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{{Short description|Culinary traditions of South America}} |
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{{for|other American cuisines|North American cuisine|Cuisine of the Americas}} |
{{for|other American cuisines|North American cuisine|Cuisine of the Americas}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}} |
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}} |
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[[File:Chorizos, Tarata.jpg|thumb|[[Peruvian cuisine]] |
[[File:Chorizos, Tarata.jpg|thumb|[[Peruvian cuisine]]—''tarateño'' sausages and other foods sold by a [[Hawker (trade)|street vendor]] in [[Tarata, Peru|Tarata]], Peru]] |
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[[File:Shredded beef.jpg|thumb|[[Shredded beef]]]] |
[[File:Shredded beef.jpg|thumb|[[Shredded beef]]]] |
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'''South American cuisine''' has many influences, due to the ethnic fusion of South America. The most characteristic are Native American, African, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]-[[South Asian cuisine|South Asian]]. However, there is a mix of [[European cuisine|European]], [[North American cuisine|North American]], and indigenous cuisines.<ref>“An Introduction to South American Food.” The Spruce, www.thespruce.com/introduction-to-south-american-food-3029236.</ref> The customs and food products greatly vary<ref>{{cite book |last=D |first=J.J.R.P. |title=Filling Up: The Psychology of Eating |publisher=ABC-CLIO |series=The Psychology of Everyday Life |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-4090-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4G91DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=152}}</ref> according to the physically distinct regions. |
'''South American cuisine''' has many influences, due to the ethnic fusion of South America. The most characteristic are Native American, African, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]-[[South Asian cuisine|South Asian]]. However, there is a mix of [[European cuisine|European]], [[North American cuisine|North American]], and indigenous cuisines.<ref>“An Introduction to South American Food.” The Spruce, www.thespruce.com/introduction-to-south-american-food-3029236.</ref> The customs and food products greatly vary<ref>{{cite book |last=D |first=J.J.R.P. |title=Filling Up: The Psychology of Eating |publisher=ABC-CLIO |series=The Psychology of Everyday Life |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-4090-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4G91DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=152}}</ref> according to the physically distinct regions. |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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The [[Amazon basin]] of [[South America]] provides a plethora of fresh fish and [[tropical fruit]]s.<ref>[http://www.brazil-travel-guide.com/Amazon-Fish.html "Amazonian Cuisine."] [http://www.brazil-travel-guide.com/ Brazil-travel-guide.com]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> The [[Pacific Ocean]] provides a large amount of [[seafood]], such as [[king crab]] (typically caught at the southern end of the continent), [[lobster]] (found in great quantities from the [[Juan Fernández Islands]]), and [[Antarctic krill]], which was recently discovered. [[Tuna]] and tropical fish are caught all around the continent but are notably found in abundance near [[Easter Island]]. The many plains on this continent make it rich for growing foods like [[cereals]], [[potatoes]] and [[quinoa]]. In the [[Patagonia]] region in the south of [[Argentina]], many people raise [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In [[Brazil]], a traditional dish is |
The [[Amazon basin]] of [[South America]] provides a plethora of fresh fish and [[tropical fruit]]s.<ref>[http://www.brazil-travel-guide.com/Amazon-Fish.html "Amazonian Cuisine."] [http://www.brazil-travel-guide.com/ Brazil-travel-guide.com]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> The [[Pacific Ocean]] provides a large amount of [[seafood]], such as [[king crab]] (typically caught at the southern end of the continent), [[lobster]] (found in great quantities from the [[Juan Fernández Islands]]), and [[Antarctic krill]], which was recently discovered. [[Tuna]] and tropical fish are caught all around the continent but are notably found in abundance near [[Easter Island]]. |
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The many plains on this continent make it rich for growing foods like [[cereals]], [[potatoes]] and [[quinoa]]. In the [[Patagonia]] region in the south of [[Argentina]], many people raise [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] and [[cattle]]. In [[Brazil]], a traditional dish is ''[[feijoada]]'', a [[stew]] consisting of [[common beans|beans]] with [[beef]] and [[pork]].{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} [[Rice and beans]] is also very common in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Definitive Vegetarian's Travel Guide to Eating in Meat-Loving Countries |website=HuffPost |date=September 28, 2017 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-definitive-vegetarians-travel-guide-to-eating_us_59cd2f5ce4b0149549227e22 |access-date=February 12, 2018}}</ref> |
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[[Peruvian cuisine]] is largely influenced by traditional [[Incan]] culture (see [[Inca cuisine|Incan cuisine]]). The consumption of ''[[carne asada]]'' is widespread throughout much of the continent.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}{{efn|There appears to only be circumstantial evidence, for which there are a few references.<ref group="footnote">“The Origins and Traditions of Carne Asada.” The Spruce, 1996, www.thespruce.com/carne-asada-mexican-steak-331500.</ref><ref group="footnote">Martin, Sasha. “Barbecued Meat:Carne Asada.” Global Table Adventure, August 21, 2015, globaltableadventure.com/recipe/recipe-barbecued-meat-carne-asada-w-poll/.Which by the way, they source "Life from Scratch" A National Geographic Special Book</ref>}} It is popular to grill in the open air as in ''[[asado]]''or''[[churrasco]]''. |
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[[Shredded beef]] is common throughout South America and Latin America and is served with a variety of foods.<ref name="Gutierrez 2013 p. 150">{{cite book |last=Gutierrez |first=S.A. |title=Latin American Street Food: The Best Flavors of Markets, Beaches, and Roadside Stands from Mexico to Argentina |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4696-0881-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2IlS1Vwdu0C&pg=PA150 |access-date=January 22, 2018 |page=150}}</ref> |
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== By region == |
== By region == |
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=== Andes === |
=== Andes === |
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[[File:Pachamanca Peru.JPG|thumb|[[Pachamanca]]]] |
[[File:Pachamanca Peru.JPG|thumb|[[Pachamanca]]]] |
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{{main|Argentine cuisine|Bolivian cuisine|Chilean cuisine|Ecuadorian cuisine|Peruvian cuisine}} |
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The food of the Andes is highly influenced by the [[indigenous peoples]]. The principal foods continue to be corn, potatoes<ref name="Krögel 2010 p. 20">{{cite book |last=Krögel |first=A. |title=Food, Power, and Resistance in the Andes: Exploring Quechua Verbal and Visual Narratives |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7391-4761-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5tYiUHo9MoC&pg=PA20 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=20}}</ref> and other [[tuber]]s. The meats most characteristic of this zone are the [[llama]] (Peru) and the [[guinea pig]] (Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and the Argentine northwest). In areas where there is fresh water, trout is consumed. |
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⚫ | ''[[Chupe andino]]'' refers to various [[stew]]s<ref>{{cite book |last=Palomino |first=R. |last2=Gargagliano |first2=A. |last3=Cushner |first3=S. |title=Viva la Vida: Festive Recipes for Entertaining Latin-Style |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8118-3184-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811831840 |url-access=registration |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811831840/page/116 116]}}</ref> and [[soup]]s that are prepared in the Andes mountains region. One of the most important drinks is ''[[chicha]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hornsey |first=I.S. |title=Alcohol and Its Role in the Evolution of Human Society |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84973-161-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6xF3jfA7xoC&pg=PA493 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=493}}</ref> Important dishes include ''[[humitas]]'', ''[[locro]],'' ''[[:es:Chanfaina|chanfaina]]'', ''[[arepa]]s'', ''quimbolitos'' (dessert tamales), and peppers. A famous dish from the Peruvian Andes is ''[[pachamanca]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Graves |first=C. |last2=Cabieses |first2=F. |title=The Potato Treasure of the Andes: From Agriculture to Culture |publisher=International Potato Center |year=2001 |isbn=978-92-9060-205-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LwdEs9OkccC&pg=PA51 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=51}}</ref> From the mixture of German, native cuisine, and the [[Chiloé Archipelago]] in the southern Andes comes ''[[valdiviano]]'' and ''[[curanto]]''. |
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⚫ | The wetter areas of Peru produce sugar cane, lemon, bananas, and oranges. [[Chancaca]] is popular as well as [[carbonara]], [[sancocho]], huevos quimbos, potato pie, and [[ch'arki]]. |
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⚫ | The wetter areas of Peru produce sugar cane, lemon, bananas, and oranges. ''[[Chancaca]]'' is popular as well as ''[[carbonara]]'', ''[[sancocho]]'', ''[[:es:Huevos moles|huevos quimbos]]'', potato pie, and ''[[ch'arki]]''. |
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The [[pampas]] have the most Italian and Spanish influences. In Argentina, they are the center of the three typical Argentine dishes ''[[dulce de leche]]'', ''[[asado]]'' (''churrasco'' in Brazil), and ''[[milanesa]]''. |
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⚫ | Argentine pizza is different from Italian pizza, being closer to [[calzone]]s. Pasta and polenta are common in Argentina and on the Pampas generally. ''[[Empanadas]]'' and ''[[choripán]]'' are very popular fast food in Argentina and Uruguay. [[Churros]], ''[[ensaïmada]]'', ''[[alfajor]]'', Spanish tortillas with potato, meatballs, ''[[sopa de mondongo]]'', and ''[[puchero]]'' are Spanish-derived Pampas cuisine. [[Mate (drink)|''Mate'']] is popular on the Pampas.<ref name="Henty 2016">{{cite book |last=Henty |first=G.A. |title=On the Pampas: Or, The Young Settlers |publisher=Floating Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-77667-435-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGbFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |page=113}}</ref> |
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=== Tropical === |
=== Tropical === |
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{{see also|Brazilian cuisine|Colombian cuisine|Paraguayan cuisine|Venezuelan cuisine}} |
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The tropical region of the continent is divided into two distinct areas, the coastal areas of the Atlantic and the Pacific and the Amazon area each with its distinct cuisines. Much of the fruits that are considered to be exotic are common in the tropical forests and fields, such as guava, pineapple, papaya, mango, banana, and elderberry. |
The tropical region of the continent is divided into two distinct areas, the coastal areas of the Atlantic and the Pacific and the Amazon area, each with its distinct cuisines. Much of the fruits that are considered to be exotic are common in the tropical forests and fields, such as guava, pineapple, papaya, mango, banana, and elderberry. |
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The climate and geography also favour a great variety of crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, [[cassava]], complemented with meat and fish; grains, principally rice, corn, and wheat and beans. |
The climate and geography also favour a great variety of crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, [[cassava]], complemented with meat and fish; grains, principally rice, corn, and wheat and beans. |
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In the coastal area [[ceviche]], [[tostones]] or patacón, [[arepa]], [[chipa]], [[sancocho]], [[pabellón criollo]], [[bandeja paisa]], [[guatita]], and [[sopa paraguaya]] are common dishes. |
In the coastal area ''[[ceviche]]'', ''[[tostones]]''or''patacón'', ''[[arepa]]'', ''[[chipa]]'', ''[[sancocho]]'', ''[[pabellón criollo]]'', ''[[bandeja paisa]]'', ''[[guatita]]'', and ''[[sopa paraguaya]]'' are common dishes. |
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In |
InBrazil, foods such as ''[[feijoada]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Behnke |first=A. |last2=Duro |first2=K.L. |title=Cooking the Brazilian Way |publisher=Lerner Publications Company |series=Easy Menu Ethnic Cookbooks |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8225-4111-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJz8oLBI18oC&pg=PA12 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=12}}</ref> ''arroz carreteiro'' (cart riders rice), ''[[coxinha]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Caregnato |first=E. |title=Churrasco: Grilling the Brazilian Way |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4236-4069-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHxRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |page=pt40}}</ref> and ''[[farofa]]'' are common throughout the country. The [[Brazilian state]] of [[Bahia]] has its own cuisine which has heavy African influences.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} |
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The Amazon area is known for its utilization of native meats such as the [[capybara]], turtles, [[peccary]], and [[paca]]. Common dishes are [[juane]], [[tacacho]], [[tacacá]]. There are a wide variety of fruits native to the Amazon with which a great variety of drinks are prepared. |
The Amazon area is known for its utilization of native meats such as the [[capybara]], turtles, [[peccary]], and [[paca]]. Common dishes are ''[[juane]]'', ''[[tacacho]]'', ''[[tacacá]]''. There are a wide variety of fruits native to the Amazon with which a great variety of drinks are prepared. |
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== Diffusion == |
== Diffusion == |
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⚫ | Early South American restaurants in the United States included Caso do Brazil in [[Reseda, California]], which opened in 1955,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17377229/caso_do_brazil_1955/ "Caso do Brazil, Unique New Restaurant, Opens in Reseda"] ''Valley News'' (July 28, 1955): 62. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> and the Machu Picchu nightclub in [[Miami, Florida]], which opened in 1963, serving Peruvian dishes such as [[ceviche]] and [[anticuchos]].<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17375706/machu_picchu_restaurant_miami_1964/ "With Knife and Fork"] ''Miami News'' (January 5, 1964): 48. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> South American foods are increasingly imported into the United States, especially Brazilian foods such as [[guarana]], [[guava paste]], and [[cachaça]] (an ingredient in the [[caipirinha]] cocktail).<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17375459/brazilian_food_imports_to_us_2001/ "Brazilian Foods Go Mainstream"] ''The Journal News'' (January 29, 2001): 30. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> |
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=== Australia === |
=== Australia === |
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As early as the 1950s, Latin American cuisine have been transported to the Southeast coast, where [[Sydney]] is.<ref name="Concrete Playground 2012">{{cite web |title=The 12 Best Latin Restaurants in Sydney |website=Concrete Playground |date=May 31, 2012 |url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/arts-entertainment/culture/the-12-best-latin-restaurants-in-sydney/ |access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> Now there is a slight selection of Latin American restaurants that has spread across the country. |
As early as the 1950s, Latin American cuisine have been transported to the Southeast coast, where [[Sydney]] is.<ref name="Concrete Playground 2012">{{cite web |title=The 12 Best Latin Restaurants in Sydney |website=Concrete Playground |date=May 31, 2012 |url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/arts-entertainment/culture/the-12-best-latin-restaurants-in-sydney/ |access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2024}} Now there is a slight selection of Latin American restaurants that has spread across the country.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} |
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⚫ | Early South American restaurants in the United States included Caso do Brazil in [[Reseda, California]], which opened in 1955,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17377229/caso_do_brazil_1955/ "Caso do Brazil, Unique New Restaurant, Opens in Reseda"] ''Valley News'' (July 28, 1955): 62. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> and the Machu Picchu nightclub in [[Miami, Florida]], which opened in 1963, serving Peruvian dishes such as ''[[ceviche]]'' and ''[[anticuchos]]''.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17375706/machu_picchu_restaurant_miami_1964/ "With Knife and Fork"] ''Miami News'' (January 5, 1964): 48. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> South American foods are increasingly imported into the United States, especially Brazilian foods such as ''[[guarana]]'', [[guava paste]], and ''[[cachaça]]'' (an ingredient in the ''[[caipirinha]]'' cocktail).<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17375459/brazilian_food_imports_to_us_2001/ "Brazilian Foods Go Mainstream"] ''The Journal News'' (January 29, 2001): 30. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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{{multiple image |
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| header = South American cuisine at restaurants |
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| alt1 = A feijoda |
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| caption1 = A ham like meat, known as [[feijoada]] is seen here. |
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| caption1 = ''[[Feijoada]]'', a bean stew that is Brazil's national dish |
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| image2 = Pargo rojo Red snapper by thefuturistics.png |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Society|Food|South America}} |
{{Portal|Society|Food|South America}} |
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* [[Latin American cuisine]] |
* [[Latin American cuisine]] |
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* [[Brazilian cuisine]] |
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* [[Argentine cuisine]] |
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* [[Chilean cuisine]] |
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* [[Peruvian cuisine]] |
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* [[Native American cuisine of South America]] |
* [[Native American cuisine of South America]] |
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== Footnotes == |
== Footnotes == |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "South American cuisine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
South American cuisine has many influences, due to the ethnic fusion of South America. The most characteristic are Native American, African, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Indian-South Asian. However, there is a mix of European, North American, and indigenous cuisines.[1] The customs and food products greatly vary[2] according to the physically distinct regions.
The Amazon basinofSouth America provides a plethora of fresh fish and tropical fruits.[3] The Pacific Ocean provides a large amount of seafood, such as king crab (typically caught at the southern end of the continent), lobster (found in great quantities from the Juan Fernández Islands), and Antarctic krill, which was recently discovered. Tuna and tropical fish are caught all around the continent but are notably found in abundance near Easter Island.
The many plains on this continent make it rich for growing foods like cereals, potatoes and quinoa. In the Patagonia region in the south of Argentina, many people raise sheep and cattle. In Brazil, a traditional dish is feijoada, a stew consisting of beans with beef and pork.[citation needed] Rice and beans is also very common in Brazil.[4]
Peruvian cuisine is largely influenced by traditional Incan culture (see Incan cuisine). The consumption of carne asada is widespread throughout much of the continent.[citation needed][a] It is popular to grill in the open air as in asadoorchurrasco.
Shredded beef is common throughout South America and Latin America and is served with a variety of foods.[5]
The food of the Andes is highly influenced by the indigenous peoples. The principal foods continue to be corn, potatoes[6] and other tubers. The meats most characteristic of this zone are the llama (Peru) and the guinea pig (Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and the Argentine northwest). In areas where there is fresh water, trout is consumed.
Chupe andino refers to various stews[7] and soups that are prepared in the Andes mountains region. One of the most important drinks is chicha.[8] Important dishes include humitas, locro, chanfaina, arepas, quimbolitos (dessert tamales), and peppers. A famous dish from the Peruvian Andes is pachamanca.[9] From the mixture of German, native cuisine, and the Chiloé Archipelago in the southern Andes comes valdiviano and curanto.
The wetter areas of Peru produce sugar cane, lemon, bananas, and oranges. Chancaca is popular as well as carbonara, sancocho, huevos quimbos, potato pie, and ch'arki.
The pampas have the most Italian and Spanish influences. In Argentina, they are the center of the three typical Argentine dishes dulce de leche, asado (churrasco in Brazil), and milanesa.
Argentine pizza is different from Italian pizza, being closer to calzones. Pasta and polenta are common in Argentina and on the Pampas generally. Empanadas and choripán are very popular fast food in Argentina and Uruguay. Churros, ensaïmada, alfajor, Spanish tortillas with potato, meatballs, sopa de mondongo, and puchero are Spanish-derived Pampas cuisine. Mate is popular on the Pampas.[10]
The tropical region of the continent is divided into two distinct areas, the coastal areas of the Atlantic and the Pacific and the Amazon area, each with its distinct cuisines. Much of the fruits that are considered to be exotic are common in the tropical forests and fields, such as guava, pineapple, papaya, mango, banana, and elderberry.
The climate and geography also favour a great variety of crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, complemented with meat and fish; grains, principally rice, corn, and wheat and beans.
In the coastal area ceviche, tostonesorpatacón, arepa, chipa, sancocho, pabellón criollo, bandeja paisa, guatita, and sopa paraguaya are common dishes.
In Brazil, foods such as feijoada,[11] arroz carreteiro (cart riders rice), coxinha,[12] and farofa are common throughout the country. The Brazilian stateofBahia has its own cuisine which has heavy African influences.[citation needed]
The Amazon area is known for its utilization of native meats such as the capybara, turtles, peccary, and paca. Common dishes are juane, tacacho, tacacá. There are a wide variety of fruits native to the Amazon with which a great variety of drinks are prepared.
As early as the 1950s, Latin American cuisine have been transported to the Southeast coast, where Sydney is.[13][better source needed] Now there is a slight selection of Latin American restaurants that has spread across the country.[citation needed]
Early South American restaurants in the United States included Caso do Brazil in Reseda, California, which opened in 1955,[14] and the Machu Picchu nightclub in Miami, Florida, which opened in 1963, serving Peruvian dishes such as ceviche and anticuchos.[15] South American foods are increasingly imported into the United States, especially Brazilian foods such as guarana, guava paste, and cachaça (an ingredient in the caipirinha cocktail).[16]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South_American_Cuisine.
Wikiquote has quotations related to South_American_Cuisine (Brazil).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of South America. |
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