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In the case of fleshy-fruited plants, seed-dispersal in animal guts (endozoochory) often enhances the amount, the speed, and the asynchrony of germination, which can have important plant benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fedriani, J. M. |author2=Delibes, M. |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x |title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: A field experiment with Mediterranean mammals |year=2009 |journal=Ecography |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=983–992 |hdl=10261/50153|hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
In the case of fleshy-fruited plants, seed-dispersal in animal guts (endozoochory) often enhances the amount, the speed, and the asynchrony of germination, which can have important plant benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fedriani, J. M. |author2=Delibes, M. |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x |title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: A field experiment with Mediterranean mammals |year=2009 |journal=Ecography |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=983–992 |hdl=10261/50153|hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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Seeds dispersed by ants ([[myrmecochory]]) are not only dispersed short distances but are also buried underground by the ants. These seeds can thus avoid adverse environmental effects such as fire or drought, reach nutrient-rich microsites and survive longer than other seeds.<ref name=myrmdistreview>{{cite journal|author=Lengyel, S.|year=2010|title= Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|volume=12|issue=1|pages=43–55|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001|display-authors=etal}}</ref> These features are peculiar to myrmecochory, which may thus provide additional benefits not present in other dispersal modes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: the predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic range|url=http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/pdfs/Manzaneda.et.al.2005.Ecography.pdf|author1=Manzaneda, Antonio J.|author2=Fedriani, Jose M.|author3=Rey, Pedro J.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Ecography|volume=28|pages=583–592|year=2005|doi=10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04309.x|issue=5|hdl=10261/58621|citeseerx=10.1.1.507.1719 |
Seeds dispersed by ants ([[myrmecochory]]) are not only dispersed short distances but are also buried underground by the ants. These seeds can thus avoid adverse environmental effects such as fire or drought, reach nutrient-rich microsites and survive longer than other seeds.<ref name=myrmdistreview>{{cite journal|author=Lengyel, S.|year=2010|title= Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|volume=12|issue=1|pages=43–55|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001|display-authors=etal}}</ref> These features are peculiar to myrmecochory, which may thus provide additional benefits not present in other dispersal modes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adaptive advantages of myrmecochory: the predator-avoidance hypothesis tested over a wide geographic range|url=http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/pdfs/Manzaneda.et.al.2005.Ecography.pdf|author1=Manzaneda, Antonio J. |author2=Fedriani, Jose M. |author3=Rey, Pedro J. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Ecography|volume= 28|pages= 583–592|year= 2005|doi=10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04309.x|issue=5|hdl=10261/58621 |citeseerx=10.1.1.507.1719}}</ref> |
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Seed dispersal may also allow plants to colonize vacant habitats and even new geographic regions.<ref name="Malo">{{cite journal|author1=Manzano, Pablo |author2=Malo, Juan E. |year=2006|title= Extreme long-distance seed dispersal via sheep|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=4|pages=244–248|jstor=3868790|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0244:ELSDVS]2.0.CO;2|issue=5|url=https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/10486/1200/1/17383_1336Extremelongdistanceseeddispersalviasheep.pdf|hdl=10486/1200 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dispersal distances and deposition sites depend on the movement range of the disperser, and longer dispersal distances are sometimes accomplished through [[diplochory]], the sequential dispersal by two or more different dispersal mechanisms. In fact, recent evidence suggests that the majority of seed dispersal events involves more than one dispersal phase.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=OZINGA|first1=WIM A.|last2=BEKKER|first2=RENEE M.|last3=SCHAMINEE|first3=JOOP H. J.|last4=VAN GROENENDAEL|first4=JAN M.|title=Dispersal potential in plant communities depends on environmental conditions|journal=Journal of Ecology|date=October 2004|volume=92|issue=5|pages=767–777|doi=10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00916.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Seed dispersal may also allow plants to colonize vacant habitats and even new geographic regions.<ref name="Malo">{{cite journal|author1=Manzano, Pablo |author2=Malo, Juan E. |year=2006|title= Extreme long-distance seed dispersal via sheep|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=4|pages=244–248|jstor=3868790|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0244:ELSDVS]2.0.CO;2|issue=5|url=https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/10486/1200/1/17383_1336Extremelongdistanceseeddispersalviasheep.pdf|hdl=10486/1200 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dispersal distances and deposition sites depend on the movement range of the disperser, and longer dispersal distances are sometimes accomplished through [[diplochory]], the sequential dispersal by two or more different dispersal mechanisms. In fact, recent evidence suggests that the majority of seed dispersal events involves more than one dispersal phase.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=OZINGA|first1=WIM A.|last2=BEKKER|first2=RENEE M.|last3=SCHAMINEE|first3=JOOP H. J.|last4=VAN GROENENDAEL|first4=JAN M.|title=Dispersal potential in plant communities depends on environmental conditions|journal=Journal of Ecology|date=October 2004|volume=92|issue=5|pages=767–777|doi=10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00916.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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