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By the 1930s, "there was no more damning insult than to be called a ''sissy''" and the word was widely used by American football coaches and sports writers to disparage rival teams and encourage ferocious player behavior.<ref>Oriard, M. (2001), ''[[iarchive:kingfootballspor0000oria_v3n3|King Football: Sport and Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio and Newsreels]]''. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-0807855454}}.</ref> The use of the word ''sissy'' was "ubiquitous" among delinquent American youth of the 1930s; the term was used to provoke boys to join gangs, demean boys who violated group norms, force compliance with the mandates of masculinity, and justify violence (including sexual violence) against younger and weaker children.<ref name="Grant, J. 2014 pp. 143-144">Grant, J. (2014), ''[[iarchive:boyproblemeducat0000gran|The Boy Problem: Educating Boys in Urban America 1870-1970]]''. Johns Hopkins University Press, New York, pp. 143-144. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-1259-7}}.</ref> Good students were taunted as sissies and clothing styles associated with higher social classes were demeaned as ''sissified.'' Among members of a [[Detroit]], Michigan youth gang in 1938–39, ''sissy'' was "the ultimate slur" used to tease and taunt other boys, as a rationalization for violence against rivals, and as an excuse for not observing the dicta of middle-class decorum and morality.<ref name="Grant, J. 2014 pp. 143-144"/> |
By the 1930s, "there was no more damning insult than to be called a ''sissy''" and the word was widely used by American football coaches and sports writers to disparage rival teams and encourage ferocious player behavior.<ref>Oriard, M. (2001), ''[[iarchive:kingfootballspor0000oria_v3n3|King Football: Sport and Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio and Newsreels]]''. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-0807855454}}.</ref> The use of the word ''sissy'' was "ubiquitous" among delinquent American youth of the 1930s; the term was used to provoke boys to join gangs, demean boys who violated group norms, force compliance with the mandates of masculinity, and justify violence (including sexual violence) against younger and weaker children.<ref name="Grant, J. 2014 pp. 143-144">Grant, J. (2014), ''[[iarchive:boyproblemeducat0000gran|The Boy Problem: Educating Boys in Urban America 1870-1970]]''. Johns Hopkins University Press, New York, pp. 143-144. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-1259-7}}.</ref> Good students were taunted as sissies and clothing styles associated with higher social classes were demeaned as ''sissified.'' Among members of a [[Detroit]], Michigan youth gang in 1938–39, ''sissy'' was "the ultimate slur" used to tease and taunt other boys, as a rationalization for violence against rivals, and as an excuse for not observing the dicta of middle-class decorum and morality.<ref name="Grant, J. 2014 pp. 143-144"/> |
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By the late 1980s, some men began to [[reappropriation|reclaim]] the term ''sissy'' for themselves.<ref>Pronger, B. (1990), ''[[iarchive:arenaofmasculini0000pron_y1k3|The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex]]'', New York, St Martin's Press. {{ISBN|978-0312062934}}</ref> The spelling variation ''cissy'' was used in British English, at least prior to the mid 1970s.<ref>''[[iarchive:webstersnewworld00gur_lvw|The World Book Dictionary]]'' (1976 Edition), Chicago, IL, Doubleday & Company, Inc., pp. 376 and 1951. {{ISBN|978-0-5290-5326-8}}.</ref> In the United States, the Comedy Central television series ''[[South Park]]'' inverted its meaning in a 2014 episode titled "[[The Cissy]]", which lampooned the controversy over [[Bathroom bill#By location type|transgender students' use of school restrooms]];<ref>Steinmetz, K. (2015). [http://time.com/3974186/transgender-bathroom-debate/ "Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.</ref> in the episode, a restroom initially designated for use by transgender students is later re-designated as "the cissy bathroom" for use by transphobic [[cisgender]] students. |
By the late 1980s, some men began to [[reappropriation|reclaim]] the term ''sissy'' for themselves.<ref>Pronger, B. (1990), ''[[iarchive:arenaofmasculini0000pron_y1k3|The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex]]'', New York, St Martin's Press. {{ISBN|978-0312062934}}</ref> The spelling variation ''cissy'' was used in British English, at least prior to the mid 1970s.<ref>''[[iarchive:webstersnewworld00gur_lvw|The World Book Dictionary]]'' (1976 Edition), Chicago, IL, Doubleday & Company, Inc., pp. 376 and 1951. {{ISBN|978-0-5290-5326-8}}.</ref> In the United States, the Comedy Central television series ''[[South Park]]'' inverted its meaning in a 2014 episode titled "[[The Cissy]]", which lampooned the controversy over [[Bathroom bill#By location type|transgender students' use of school restrooms]];<ref>Steinmetz, K. (2015). [http://time.com/3974186/transgender-bathroom-debate/ "Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.</ref> in the episode, a restroom initially designated for use by transgender students is later re-designated as "the cissy bathroom" for use by transphobic [[cisgender]] students. Daniel Antonio is considered to be an absolute “sissy”. |
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== As threats to masculine dominance == |
== As threats to masculine dominance == |
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