Soyuz 13: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Crewed flight of the Soyuz programme}}

{{about|a 1973 spaceflight|the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 13|Soyuz TMA-9}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Soyuz 13

| image =

| image_caption =

| image_size =

| mission_type = [[Astronomy]]

| operator = [[Soviet space program]]

| COSPAR_ID = 1973-103A

| SATCAT = 06982

| mission_duration = 7 days 20 hours 55 minutes 35 seconds

| orbits_completed = 127

| spacecraft = [[Soyuz 7K-T]] No.2

| spacecraft_type = [[Soyuz 7K-T-AF]]

| manufacturer = [[OKB|Experimental Design Bureau]] (OKB-1)

| launch_mass = 6570 kg <ref name="Display"/>

| landing_mass = 1200 kg

| launch_date = 18 December 1973,<br/>11:55:00 UTC

| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]

| launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1|Site 1/5]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm|title=Baikonur LC1|access-date=2009-03-04 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160730/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm|archive-date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

| landing_date = 26 December 1973,<br/>08:50:35 UTC

| landing_site = 200 km at the southwest of [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakhstan]]

| crew_size = 2

| crew_members = [[Pyotr Klimuk]]<br/>[[Valentin Lebedev]]

| crew_callsign = {{lang|ru|Кавказ}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|Kavkaz}} - "Caucasus")

| crew_photo = Климук.jpg

| crew_photo_caption = a post stamp depicting the crew

| crew_photo_size =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="Trajectory"/>

| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]

| orbit_periapsis = 225.0 km

| orbit_apoapsis = 272.0 km

| orbit_inclination = 51.60°

| orbit_period = 89.20 minutes

| apsis = gee

| insignia = Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg

| insignia_caption = Vimpel Diamond for entrainment patch

| insignia_size = 175px

| programme = [[Soyuz programme]]

| previous_mission = [[Soyuz 12]]

| next_mission = [[Soyuz 14]]

'''Soyuz 13''' ({{lang-ru|Союз 13}}, ''Union 13'') was a December, 1973, Soviet crewed space flight, the second test flight of the redesigned [[Soyuz 7K-T]] spacecraft that first flew as [[Soyuz 12]]. The spacecraft was specially modified to carry the [[Orion (space telescope)|Orion 2 Space Observatory]]. The flight, crewed by [[Pyotr Klimuk]] and [[Valentin Lebedev]], was the [[Soviet Union]]'s first dedicated science mission,<ref name=clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Phillip|title=The Soviet Manned Space Program|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietmannedspac0000clar|url-access=registration|year=1988

|isbn=0-517-56954-X|publisher=Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.|location=New York}}</ref> and was the first mission controlled by the new [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Kaliningrad]] [[RKA Mission Control Center|Mission Control Center]].<ref name=newkirk>{{cite book|last=Newkirk|first=Dennis|title=Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight|year=1990|isbn=0-87201-848-2|publisher=Gulf Publishing Company

|location=Houston, Texas}}</ref>

== Crew ==

|terminology = Cosmonaut

|position1 = Commander

|crew1_up = [[Pyotr Klimuk]]

|flights1_up = First

|position2 = Flight Engineer

|crew2_up = [[Valentin Lebedev]]

|flights2_up = First

=== Backup crew ===

|terminology = Cosmonaut

|position1 = Commander

|crew1_up = [[Lev Vorobiyov]]

|position2 = Flight Engineer

|crew2_up = [[Valeri Yazdovsky]]

=== Reserve crew ===

|terminology = Cosmonaut

|position1 = Commander

|crew1_up = [[Vladimir Kovalyonok]]

|position2 = Flight Engineer

|crew2_up = [[Yuri Ponomaryov]]

== Mission parameters ==

*'''Mass:''' {{cvt|6570|kg}} <ref name="Display">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-103A|title=Display: Soyuz 13 1973-103A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=18 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

*'''Perigee:''' {{cvt|225.0|km}} <ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1973-103A|title=Trajectory: Soyuz 13 1973-103A|publisher=NASA |date=14 May 2020|access-date=18 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

*'''Apogee:''' {{cvt|272.0|km}}

*'''Inclination:''' 51.60°

*'''Period:''' 89.20 minutes

== Mission highlights ==

Launched 18 December 1973, the Soyuz 13 crew of Klimuk and Lebedev performed some of the experiments intended for the failed [[Salyut]] space stations from the previous year.<ref name=newkirk/> Unlike [[Soyuz 12]], the craft was equipped with solar panels to allow for an extended mission. Additionally, an orbital module was attached replacing unneeded docking equipment. This module included the [[Orion (space telescope)|Orion 2 Space Observatory]] (see below).<ref name=newkirk/>

The crew used a [[Multispectral image|multispectral camera]] to measure the atmosphere and pollution.<ref name=newkirk/> They also tested the Oasis 2 closed [[ecology]] system, and harvested [[protein]], yielding 30 times the original [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]]. [[Medicine|Medical]] tests were also carried out, including experiments to measure [[Hemodynamics|blood flow]] to the [[brain]].<ref name=newkirk/>

The crew landed in a heavy snowstorm on 26 December 1973, but were recovered a few minutes later, some 200&nbsp;km at southwest of [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=newkirk/>

During its 8-day mission, Soyuz 13 was in orbit around the Earth at the same time as the U.S. [[Skylab 4]] mission, which had been launched on November 16, and which would remain in orbit until February 8, marking the first time that both the United States and the Soviet Union had crewed missions operating simultaneously. <ref>"Skylab 3 Astronauts Wish Russians Luck", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 19, 1973, p. 22 ("The launch marked the first time that Russian and American astronauts were aloft simultaneously." )</ref>

== Orion 2 Space Observatory ==

The [[Orion (space telescope)|Orion 2 Space Observatory]], designed by [[Grigor Gurzadyan]], was operated by crew member Lebedev. [[Ultraviolet|Ultraviolet spectrograms]] of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th [[Apparent magnitude|magnitude]] were obtained by a wide-angle [[Lens|meniscus]] telescope of the [[Cassegrain reflector|Cassegrain]] system, with an aperture diameter of 240&nbsp;mm, an equivalent focal length of 1000&nbsp;mm, and a 4-grade [[Quartz|quartz prism objective]]. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 17, 28 and 55&nbsp;nm/mm, at wavelengths of 200, 250 and 300&nbsp;nm respectively. The first satellite Ultraviolet spectrogram of a [[planetary nebula]] ([[IC 2149]] in [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]) was obtained, revealing lines of [[aluminium]] and [[titanium]] - elements not previously observed in objects of that type. [[Two-photon absorption|Two-photon emission]] in that planetary nebula and a remarkable [[star cluster]] in Auriga were also discovered. Additionally, [[comet Kohoutek]] was observed.<ref name=newkirk/>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Spaceflight|Soviet Union}}

* [[1973 in spaceflight]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* G. A. Gurzadyan, Ultraviolet spectra of Capella, ''Nature'', vol. 250, p.&nbsp;204, 1974 [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v250/n5463/abs/250204a0.html]

* G. A. Gurzadyan, S. S. Rustambekova, Silicon-rich stellar envelope? ''Nature'', vol. 254, p.&nbsp;311, 1975 [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v254/n5498/abs/254311a0.html]

* G. A. Gurzadyan, A. L. Jarakyan, M. N. Krmoyan, A. L. Kashin, G. M. Loretsyan, J. B. Ohanesyan, Space astrophysical observatory Orion-2, ''Astrophysics and Space Science'', vol.40, p.&nbsp;393, 1976 [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00640454]

* G. A. Gurzadyan, Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149, ''Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications'', vol.88, p.&nbsp;891, 1976 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976PASP...88..891G]

* H. A. Abt, Spectral types in Gurzadyan's clustering in Auriga, ''Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications'', vol.90, p.&nbsp;555, 1978 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PASP...90..555A]

{{Orbital launches in 1973}}

[[Category:Crewed Soyuz missions]]

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1973]]