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The lifetime of excited states results in natural broadening, also known as lifetime broadening. The [[uncertainty principle]] relates the lifetime of an excited state (due to [[Spontaneous emission|spontaneous radiative decay]] or the [[Auger effect|Auger process]]) with the uncertainty of its energy. |
The lifetime of excited states results in natural broadening, also known as lifetime broadening. The [[uncertainty principle]] relates the lifetime of an excited state (due to [[Spontaneous emission|spontaneous radiative decay]] or the [[Auger effect|Auger process]]) with the uncertainty of its energy. |
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Some authors use the term "radiative broadening" to refer specifically to the part of natural broadening caused by the spontaneous radiative decay.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 978-0-471-12533-4| last1 = Krainov| first1 = Vladimir| last2 = Reiss| first2 = Howard| last3 = Smirnov| first3 = Boris| title = Radiative Processes in Atomic Physics| date = 1997| doi = 10.1002/3527605606}}</ref> |
Some authors use the term "radiative broadening" to refer specifically to the part of natural broadening caused by the spontaneous radiative decay.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 978-0-471-12533-4| last1 = Krainov| first1 = Vladimir| last2 = Reiss| first2 = Howard| last3 = Smirnov| first3 = Boris| title = Radiative Processes in Atomic Physics| date = 1997| doi = 10.1002/3527605606}}</ref> |
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A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission. This broadening effect results in an unshifted [[Lorentzian function|Lorentzian profile]]. The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced.<ref>For example, in the following article, decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity, thus reducing the natural broadening: {{cite journal|last=Gabrielse|first=Gerald|author2=H. Dehmelt |title=Observation of Inhibited Spontaneous Emission|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=55|pages=67–70|year=1985|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.67|pmid=10031682|issue=1|bibcode=1985PhRvL..55...67G}}</ref> |
A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission (and v.v.). This broadening effect results in an unshifted [[Lorentzian function|Lorentzian profile]]. The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced.<ref>For example, in the following article, decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity, thus reducing the natural broadening: {{cite journal|last=Gabrielse|first=Gerald|author2=H. Dehmelt |title=Observation of Inhibited Spontaneous Emission|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=55|pages=67–70|year=1985|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.67|pmid=10031682|issue=1|bibcode=1985PhRvL..55...67G}}</ref> |
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==== Thermal Doppler broadening ==== |
==== Thermal Doppler broadening ==== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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