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Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear [[gene|genetic information]] to the [[diploid]] offspring (excluding, in most cases, [[mitochondrial DNA]]). In mammals, the [[sex]] of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing an [[X chromosome]] will lead to a [[female]] (XX) offspring, while one bearing a [[Y chromosome]] will lead to a [[male]] (XY) offspring. Sperm cells were first observed in [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]'s laboratory in 1677.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.html|title=Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control|access-date=2006-04-06|work=CBC News|archive-date=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428142316/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear [[gene|genetic information]] to the [[diploid]] offspring (excluding, in most cases, [[mitochondrial DNA]]). In mammals, the [[sex]] of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing an [[X chromosome]] will lead to a [[female]] (XX) offspring, while one bearing a [[Y chromosome]] will lead to a [[male]] (XY) offspring. Sperm cells were first observed in [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]'s laboratory in 1677.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.html|title=Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control|access-date=2006-04-06|work=CBC News|archive-date=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428142316/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Human sperm under microscope.webm|thumb|Human sperm under microscope]] |
[[File:Human sperm under microscope.webm|thumb|Human sperm under microscope, seen as small dots]] |
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==Mammalian spermatozoon structure, function, and size== |
==Mammalian spermatozoon structure, function, and size== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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