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Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can reflect the interplay of [[good and evil]]. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about [[William Brodie]], which he later reworked with the help of [[William Ernest Henley|W. E. Henley]] and which was produced for the first time in 1882.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swearingen |first1=Roger G. |last2=Stevenson |first2=Robert Louis |title=The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson: A Guide |date=1980 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-27652-5 |page=37 }}</ref> In early 1884, he wrote the short story "[[Markheim]]", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a [[Annual publication|Christmas annual]]. |
Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can reflect the interplay of [[good and evil]]. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about [[William Brodie]], which he later reworked with the help of [[William Ernest Henley|W. E. Henley]] and which was produced for the first time in 1882.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swearingen |first1=Roger G. |last2=Stevenson |first2=Robert Louis |title=The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson: A Guide |date=1980 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-27652-5 |page=37 }}</ref> In early 1884, he wrote the short story "[[Markheim]]", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a [[Annual publication|Christmas annual]]. |
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Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, [[Eugene Chantrelle]], who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chantrelle |first1=Eugène Marie |url=https://archive.org/details/trialofeugnema00chanuoft |title=Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle |last2=Smith |first2=Alexander Duncan |publisher=Toronto, Canada Law Book Co |year=1906 |oclc=1085960179 }}{{pn |
Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with an Edinburgh-based French teacher, [[Eugene Chantrelle]], who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chantrelle |first1=Eugène Marie |url=https://archive.org/details/trialofeugnema00chanuoft |title=Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle |last2=Smith |first2=Alexander Duncan |publisher=Toronto, Canada Law Book Co |year=1906 |oclc=1085960179 }}{{pn}}</ref> Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hodges |first1=Jeremy |title=Lamplit, Vicious Fairy Land |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/?page_id=20277 |website=RLS Website }}{{dead link}}</ref> Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as "the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'." Moreover, it was believed that the teacher had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a "favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium".<ref>{{cite news |title=Real-life Jekyll & Hyde who inspired Stevenson's classic |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/real-life-jekyll-hyde-who-inspired-stevensons-classic-612461 |work=The Scotsman |date=16 November 2016 }}</ref> |
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The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of [[Bournemouth]] in [[Hampshire]], where Stevenson had moved in 1884 to benefit from its sea air and warmer climate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hainsworth |first1=J. J. |title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 }}{{pn|date=January 2024}}</ref> Living then in Bournemouth was the former Reverend [[Walter Jekyll]], younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer [[Gertrude Jekyll]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinclair |first1=Jill |title=Queen of the mixed border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview7 |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref> whom Stevenson befriended and from whom he borrowed the name Jekyll.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinclair |first1=Jill |title=Queen of the mixed border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview7 |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref> Jekyll was almost certainly homosexual,<ref>Wayne F. Cooper, ''Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner In The Harlem Renaissance'', Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge 1987, pp23-24, 29-30</ref> and having renounced his Anglican vocation, and exiled himself to the Continent for several years, had clearly struggled to find his place in society.<ref>Sarah Festing, ''Gertrude Jekyll'', Viking, London 1991, pp175-176, 243</ref> Stevenson was friends with other homosexual men, including [[Horatio Brown]], [[Edmund Gosse]], and [[John Addington Symonds]],<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p210.</ref> and the duality of their socially-suppressed selves may have shaped his book.<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p305.</ref> Symonds was shocked by the book, writing to Stevenson that "viewed as an allegory, it touches one too closely."<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p214.</ref> |
The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of [[Bournemouth]] in [[Hampshire]], where Stevenson had moved in 1884 to benefit from its sea air and warmer climate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hainsworth |first1=J. J. |title=Jack the Ripper—Case Solved, 1891 |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9676-1 }}{{pn|date=January 2024}}</ref> Living then in Bournemouth was the former Reverend [[Walter Jekyll]], younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer [[Gertrude Jekyll]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinclair |first1=Jill |title=Queen of the mixed border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview7 |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref> whom Stevenson befriended and from whom he borrowed the name Jekyll.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinclair |first1=Jill |title=Queen of the mixed border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview7 |work=The Guardian |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref> Jekyll was almost certainly homosexual,<ref>Wayne F. Cooper, ''Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner In The Harlem Renaissance'', Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge 1987, pp23-24, 29-30</ref> and having renounced his Anglican vocation, and exiled himself to the Continent for several years, had clearly struggled to find his place in society.<ref>Sarah Festing, ''Gertrude Jekyll'', Viking, London 1991, pp175-176, 243</ref> Stevenson was friends with other homosexual men, including [[Horatio Brown]], [[Edmund Gosse]], and [[John Addington Symonds]],<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p210.</ref> and the duality of their socially-suppressed selves may have shaped his book.<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p305.</ref> Symonds was shocked by the book, writing to Stevenson that "viewed as an allegory, it touches one too closely."<ref>Claire Harman, ''Robert Louis Stevenson: a biography'', HarperCollins, 2008, p214.</ref> |
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===Dualities=== |
===Dualities=== |
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The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature, usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil, with variations such as human versus animal, [[civility]] versus [[Primitive culture|barbarism]] sometimes substituted, the main point being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other, and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil, or barbarity, or animal violence, being projected onto others.<ref name="multiple">{{cite book |last1=Sanford |first1=John A. |title=Evil: The Shadow Side of Reality |date=1981 |publisher=Crossroad |isbn=978-0-8245-0526-4 }}{{pn |
The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature, usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil, with variations such as human versus animal, [[civility]] versus [[Primitive culture|barbarism]] sometimes substituted, the main point being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other, and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil, or barbarity, or animal violence, being projected onto others.<ref name="multiple">{{cite book |last1=Sanford |first1=John A. |title=Evil: The Shadow Side of Reality |date=1981 |publisher=Crossroad |isbn=978-0-8245-0526-4 }}{{pn}}</ref> In [[Freudian]] theory, the thoughts and desires banished to the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] mind motivate the behaviour of the [[conscious]] mind. Banishing [[evil]] to the unconscious mind in an attempt to achieve perfect [[Good and evil|goodness]] can result in the development of a Mr Hyde-type aspect to one's [[Moral character|character]].<ref name="multiple" /> |
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In Christian theology, Satan's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being (that he has a dual nature) and is not God.<ref name="multiple" /> This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon, shortly before drinking the famous potion: "your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan." This is because, in Christianity, pride (to consider oneself as without sin or without evil) is a sin, as it is the precursor to evil itself.<ref name="multiple" /> |
In Christian theology, Satan's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being (that he has a dual nature) and is not God.<ref name="multiple" /> This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon, shortly before drinking the famous potion: "your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan." This is because, in Christianity, pride (to consider oneself as without sin or without evil) is a sin, as it is the precursor to evil itself.<ref name="multiple" /> |
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