J u m p t o c o n t e n t
M a i n m e n u
M a i n m e n u
N a v i g a t i o n
● M a i n p a g e ● C o n t e n t s ● C u r r e n t e v e n t s ● R a n d o m a r t i c l e ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● C o n t a c t u s ● D o n a t e
C o n t r i b u t e
● H e l p ● L e a r n t o e d i t ● C o m m u n i t y p o r t a l ● R e c e n t c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e
S e a r c h
Search
A p p e a r a n c e
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P e r s o n a l t o o l s
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P a g e s f o r l o g g e d o u t e d i t o r s l e a r n m o r e ● C o n t r i b u t i o n s ● T a l k
( T o p )
1 S o y u z r o c k e t
2 S o y u z s p a c e c r a f t
3 D e r i v a t i v e s
4 S o y u z c r e w e d f l i g h t s
5 S o y u z u n c r e w e d f l i g h t s
6 G a l l e r y
7 S e e a l s o
8 R e f e r e n c e s
T o g g l e t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
S o y u z p r o g r a m m e
3 8 l a n g u a g e s
● A f r i k a a n s ● ا ل ع ر ب ي ة ● A r a g o n é s ● A s t u r i a n u ● ব া ং ল া ● Б ъ л г а р с к и ● C a t a l à ● C y m r a e g ● D a n s k ● Ε λ λ η ν ι κ ά ● E s p a ñ o l ● E s p e r a n t o ● ف ا ر س ی ● F r a n ç a i s ● 한 국 어 ● I d o ● B a h a s a I n d o n e s i a ● I t a l i a n o ● ע ב ר י ת ● M a g y a r ● മ ല യ ാ ള ം ● B a h a s a M e l a y u ● 日 本 語 ● N o r s k b o k m å l ● N o r s k n y n o r s k ● O ʻ z b e k c h a / ў з б е к ч а ● P o l s k i ● P o r t u g u ê s ● R o m â n ă ● S i c i l i a n u ● S l o v e n č i n a ● S l o v e n š č i n a ● S u o m i ● S v e n s k a ● த ம ி ழ ் ● T ü r k ç e ● T i ế n g V i ệ t ● 中 文
E d i t l i n k s
● A r t i c l e ● T a l k
E n g l i s h
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
T o o l s
T o o l s
A c t i o n s
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
G e n e r a l
● W h a t l i n k s h e r e ● R e l a t e d c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e ● S p e c i a l p a g e s ● P e r m a n e n t l i n k ● P a g e i n f o r m a t i o n ● C i t e t h i s p a g e ● G e t s h o r t e n e d U R L ● D o w n l o a d Q R c o d e ● W i k i d a t a i t e m
P r i n t / e x p o r t
● D o w n l o a d a s P D F ● P r i n t a b l e v e r s i o n
I n o t h e r p r o j e c t s
● W i k i m e d i a C o m m o n s
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Human spaceflight programme of the Soviet Union
The Soyuz programme ( SOY -yoozSAW -Союз [sɐˈjus] human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon .[1] human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–1963) and Voskhod (1964–1965) programmes.[2]
The programme consists of the Soyuz capsule and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of the Russian Roscosmos .[3] [4] Space Shuttle in 2011, Soyuz was the only way for humans to get to the International Space Station (ISS) until 30 May 2020, when Crew Dragon flew to the ISS for the first time with astronauts.[4] [5]
Soyuz rocket [ edit ]
Soyuz TMA-13 lifting off from Gagarin's Start at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2008Soyuz rocket on launch pad
The launch vehicles used in the Soyuz expendable launch system are manufactured at the Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center (TsSKB-Progress) in Samara, Russia . As well as being used in the Soyuz programme as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz launch vehicles are now also used to launch robotic Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the Starsem company. Currently Soyuz vehicles are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwest Russia and, since 2011, Soyuz launch vehicles are also being launched from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[6] new Soyuz launch site has been handling Soyuz launches since 21 October 2011, the date of the first launch.[7] Guiana Soyuz launches had been made from French Guiana Space Centre , all successful.[8] [9] [10]
Soyuz spacecraft [ edit ]
The basic Soyuz spacecraft design was the basis for many projects, many of which were never developed. Its earliest form was intended to travel to the Moon without employing a huge booster like the Saturn V or the Soviet N-1 by repeatedly docking with upper stages that had been put in orbit using the same rocket as the Soyuz. This and the initial civilian designs were done under the Soviet Chief Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev , who did not live to see the craft take flight. Several military derivatives took precedence in the Soviet design process, though they never came to pass.
A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back):
There have been many variants of the Soyuz spacecraft, including:
Sever early crewed spacecraft proposal to replace Vostok (1959)
L1-1960 crewed circumlunar spacecraft proposal (1960); evolved into the Soyuz-A design
L4-1960 crewed lunar orbiter proposal (1960)
L1-1962 crewed lunar flyby spacecraft proposal (1962); early design led to Soyuz
OS-1962 space station proposal (1962)
Soyuz-A 7K-9K-11K circumlunar complex proposal (1963)
Soyuz 7K crewed spacecraft concept; cancelled in 1964 in favor of the LK-1
Soyuz 9K proposed orbital tug; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled
Soyuz 11K proposed fuel tanker; cancelled in 1964 when the Soyuz 7K and Soyuz P were cancelled
L3-1963 crewed lunar lander proposal (1963)
L4-1963 crewed lunar orbiter proposal; modified 7K (1963)
Soyuz 7K-OK (1967–1970)
Soyuz 7K-T or "ferry" (1973–1981)
Soyuz 7K-T-AF (1973); 7K-T modified for space station flight with Orion 2 space telescope
Soyuz 7K-T/A9 (1974–1978); 7K-T modified for flights to military Almaz space stations
Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976)
7K-MF6 (1976); 7K-TM modified for space station flight with MKF-6 camera
Soyuz-T (1976–1986)
Zarya planned 'Super Soyuz' replacement for Soyuz and Progress (1985)
Alpha Lifeboat rescue spacecraft based on Zarya (1995); cancelled in favor of a modified Soyuz TM
Big Soyuz enlarged version of Soyuz reentry vehicle (2008)
Soyuz-TM (1986–2003)
Soyuz TMA (2003–2012)
Soyuz-ACTS (2006)
Soyuz TMA-M (2010–2016)
Soyuz MS (since 2016)
Military Soyuz (P, PPK, R, 7K-VI Zvezda, and OIS)
Soyuz P crewed satellite interceptor proposal (1962); cancelled in 1964 in favor of the Istrebitel Sputnikov program
Soyuz R command-reconnaissance spacecraft proposal (1962); cancelled in 1966 and replaced by Almaz
Soyuz 7K-TK transport spacecraft proposal for delivering cosmonauts to Soyuz R military stations (1966); cancelled in 1970 in favor of the TKS spacecraft
Soyuz PPK revised version of Soyuz P (1964)
Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda space station proposal (1964)
Soyuz-VI crewed combat spacecraft proposal; cancelled in 1965
Soyuz OIS (1967)
Derivatives [ edit ]
The Zond spacecraft was designed to take a crew around the Moon, but never achieved the required degree of safety or political need. Zond 5 did circle the Moon in September 1968, with two tortoises and other life forms, and returned safely to Earth although in an atmospheric entry which probably would have killed human travelers.
The Progress series of robotic cargo ships for the Salyut , Mir , and ISS use the engine section, orbital module, automatic navigation, docking mechanism, and overall layout of the Soyuz spacecraft, but are incapable of reentry.
While not a direct derivative, the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft follows the basic template originally pioneered by Soyuz.[11] [12]
Soyuz crewed flights [ edit ]
Soyuz uncrewed flights [ edit ]
Kosmos 140 - reentry damage
Kosmos 186
Kosmos 188
Kosmos 212
Kosmos 213
Kosmos 238
Soyuz 2 - failed to dock
Kosmos 379
Kosmos 396
Kosmos 434
Kosmos 496
Kosmos 573
Kosmos 613
Kosmos 638
Kosmos 656
Kosmos 670
Kosmos 672
Kosmos 772 - partial fail
Soyuz 20
Kosmos 869
Kosmos 1001
Kosmos 1074
Soyuz 34
Soyuz T-1
Soyuz TM-1
Soyuz MS-14
Soyuz MS-23
Gallery [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Wild, Flint (27 June 2018). "What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?" . NASA . Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
^ a b O'Callaghan, Jonathan (9 April 2020). "The Last Soyuz - NASA Ends Reliance On Russia With Final Launch Before Crew Dragon" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
^ Luscombe, Richard; Sample, Ian (30 May 2020). "SpaceX successfully launches Nasa astronauts into orbit" . The Guardian Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
^ "Soyuz & Vega at the Spaceport" . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009.
^ "Galileo: Europe readies itself for October launch" . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2011 .
^ "CNES at Europe's Spaceport" . European Space Agency . ESA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2019 .
^ "ESA at Europe's Spaceport" . European Space Agency . ESA. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2019 .
^ "Arianespace at Europe's Spaceport" . European Space Agency . ESA. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2019 .
^ Shenzhou-5 – Quick Facts Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Astronautix.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2013.
^ "ShenZhou Manned Spacecraft" . sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2021 .
^ "Launch and Landing" . NASA. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2011 .
^ Oberhaus, Daniel. "SpaceX Launched Two Astronauts—Changing Spaceflight Forever" . Wired . Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020 .
^ "LA times, U.S.-Russian Crew Blasts Off to Space, By David Holley, 26 April 2003, Times Staff Writer" . Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019 .
^ Beyond the Saga of Rocket Science: In Space to Stay, By Walter Sierra, page 225-226, 2019
t
e
Main topics
Past missions
Current missions
Future missions
Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz ; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)". Italics designates cancelled missions.
t
e
Early programme
7K series
Later series
Progress
Other derivatives
t
e
Active
In development
Past
Cancelled
Moon: Zond (7K-L1) , N1-L3 , LK-700 , Zvezda
Interplanetary: TMK , Aelita , Martian Piloted Complex
Spaceplanes: Spiral , Energia / Buran , MAKS , Kliper , LKS , Tupolev Tu-2000
Capsules: Zvezda , Zarya
Space Stations: OPSEK
Related
t
e
Launch sites
Launch vehicles
Human spaceflight
Past
Cancelled
Active
In development
Robotic
Past
Active
In development
Communications
Concepts
Images and artwork
Related
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_programme&oldid=1232253520 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● S o y u z p r o g r a m ● H u m a n s p a c e f l i g h t p r o g r a m s ● C r e w e d s p a c e p r o g r a m o f R u s s i a ● C r e w e d s p a c e p r o g r a m o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n ● P r o j e c t s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 6 3 ● 1 9 6 3 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● W e b a r c h i v e t e m p l a t e w a y b a c k l i n k s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● U s e O x f o r d s p e l l i n g f r o m J u l y 2 0 1 9 ● U s e d m y d a t e s f r o m M a r c h 2 0 2 2 ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g R u s s i a n - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● P a g e s w i t h R u s s i a n I P A ● C o m m o n s l i n k i s o n W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 9 : 4 5 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
