civil-human-rights-1/naacp/1989-parks-rosa?Itemid= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of [[Troy University]] in Montgomery was dedicated to her.
* 2002:
** Scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] listed Parks on his list of ''[[100 Greatest African Americans]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Asante |first=Molefi Kete |year=2002 |encyclopedia=100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia |title=Rosa Parks |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=1-57392-963-8}}</ref>
** A portion of the [[Interstate 10 in California|Interstate 10]] freeway in [[Los Angeles]] was named in her honor.
** She received the [[Walter P. Reuther]] Humanitarian Award from Wayne State University.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://today.wayne.edu/news/2002/08/02/civil-rights-pioneer-rosa-parks-to-receive-reuther-humanitarian-award-from-wayne-state-university-543 |title=Civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks to receive Reuther Humanitarian Award from Wayne State University |date=August 2, 2002 |website=Today@Wayne |publisher=Wayne State University Office of Communications |access-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303150358/https://today.wayne.edu/news/2002/08/02/civil-rights-pioneer-rosa-parks-to-receive-reuther-humanitarian-award-from-wayne-state-university-543 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2003: Bus No. 2857, on which Parks was riding, was restored and placed on display in [[The Henry Ford]] museum<ref>{{cite web |title=Parks Bus Restored |url=http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/restoration.asp |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614083620/http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/restoration.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2004: In the [[Los Angeles County]] [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MetroRail]] system, the Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)|A Line]] connects with the [[C Line (Los Angeles Metro)|C Line]], has been officially named the [[Imperial/Wilmington/Rosa Parks (LACMTA station)|"Rosa Parks Station"]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MAX station renamed to honor Rosa Parks |publisher=TriMet |url=http://trimet.org/news/releases/2009/feb4_rosaparks.htm |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=November 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202100350/http://trimet.org/news/releases/2009/feb4_rosaparks.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123370481045853000 |title=TriMet MAX station name honors Rosa Parks |work=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=February 3, 2009 |access-date=February 10, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608040759/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=123370481045853000 | archive-date = June 8, 2011 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
* 2005:
** Senate Concurrent Resolution 61, 109th Congress, 1st Session, was agreed to October 29, 2005. This set the stage for her to become the 1st woman to lie in honor, in the Capitol Rotunda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2020|title=Those Who Have Lain in State or in Honor in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda|url=https://www.aoc.gov/what-we-do/programs-ceremonies/lying-in-state-honor#:~:text=No%20resolution.,in%20the%20U.S.%20Capitol%20Rotunda.&text=Parks%20is%20best%20known%20as%20a%20civil%20rights%20pioneer.&text=in%20Detroit%2C%20Michigan.-,Authority%20for%20use%20of%20the%20Rotunda%20granted%20by%20Senate%20Concurrent,agreed%20to%20October%2029%2C%202005|website=Architect of the Capitol|language=en-US|access-date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116045651/https://www.aoc.gov/what-we-do/programs-ceremonies/lying-in-state-honor#:~:text=No%20resolution.,in%20the%20U.S.%20Capitol%20Rotunda.&text=Parks%20is%20best%20known%20as%20a%20civil%20rights%20pioneer.&text=in%20Detroit%2C%20Michigan.-,Authority%20for%20use%20of%20the%20Rotunda%20granted%20by%20Senate%20Concurrent,agreed%20to%20October%2029%2C%202005|url-status=live}}</ref>
** On October 30, 2005, President [[George W. Bush]] issued a [[s:Proclamation 7951|proclamation]] ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at [[half-staff]] on the day of Parks's funeral.
** [[King County Metro|Metro Transit]] in [[King County, Washington]], placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward-facing seat of all its buses in Parks's memory shortly after her death,<ref>[http://transit.metrokc.gov/up/archives/2005/rosaparks.html "Rosa Parks Honored on Metro Bus Fleet]", ''[[King County Metro Online]]''. Retrieved July 5, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814081349/http://transit.metrokc.gov/up/archives/2005/rosaparks.html |date=August 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Burien man charged in hit-and-run &#124; The Seattle Times|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20051101&slug=dige01m|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Seattle Times|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405055650/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20051101&slug=dige01m|url-status=live}}</ref>
** The American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a "National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/rosa/index.cfm |title=National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day |publisher=American Public Transportation Association |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220506/http://www.apta.com/rosa/index.cfm |date=September 27, 2007 |archive-date=September 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed {{USPL|109|116}}, directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol's [[National Statuary Hall]]. In signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated:
: {{blockquote|By placing her statue in the heart of the nation's Capitol, we commemorate her work for a more perfect union, and we commit ourselves to continue to struggle for justice for every American.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Signs H.R. 4145 to Place Statue of Rosa Parks in U.S. Capitol |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051201-1.html |date=2005-12-01 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |publisher=[[White House]] |access-date=December 4, 2005 |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715040826/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051201-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|sign=|source=}}
:* Portion of [[Interstate 96]] in Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005.<ref name="Rosa Parks">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/mileg.aspx?page=GetMCLDocument&objectname=mcl-250-1098 |title=Michigan Memorial Highway Act (Excerpt) Act 142 of 2001, 250.1098 Rosa Parks Memorial Highway |publisher=[[Michigan Legislature]] |access-date=August 18, 2006 |year=2001 |archive-date=June 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152946/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28S%28pdzh5q5522h2fq2pvrdocu55%29%29/mileg.aspx?page=GetMCLDocument&objectname=mcl-250-1098 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2006:
** At [[Super Bowl XL]], played at Detroit's [[Ford Field]], long-time Detroit residents [[Coretta Scott King]] and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks |url=http://www.birdsofwinter.com/944/ |publisher=birdsofwinter.com |access-date=February 5, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407192948/http://www.birdsofwinter.com/944/ |archive-date=April 7, 2013 }}</ref> Parks's nieces and nephews and [[Martin Luther King III]] joined the coin toss ceremonies, standing alongside former [[University of Michigan]] star [[Tom Brady]] who flipped the coin.
** On February 14, the County Executive of [[Nassau County, New York]], [[Tom Suozzi]], announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the [[Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center]] in her honor.
** On October 27, Pennsylvania Governor [[Ed Rendell]] signed a bill into law designating the portion of [[Pennsylvania Route 291]] through [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway.<ref>{{citation |title=Act 127 |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2006&sessInd=0&act=127 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] |access-date=March 30, 2018 |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173253/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2006&sessInd=0&act=127 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2007: [[Nashville, Tennessee]], renamed MetroCenter Boulevard (8th Avenue North) ([[U.S. Route 41A (Tennessee)|US 41A]] and [[Tennessee State Route 12|SR 12]]) as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov/labor-wfd/cc/cccounty_files/davidson.htm |title=Tennessee Career Center at Metro Center |publisher=Department of Labor and Workforce Development |access-date=December 17, 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113211130/http://www.tn.gov/labor-wfd/cc/cccounty_files/davidson.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2012 }}</ref>
* On March 14, 2008, the State of California Government Center at 464 West Fourth Street, on the northwest corner of Court and Fourth Streets, in San Bernardino was renamed the Rosa Parks Memorial Building.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paula Kasprzyk |url=https://www.highlandnews.net/news/state-building-renamed-to-honor-rosa-parks/article_de15d2b3-ee18-5297-adb7-dd9d30d1dde4.html |title=State building renamed to honor Rosa Parks |newspaper=Highland Community News |location=Highand, Calif. |date=March 19, 2008 |access-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423031015/https://www.highlandnews.net/news/state-building-renamed-to-honor-rosa-parks/article_de15d2b3-ee18-5297-adb7-dd9d30d1dde4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Randol White |url=http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/03/26/no-california-didnt-just-name-a-building-after-a-woman-for-the-first-time-but-it-was-close/ |title=No, March Fong Eu Isn't The First Woman To Have A California State Building Named After Her (But It Was Close) |publisher=Capital Public Radio, California State University, Sacramento |date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328172741/http://www.capradio.org/articles/2019/03/26/no-california-didnt-just-name-a-building-after-a-woman-for-the-first-time-but-it-was-close/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2009: On July 14, the [[Detroit Department of Transportation|Rosa Parks Transit Center]] opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20090709/FREE/907099997 |title=Detroit's Rosa Parks Transit Center opens Tuesday |first=Bill |last=Shea |date=July 9, 2009 |work=Crain's Business Detroit |access-date=April 18, 2010 |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111054320/http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20090709/FREE/907099997 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2010: in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], a plaza in the heart of the city was named [[Rosa Parks Circle]].
* 2012:
** A street in [[West Valley City, Utah]] (the state's second largest city), leading to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center, was renamed Rosa Parks Drive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/55286148-78/parks-rosa-west-valley.html.csp |title=West Valley City renames street after Rosa Parks |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |first=Cimaron |last=Neugebauer |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2012 |archive-date=November 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118082823/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/55286148-78/parks-rosa-west-valley.html.csp |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{external media| float = right| width = 230px| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?310700-1/rosa-parks-100th-birthday-commemoration Rosa Parks 100th Birthday Commemoration at The Henry Ford, Dearborn, MI, February 4, 2013], [[C-SPAN]]}}
* 2013:
** On February 1, President [[Barack Obama]] proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the "100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks". He called "upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks's enduring legacy".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/01/presidential-proclamation-100th-anniversary-birth-rosa-parks |publisher=[[White House]] |title=Presidential Proclamation – 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks |date=February 2013 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155020/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/01/presidential-proclamation-100th-anniversary-birth-rosa-parks |url-status=live }}</ref>
** On February 4, to celebrate Rosa Parks's 100th birthday, the [[Henry Ford Museum]] declared the day a "National Day of Courage" with 12 hours of virtual and on-site activities featuring nationally recognized speakers, musical and dramatic interpretative performances, a panel presentation of "Rosa's Story" and a reading of the tale "Quiet Strength". The actual bus on which Rosa Parks sat was made available for the public to board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up.<ref name="Senate">{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r112:S19DE2-0050:/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130308173452/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r112:S19DE2-0050:/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |title=Observing the 100th Birthday of Rosa Parks|work=Congressional Record 112th Congress (2011–2012) |publisher=Library of Congress |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2013 }}</ref>
** On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the [[Rosa Parks Museum]] at [[Troy University]] and the [[Mobile Studio]] and was also a declared event by the Senate.<ref name="Senate" />
** During both events the [[USPS]] unveiled a postage stamp in her honor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rosa Parks stamp unveiled for late civil rights icon's 100th birthday |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57567472/rosa-parks-stamp-unveiled-for-late-civil-rights-icons-100th-birthday/ |work=CBS News |access-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205075330/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57567472/rosa-parks-stamp-unveiled-for-late-civil-rights-icons-100th-birthday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** On February 27, Parks became the first African-American woman to have her likeness depicted in [[National Statuary Hall]]. The monument, created by sculptor [[Eugene Daub]], is a part of the Capitol Art Collection among nine other women featured in the [[National Statuary Hall Collection]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rosa Parks: First Statue of African-American Female to Grace Capitol |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/rosa-parks-full-bodied-statue-african-american-depicted/story?id=18608892 |work=ABC News |access-date=February 27, 2013 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122729/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/rosa-parks-full-bodied-statue-african-american-depicted/story?id=18608892 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014:
** The asteroid [[284996 Rosaparks]], discovered in 2010 by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], was named in her memory.<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> The official {{MoMP|284996|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on September 9, 2014 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 89835}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /><ref name="MPC-object" />
** A statue of Parks by Thomas Jay Warren was dedicated at [[Essex County Courthouse]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/essex/2014/10/newark_home_to_states_first_rosa_parks_statue_officials_say.html|title=Newark home to state's first Rosa Parks statue, officials say|author=Jessica Mazzola |date=October 2, 2014|website=nj.com|access-date=April 20, 2023|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420042045/https://www.nj.com/essex/2014/10/newark_home_to_states_first_rosa_parks_statue_officials_say.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://warrensculpture.com/project/rosa-parks-memorial/ | title=Rosa Parks Memorial | newspaper=Thomas Jay Warren, Sculptor | access-date=April 20, 2023 | archive-date=April 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420175541/https://warrensculpture.com/project/rosa-parks-memorial/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2015:
** The papers of Rosa Parks were cataloged into the Library of Congress, after years of a legal battle.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cornish |first=Audie |title=After years in Lockdown, Rosa Parks' Papers Head To Library of Congress |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/02/07/384107183/after-years-in-lockdown-rosa-parks-papers-head-to-library-of-congress |access-date=February 9, 2015 |publisher=NPR |date=February 7, 2015 |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208234425/http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/02/07/384107183/after-years-in-lockdown-rosa-parks-papers-head-to-library-of-congress |url-status=live }}</ref>
** On December 13, the new [[Rosa Parks (Paris RER)|Rosa Parks Railway Station]] opened in [[Paris]], [[France]].
* 2016:
** The house lived in by Rosa Parks's brother, Sylvester McCauley, his wife Daisy, and their 13 children, and where Rosa Parks often visited and stayed after leaving Montgomery, was bought by her niece Rhea McCauley for $500 and donated to the artist [[Ryan Mendoza]]. It was subsequently dismantled and shipped to [[Berlin]] where it was re-erected in Mendoza's garden.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Rosa Parks' house now stands in Berlin|first=Gero |last=Schließ |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=http://www.dw.com/en/why-rosa-parks-house-now-stands-in-berlin/a-38343924 |date=April 7, 2017|access-date=April 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410161534/http://www.dw.com/en/why-rosa-parks-house-now-stands-in-berlin/a-38343924 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018 it was returned to the United States and rebuilt at the [[WaterFire]] Arts Center, Providence, Rhode Island, where it was put on public display, accompanied by a range of interpretive materials and public and scholarly events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artscenter.waterfire.org/rosa-parks-house-project/ |title=The Rosa Parks House Project |date=August 14, 2018 |publisher=WaterFire Arts Center |access-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003356/https://artscenter.waterfire.org/rosa-parks-house-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** The [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] was opened, containing among other things the dress that Parks was sewing the day she refused to give up her seat to a white man.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/21/AR2010052101654.html |last=Givhan |first=Robin |title=black Fashion Museum Collection Finds a Fine Home With Smithsonian |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 23, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111151017/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/21/AR2010052101654.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Limbong |first=Andrew |title=Ruth Bonner, Woman Who Helped Open Smithsonian African-American Museum, Dies |publisher=NPR |date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=September 1, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/08/31/547646636/ruth-bonner-woman-who-helped-open-smithsonian-african-american-museum-dies |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901064156/http://www.npr.org/2017/08/31/547646636/ruth-bonner-woman-who-helped-open-smithsonian-african-american-museum-dies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WaPo 2016-09-25"/>{{Efn|Ruth Bonner was the daughter of [[Elijah B. Odom]] of Mississippi, an escaped slave who lived through the years of Reconstruction and segregation.<ref name="WaPo 2016-09-25">{{Cite news|last=Contrera|first=Jessica|title=Descended from a slave, this family helped to open the African American Museum with Obama|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 25, 2016|access-date=September 1, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/09/25/descended-from-a-slave-this-family-helped-to-open-the-african-american-museum-with-obama/|archive-date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/09/25/descended-from-a-slave-this-family-helped-to-open-the-african-american-museum-with-obama/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
* 2018:
** ''[[Continuing the Conversation]]'', a public sculpture of Parks, was unveiled on the [[Main campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology|main campus]] of the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Ouellette">{{cite news|last=Ouellette|first=Polly|date=April 14, 2018|title=Statue commemorating Rosa Parks unveiled|url=http://nique.net/news/2018/04/14/statue-commemorating-rosa-parks-unveiled/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=[[Technique (newspaper)|Technique]]|archive-date=July 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720205859/http://nique.net/news/2018/04/14/statue-commemorating-rosa-parks-unveiled/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2019:
** A statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/dec/06/alabama-unveils-statue-civil-rights-icon-rosa-park/ |title=Alabama unveils statue of civil rights icon Rosa Parks |newspaper=Richmond Free Press |year=2019 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207114459/http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/dec/06/alabama-unveils-statue-civil-rights-icon-rosa-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2021:
** On January 20, a bust of Rosa Parks by [[Artis Lane]] was added to the [[Oval Office]] when [[Joe Biden]] began [[Presidency of Joe Biden|his presidency]]. The sculpture is currently displayed next to [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]]' bust of [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 21, 2021|title=Biden's new-look Oval Office is a nod to past US leadership|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55750527|access-date=January 22, 2021|website=BBC News|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000126/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55750527|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2023: Rosa Parks statue approved for Alabama State Capitol grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ROCHA |first=ALANDER |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Rosa Parks statue for Alabama State Capitol grounds gets final approval |url=https://alabamareflector.com/2023/12/11/rosa-parks-statue-approved-for-alabama-state-capitol-grounds/ |access-date=March 14, 2024 |work=Alabama Reflector}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Rosa Parks medal.gif|The Rosa Parks [[Congressional Gold Medal]]
File:President Bill Clinton presents Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the Oval Office.jpg|Parks and President [[Bill Clinton]]
File:Rosa Parks Transit Center Detroit Michigan.JPG|[[Rosa Parks Transit Center]] in [[Detroit]]
File:Barack Obama in the Rosa Parks bus.jpg|[[Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]] sitting on the bus, in the same row on the opposite side from where Parks was arrested.
File:Rosa Parks' Bus Stop.jpg|A plaque entitled "The Bus Stop" at Dexter Avenue and Montgomery Street – where Parks boarded the bus – pays tribute to her and the success of the Montgomery bus boycott.
File:Rosa parks bus.jpg|The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a [[GM "old-look" transit bus]], serial number 1132) is now a museum exhibit at the [[Henry Ford Museum]].
File:Gare Rosa Parks Paris 24.jpg|[[Gare Rosa-Parks|Rosa Parks Railway Station]] in [[Paris]]
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
===Film and television===
The documentary ''[[Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks]]'' (2001) received a 2002 nomination for [[Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Montgomery Advertiser | date=March 16, 2003 | page=57 | last=Litchfield | first=Robyn Bradley | title=A 'Mighty' achievement | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-advertiser-mighty-times-o/127692017/}}</ref> ''[[The Rosa Parks Story]]'' (2002) starred [[Angela Bassett]]; film scholar Delphine Letort argued that in the work, "the historical narrative of the civil rights movement is simplified into a story that reproduces stereotypes popularized by both race melodramas and mainstream media."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Letort |first1=Delphine |title=The Rosa Parks Story: The Making of a Civil Rights Icon |journal=Black Camera |date=Spring 2012 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.31 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.31 |s2cid=143860156 }}</ref>{{rp|31–32}} The film ''[[Barbershop (movie)|Barbershop]]'' (2002) featured a barber, played by [[Cedric the Entertainer]], arguing with others that other African Americans before Parks had been active in bus integration, but she was renowned as an NAACP secretary. The activists [[Jesse Jackson]] and [[Al Sharpton]] launched a boycott against the film, contending it was "disrespectful", but NAACP president [[Kweisi Mfume]] stated he thought the controversy was "overblown".<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/25/entertainment/et-filler25 |title='Barbershop' actor to host Image Awards |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 25, 2003 |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015132658/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/25/entertainment/et-filler25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks was offended and boycotted the NAACP 2003 [[NAACP Image Award|Image Awards]] ceremony, which Cedric hosted.<ref name="image">{{cite news |url=http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030309/A_NEWS/303099980 |title=Rosa Parks boycotts NAACP awards ceremony |work=Recordnet.com |date=March 9, 2003 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085237/http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030309/A_NEWS/303099980 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, Parks was portrayed by [[Llewella Gideon]] in the first series of the [[Sky Arts]] comedy series ''[[Psychobitches]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Llewella Gideon |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/llewella_gideon/ |website=British Comedy Guide |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827125009/https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/llewella_gideon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2018 episode "[[Rosa (Doctor Who)|Rosa]]", of the science-fiction television series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', centers on Rosa Parks, as portrayed by [[Vinette Robinson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctor Who – Series 11 – Episode 3 Rosa |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/g546cj/doctor-who--s11-e3-rosa/ |website=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053623/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/g546cj/doctor-who--s11-e3-rosa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The UK children's historical show ''[[Horrible Histories (2009 TV series)|Horrible Histories]]'' included a song about Parks in its fifth series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks: I Sat on a Bus |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRJlZ_QVb4E |via=YouTube |publisher=CBBC |date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=July 5, 2023 }}</ref>

In 2022, the documentary ''The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks'' was released on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]; it is the first full-length documentary about Parks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/julie-hinds/2022/10/19/rebellious-life-of-mrs-rosa-parks-now-streaming-on-peacock/69572255007/|title=Rosa Parks documentary on Peacock redefines the legend's courageous life|first=Julie|last=Hinds|website=Detroit Free Press|date=October 19, 2022|access-date=February 6, 2023|archive-date=March 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050617/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/julie-hinds/2022/10/19/rebellious-life-of-mrs-rosa-parks-now-streaming-on-peacock/69572255007/|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, a major motion film ''Bowl Game Armageddon'' was announced, which will spotlight Rosa Parks and Emmett Till leading up to the 1956 Sugar Bowl and Atlanta riots<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ajc.com/sports/georgia-tech/georgia-tech-segregation-at-forefront-of-coming-film-about-1956-sugar-bowl/K3JNAKSA55EPHKWRMWTAOA4SVY/ | title=Film to focus on Georgia Tech, fight against segregation at 1956 Sugar Bowl | newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution | last1=Leflouria | first1=Erika | access-date=November 28, 2022 | archive-date=November 28, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128180542/https://www.ajc.com/sports/georgia-tech/georgia-tech-segregation-at-forefront-of-coming-film-about-1956-sugar-bowl/K3JNAKSA55EPHKWRMWTAOA4SVY/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ouellette"/>

===Music===
In March 1999, Parks filed a lawsuit (''[[Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records]]'') against American hip-hop duo [[OutKast]] and their record company, claiming that the duo's song "[[Rosa Parks (song)|Rosa Parks]]", the most successful radio single of their 1998 album ''[[Aquemini]]'', had used her name without permission.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transitions: Race, Culture, and the Dynamics of Change |page=126 |last=Wallinger |first=Hanna |isbn=3-8258-9531-9 |publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2006}}</ref> The lawsuit was settled on April 15, 2005 (six months and nine days before Parks's death); OutKast, their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record label and OutKast admitted no wrongdoing. Responsibility for the payment of legal fees was not disclosed.<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=Jet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr4DAAAAMBAJ&q=%2522rosa%2520parks%2522%2520outkast&pg=PP17|title=Rosa Parks and Rap Duo Outkast Settle Lawsuit|date=2005-05-02 |language=en|access-date=October 25, 2022|archive-date=March 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050613/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr4DAAAAMBAJ&q=%22rosa%20parks%22%20outkast&pg=PP17|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, rapper [[Nicki Minaj]] incorporated Rosa Parks into her song "[[Yikes (Nicki Minaj song)|Yikes]]" where she rapped, ''"All you bitches Rosa Park, uh-oh, get your ass up"'' in reference to the [[Montgomery bus boycott]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.papermag.com/nicki-minaj-rosa-parks-1-2645057250.html?rebelltitem=9|title=Nicki Minaj Responds to Rosa Parks Lyrics Criticism|last=Song|first=Sandra|newspaper=Paper|date=February 7, 2020|access-date=June 24, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626144928/https://www.papermag.com/nicki-minaj-rosa-parks-1-2645057250.html?rebelltitem=9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8550084/nicki-minaj-previews-yikes|title=Nicki Minaj Slammed For Rosa Parks Reference in Preview of New Song 'Yikes'|last=Saponara|first=Michael|magazine=Billboard|date=April 2, 2020|access-date=June 24, 2020|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617144939/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8550084/nicki-minaj-previews-yikes|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other===
In 1979, the [[Supersisters]] trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Parks's name and picture. She is card No. 27 in the set.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wulf |first=Steve |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12535055/original-roster |title=Supersisters: Original Roster |work=ESPN |date=March 23, 2015 |access-date=June 4, 2015 |archive-date=June 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605002131/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/12535055/original-roster |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, [[Mattel]] released a [[Barbie|Barbie doll]] in Parks's likeness as part of their "Inspiring Women" series.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://wjla.com/news/entertainment/barbie-launches-new-inspiring-women-dolls-honoring-rosa-parks-sally-ride |title=Barbie launches new 'Inspiring Women' dolls honoring Rosa Parks, Sally Ride |last=Caviness |first=Sarah |date=August 27, 2019 |publisher=[[WJLA 24/7 News]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827124216/https://wjla.com/news/entertainment/barbie-launches-new-inspiring-women-dolls-honoring-rosa-parks-sally-ride |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Macht |first=Daniel |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/entertainment/the-scene/Barbie-Releases-Dolls-Honoring-Rosa-Parks-Sally-Ride-558441021.html |title=Barbie Releases Dolls Honoring Rosa Parks, Sally Ride |publisher=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]] |date=August 27, 2019|access-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829154636/https://www.nbcwashington.com/entertainment/the-scene/Barbie-Releases-Dolls-Honoring-Rosa-Parks-Sally-Ride-558441021.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Biography}}
* [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]], 1854 sued and won case that led to desegregation of streetcars in New York City
* [[Charlotte L. Brown]], desegregated streetcars in San Francisco in the 1860s
* [[John Mitchell Jr.]], in 1904, he organized a black boycott of Richmond, Virginia's segregated trolley system
* [[Irene Morgan]], in 1944, sued and won Supreme Court ruling that segregation of interstate buses was unconstitutional
* [[Sarah Mae Flemming]], assaulted in June 1954, seventeen months before Parks' arrest, for sitting in the white-only section of a South Carolina bus. 
* [[Claudette Colvin]], arrested in March 1955, nine months before Parks' arrest, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated Montgomery bus.
* [[Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638]], home of Rosa and Raymond Parks, and her mother, Leona McCauley, during the Montgomery bus boycott from 1955 to 1956.
* [[Rosa Parks Act]], 2006 Act approved in the Legislature of the U.S. state of Alabama to allow those considered law-breakers at the time of the Montgomery bus boycott to clear their arrest records of the charge of civil disobedience, including Rosa Parks posthumously.
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[Timeline of the civil rights movement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title=284996 Rosaparks (2010 LD58) |work=Minor Planet Center |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=284996 |access-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020509/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=284996 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web |title=MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work=Minor Planet Center |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |access-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007190852/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box |others=no}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Barnes, Catherine A. ''Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit'', Columbia University Press, 1983.
* Brinkley, Douglas. ''Rosa Parks: A Life'', Penguin Books, 2005. {{ISBN|0-14-303600-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Aldon |title=Rosa Parks, Strategic Activist (sidebar) |journal=[[Contexts]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=25 |doi=10.1177/1536504212456178 |date=Summer 2012 |doi-access=free}}
* Editorial (May 17, 1974). [https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/17/archives/two-decades-later.html "Two decades later"]{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204071150/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/17/archives/two-decades-later.html |date=February 4, 2020 }}. ''The New York Times''. p.&nbsp;38. ("Within a year of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown]]'', Rosa Parks, a tired seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, was, like [[Plessy v. Ferguson|Homer Plessy]] sixty years earlier, arrested for her refusal to move to the back of the bus.")
* Parks, Rosa, with [[James Haskins]], ''Rosa Parks: My Story''. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1992. {{ISBN|0-590-46538-4}}
* Theoharis, Jeanne ''The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks'', Beacon Press, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0807076927}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/about-this-collection/?loclr=twloc |title=Rosa Parks Papers |publisher=Library of Congress}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808131145/http://montgomery.troy.edu/rosaparks/museum/ Rosa Parks Library and Museum] at [[Troy University]]
* [http://www.rosaparks.org/ The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development]
* [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1111 Parks article in the Encyclopedia of Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216141633/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1111 |date=December 16, 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101123154659/http://hfmgv.org/exhibits/rosaparks/home.asp Rosa Parks bus on display at the Henry Ford Museum]
* [http://rosaparksbiography.org ''Teaching and Learning Rosa Parks' Rebellious Life'']
* Norwood, Arlisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rosa-parks "Rosa Parks"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017.

===Multimedia and interviews===
* {{C-SPAN|9079}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548 "Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies"] – [[National Public Radio]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201183406/http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20051025 "Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks 1913–2005"] – ''Democracy Now!'' (democracynow.org)
* "[[Eyes on the Prize]]; [http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-151-610vq2sx12 Interview with Rosa Parks]", November 14, 1985, [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]]

===Others===
* [http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/ Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery bus boycott] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213121035/http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/ |date=December 13, 2012 }}
* [http://www.themilitant.com/2005/6945/694558.html Rosa Parks: cadre of working-class movement that ended Jim Crow]
* {{Newseum front page archive|month=10|day=25|year=05|event=Print media reaction to Parks' death}}
* {{IMDb name|0663005}}
* [https://digitalalabama.com/famous-legendary-and-notorius-alabamians/rosa-parks-childhood-home/21419/ Photo of Rosa Parks Childhood Home]

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards and Honors for Rosa Parks
|list =
{{Alabama Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Michigan Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series}}
{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century}}
}}
{{Civil rights movement}}
{{African American topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Parks, Rosa}}
[[Category:Rosa Parks| ]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
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[[Category:African-American history of Alabama]]
[[Category:African-American Methodists]]
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[[Category:Activists from Montgomery, Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama State University alumni]]
[[Category:American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
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[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
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[[Category:Montgomery bus boycott]]
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[[Category:People from Tuskegee, Alabama]]
[[Category:Political prisoners in the United States]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Protests in Alabama]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]