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{{Short description|Ongoing military conflict in Sudan}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = War in Sudan
| partof            = the [[Sudanese Civil War (disambiguation)|Sudanese Civil War]]s
| width             = 315px
| image             = 2023 Sudan clashes.svg
| image_size        = 300px
| alt               = 
| caption           = Military situation as of 19 December 2023
{{leftlegend|#FFCCCC|Controlled by [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and allies}}
{{leftlegend|#008080|Controlled by [[Rapid Support Forces]]}}
{{leftlegend|#E3D975|Controlled by [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (al-Hilu)|SPLM-N (al-Hilu)]]}}
{{leftlegend|#800033|Controlled by [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army#Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur)|SLM (al-Nur)]]}}
([[Template:2023 Sudan conflict detailed map|Detailed map]])
| date              = {{Start and end dates|2023|4|15|present|df=y}}<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=15|year1=2023}})
| place             = [[Sudan]]
| coordinates       = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
| map_type          = 
| map_relief        = 
| map_size          = 
| map_marksize      = 
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = 
| territory         = * Rapid Support Forces occupy most of [[Darfur]], [[Khartoum State]], [[Gezira State]], and parts of [[North Kordofan|North]] and [[West Kordofan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linge |first=Thomas van |date=2 November 2023 |title=Map of the Areas of Control in Sudan |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-of-the-areas-of-control-in-sudan |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110051648/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-of-the-areas-of-control-in-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (al-Hilu)|SPLM-N (al-Hilu)]] occupies parts of [[South Kordofan]] and [[Blue Nile State]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-third-front-sudans-armed-rebel-movements-join-the-war-between-the-generals/|last=McGregor|first=Andrew|date=8 August 2023|title=The Third Front: Sudan's Armed Rebel Movements Join the War Between the Generals|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006203115/https://jamestown.org/program/the-third-front-sudans-armed-rebel-movements-join-the-war-between-the-generals/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://acleddata.com/2023/07/21/sudan-situation-update-july-2023-the-saf-faces-setbacks-as-armed-groups-overtake-territory-across-the-country/|last=Ali|first=Mahmoud|date=21 July 2023|title=Situation Update July 2023 Sudan: The SAF Faces Setbacks as Armed Groups Overtake Territory Across the Country 21 July 2023|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002125705/https://acleddata.com/2023/07/21/sudan-situation-update-july-2023-the-saf-faces-setbacks-as-armed-groups-overtake-territory-across-the-country/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://acleddata.com/2023/08/11/sudan-situation-update-august-2023-heightened-violence-in-kordofan-region-as-more-militia-groups-step-into-the-conflict/|last=Ali|first=Mahmoud|date=11 August 2023|title=Sudan: Heightened Violence in Kordofan Region as More Militia Groups Step Into the Conflict|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006202642/https://acleddata.com/2023/08/11/sudan-situation-update-august-2023-heightened-violence-in-kordofan-region-as-more-militia-groups-step-into-the-conflict/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| result            = Ongoing
| status            = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]]
| combatants_header = Participants
| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg|border=}} [[Sudanese Armed Forces]]</br>
{{Br separated entries
| '''Allies:'''
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg}} [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (Agar)|SPLM-N (Agar)]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2023 |title=Malik Agar reveals government-proposed roadmap to end Sudan's war |language=en |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275848/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905000623/https://sudantribune.com/article275848/    |archive-date=5 September 2023 }}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|border=}} [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army#Sudan Liberation Movement (Tambour)|SLM (Tambour)]] (since August 2023)<ref name="SLM">{{Cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur |language=en |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905001443/https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |archive-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>
| [[File:JEM Logo June 2013.jpg|22px]] [[Justice and Equality Movement|JEM]] (since November 2023)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67450204 |title=Sudan civil war: Darfur's Jem rebels join army fight against RSF |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163046/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67450204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|22px]] [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army#Sudan Liberation Movement (Minnawi)|SLM (Minnawi)]] (since November 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |title=Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces |date=16 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234229/https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |url-status=live }}</ref></br>
| '''Alleged state support:'''
| {{Flag|Egypt}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF says it's ready to cooperate over Egyptian troops |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415161133/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/04/15/Sudan-s-paramilitary-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-Egyptian-troops |title=Sudan's paramilitary shares video they claim shows 'surrendered' Egyptian troops |date=15 April 2023 |work=al-Arabiya |language=en|access-date=15 April 2023|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192027/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/04/15/Sudan-s-paramilitary-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-Egyptian-troops|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flag|Iran}}<ref name=TimeKholood>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6342732/sudan-burhan-hemedti-descent-warlordism/|title=Sudan's Dangerous Descent Into Warlordism|magazine=Time|last1=Khair|first1=Kholood|last2=Akam|first2=Asmahan|date=7 December 2023|accessdate=9 December 2023}}</ref>
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name=TimeKholood/>
| {{flag|Turkey}}<ref name=TimeKholood/>
| {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011090624/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}} [[Rapid Support Forces]]</br>
{{Br separated entries
| '''Allies:'''
| [[Tamazuj]] (August 2023 – present)</br>
| '''Alleged state support:'''
| {{flag|Chad}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article279446/|title=Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces|website=Sudan Tribune|date=17 November 2023|accessdate=17 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234229/https://sudantribune.com/article279446/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TalkingPeace/>
| {{flag|Kenya}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-general-warns-kenya-against-sending-peacekeepers-2023-07-24/|title=Sudanese general warns Kenya against sending peacekeepers|website=Reuters|date=24 July 2023|accessdate=17 December 2023|last1=Eltahir|first1=Nafisa|last2=Holland|first2=Hereward}}</ref>
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name=TalkingPeace>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html | title=Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight | work=The New York Times | date=29 September 2023 | last1=Walsh | first1=Declan | last2=Koettl | first2=Christoph | last3=Schmitt | first3=Eric | access-date=30 September 2023 | archive-date=29 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071026/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html | url-status=live }}</ref></br>
| '''Alleged non-state support'''
| {{flagicon image|Flag of The Libyan National Army (Variant).svg}} [[Libyan National Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |date=15 April 2023 |work=al-Arabiya |language=en |access-date=15 April 2023 |title=Libyan Militia and Egypt's Military Back Opposite Sides in Sudan Conflict |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190701/https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|PMC Wagner Center logo.png}} [[Wagner Group]]<ref name="Wagner">{{cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Mezzofiore |first2=Gianluca |last3=Qiblawi |first3=Tamara |title=Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army |url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=20 April 2023 |quote=The Russian mercenary group Wagner has been supplying Sudan's Rapid Support Forces (RSF) with missiles to aid their fight against the country's army, Sudanese and regional diplomatic sources have told CNN. The sources said the surface-to-air missiles have significantly buttressed RSF paramilitary fighters and their leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420194129/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wagner in Sudan: What have Russian mercenaries been up to? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65328165 |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2023 |quote=Its founder, Yevgeny Prighozin – who has close links to President Vladimir Putin – has said that, "Not a single Wagner PMC [private military company] fighter has been present in Sudan" for over two years. We've found no evidence that Russian mercenaries are currently inside the country. But there is evidence of Wagner's previous activities in Sudan... |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430235621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65328165 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| combatant3        = {{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg|border=}} [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (al-Hilu)|SPLM-N (al-Hilu)]]<ref name="SPLMN"/><ref name="reserve"/><ref name=4killed>{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/four-killed-and-village-destroyed-as-rsf-attacks-splm-n-base-in-south-kordofan|title=Four killed and village destroyed as RSF attacks SPLM-N base in South Kordofan|work=[[Radio Dabanga]]|date=6 December 2023}}</ref> (June 2023 – present)
----------------------
{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|border=}} [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army#Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur)|SLM (al-Nur)]]<ref>[https://sudantribune.com/article279993]</ref>
| commander1        = {{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg|border=}} [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]<br> {{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg|border=}} [[Yasser al-Atta]]<br>{{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg|border=}} [[Shams al-Din Khabbashi]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg|border=}} [[Malik Agar]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|border=}} [[Mustafa Tambour]]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|border=}} [[Minni Minnawi]]
[[File:JEM Logo June 2013.jpg|22px]] [[Gibril Ibrahim]]<ref name=WarMonitor1711>{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-movements-we-renounce-our|title=Darfur movements: "We renounce our neutrality"|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=17 November 2023|accessdate=17 November 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116235659/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-movements-we-renounce-our|url-status=live}}</ref>
| commander2        = {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}} [[Hemedti]]<br>{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}} [[Abdelrahim Dagalo]]<br>{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}} [[Abdel Rahman Jumma]]
| commander3        = {{flagicon image|Flag of SPLM-N.svg|border=}} [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]]<ref name="SPLMN"/><ref name="reserve"/>
----------------------------
{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan Liberation Movement-Army.svg|border=}} [[Abdul Wahid al Nur]]
| units1            = 
| units2            = 
| units3            = 
| strength1         = 110,000–120,000<ref name=DW/><hr/>Unknown
| strength2         = 70,000–150,000<ref name=DW>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Sudan: Stalemates rule out one-man victory |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-stalemates-rule-out-one-man-victory/a-65373902 |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193223/https://www.dw.com/en/sudan-stalemates-rule-out-one-man-victory/a-65373902#:~:text=%22The%20range%20of%20the%20RSF,duty%20personnel%2C%22%20she%20added. }}</ref>
| strength3         = Unknown
| casualties4       = <!-- DON'T FORGET TO UPDATE THE NUMBERS IN THE BODY ESP CASUALTIES AND REFUGEES CHAPTERS--><!-- CASUALTIES -->9,000<ref name="UN9000"/>–10,000 killed and 6,000–12,000 injured<ref name="apperthes">{{cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=UN envoy for Sudan resigns, warning that the conflict could be turning into 'full-scale civil war' |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-sudan-perthes-resignation-447e4aafec720589859a2b69cc113068 |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010104517/https://apnews.com/article/un-sudan-perthes-resignation-447e4aafec720589859a2b69cc113068 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="3000jpost">{{cite news|date=17 June 2023|title=More than 3,000 people killed, 6,000 injured in Sudan conflict|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-746662|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620061616/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-746662|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="10kcnn">{{cite news|date=26 July 2023|title=10,000 reported killed in one West Darfur city, as ethnic violence ravages Sudanese region|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/sudan-west-darfur-thousands-killed-intl/index.html|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004145/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/sudan-west-darfur-thousands-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>5.6 million internally displaced<ref name="africa7.1">{{cite web |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/12/22/war-in-sudan-more-than-7-million-displaced-un/ |title=War in Sudan: more than 7 million displaced - UN |date=23 December 2023|website=Africanews |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref><br/>1.5 million refugees<ref name="africa7.1"/>
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox War in Sudan (2023)}} {{Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts}}
}}
<!--Do not include bold or "the 2023 war in Sudan is..." in the first line; see [[MOS:AVOIDBOLD]] and [[MOS:REDUNDANCY]]-->

A war between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] (SAF) under [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF) under [[Hemedti]], rival factions of the military government of [[Sudan]], began on 15 April 2023 during [[Ramadan]]. Fighting has been concentrated around the capital city of [[Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur]] region.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2023 |title=100 days of conflict in Sudan: A timeline |language=en |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/100-days-of-conflict-in-sudan-a-timeline |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928122030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/100-days-of-conflict-in-sudan-a-timeline |archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> As of October 2023, between 9,000<ref name="UN9000"/> and 10,000 people had been killed and 6,000 to 12,000 others injured.<ref name="apperthes"/><ref name="10kcnn"/><ref name="dabanga5k"/> As of 23 December 2023, over 5 million were internally displaced and more than 1.5 million others had fled the country as refugees,<ref name="africa7.1"/> and many civilians in [[Darfur]] have been reported dead as part of the [[2023 Masalit massacres]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Genocide returns to Darfur |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/05/genocide-returns-to-darfur |access-date=2023-11-11 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110034316/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/05/genocide-returns-to-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref>

The war began with attacks by the RSF on government sites as airstrikes, artillery, and gunfire were reported across Sudan. The cities of Khartoum and [[Omdurman]] were divided between the two warring factions, with al-Burhan relocating his government to [[Port Sudan]] as RSF forces captured most of Sudan's government buildings. Attempts by international powers to negotiate a ceasefire culminated in the [[Treaty of Jeddah (2023)|Treaty of Jeddah]], which did not stop the fighting and was abandoned as ineffective.

Over the next few months a stalemate eventuated, during which the two sides were then joined by rebel groups who had previously fought against Sudan's government. By mid-November the [[Minni Minnawi]] and [[Mustafa Tambour]] factions of the [[Sudan Liberation Movement]] had officially joined the war in support of the SAF, alongside the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM).<ref name="SLM"/><ref name="slm-jem">{{cite journal|url=https://sudantribune.com/article279446/|journal=Sudan Tribune|title=Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces|date=2023-11-16|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234229/https://sudantribune.com/article279446/|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast the [[Tamazuj]] movement joined forces with the RSF, while the [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]] faction of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North]] attacked SAF positions in the south of the country.<ref name="tamazuj"/><ref name="SPLMN">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates |language=en |work=[[al-Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |access-date=2023-06-23 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183037/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="reserve"/>

Starting in October momentum began to swing towards the RSF once more, as the paramilitary defeated army forces in Darfur and made gains in [[Khartoum State]] and [[Kordofan]]. Further negotiations between the warring sides have so far produced no significant results, while many countries have provided military or political support for either al-Burhan or Hemedti.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisar |date=6 December 2023 |title=Sudanese warring parties dig in as Jeddah talks falter again |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-warring-parties-dig-jeddah-talks-falter-again-2023-12-06/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmadi |first1=Ali Abbas |date=18 April 2023 |title=Who are the major international actors involved in Sudan's violence? |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/who-are-major-foreign-actors-involved-sudan-fighting |website=[[The New Arab]] |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|History of Sudan}}

The [[List of conflicts in Sudan|history of conflicts in Sudan]] has consisted of foreign invasions and resistance, [[Ethnic hatred|ethnic tensions]], [[religious violence|religious disputes]], and [[Resource war|disputes over resources]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sawant |first=Ankush |date=1998 |title=Ethnic Conflict in Sudan in Historical Perspective |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020881798035003006 |journal=International Studies |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–363 |doi=10.1177/0020881798035003006 |s2cid=154750436 |issn=0020-8817 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416144235/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020881798035003006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fluehr-Lobban |first=Carolyn |date=1990 |title=Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=610–623 |jstor=4328193 |issn=0026-3141 |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sudanese Civil War (disambiguation)|Two civil wars]] between the [[Government of Sudan|central government]] and the [[South Sudan|southern regions]] killed 1.5&nbsp;million people, and a [[War in Darfur|conflict in the western region of Darfur]] displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000 others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan: The basics |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |access-date=2023-04-17 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en |date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415115739/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has experienced more than 15 military coups<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sudan, a coup laboratory |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/sudan-a-coup-laboratory |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=[[Institute for Security Studies]] |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070705/https://issafrica.org/iss-today/sudan-a-coup-laboratory |url-status=live }}</ref> and it has been ruled by the military for the majority of that time, interspersed with periods of democratic parliamentary rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biajo |first=Nabeel |date=22 October 2022 |title=Military Rule No Longer Viable in Sudan: Analyst |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-october-revolution/6799915.html |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=[[Voice of America|VOA Africa]] |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070705/https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-october-revolution/6799915.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan is sliding towards civil war |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/04/20/sudan-is-sliding-towards-civil-war |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511163325/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/04/20/sudan-is-sliding-towards-civil-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF ===
By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western [[Darfur]] region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to a combination of racial and ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and [[Military dictatorship|military strongman]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] vowed to use forceful action. The resulting [[War in Darfur]] was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of [[war crime]]s and [[Darfur genocide|genocide]] against al-Bashir.<ref name="Abdelaziz-2023">{{Cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Eltahir |first3=Nafisa |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's army chief, paramilitary head ready to de-escalate tensions, mediators say |publisher=Reuters |editor-last=MacSwan |editor-first= Angus |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/ |url-status=live |url-access= registration |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415191940/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/ |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7&nbsp;million were forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful.<ref name=PathtoPower>{{cite web|first1=Samy|last1=Magdy|first2=Joseph|last2=Krauss|url=https://apnews.com/article/b5eba878a74445eb90febe4ec9231917|title=Sudanese general's path to power ran through Darfur|work=Associated Press|date=20 May 2019|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426213242/https://apnews.com/article/b5eba878a74445eb90febe4ec9231917|url-status=live}}</ref>

To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the [[Nuba Mountains]], al-Bashir relied upon the [[Janjaweed]], a collection of [[Arab people|Arab]] militias which was drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of [[Chad]]. In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganized as the [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]], more commonly known as Hemedti.<ref name=FearedForce>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-hemedti-the-puppeteer-behind-sudans-feared-rsf-fighters |title=Who is 'Hemedti', general behind Sudan's feared RSF force? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427222622/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-hemedti-the-puppeteer-behind-sudans-feared-rsf-fighters |archive-date=27 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="AtStakeRegion">{{cite news |last1=Fulton |first1=Adam |last2=Holmes |first2=Oliver |date=2023-04-25 |title=Sudan conflict: why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/25/sudan-conflict-why-is-there-fighting-what-is-happening |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503000543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/sudan-conflict-why-is-there-fighting-what-is-at-stake |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NoMercy>Harriet Barber, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sudan-unrest-militia-rapid-support-forces-janjaweed/ 'Men with no mercy': The vicious history of Sudan's Rapid Support Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426213242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sudan-unrest-militia-rapid-support-forces-janjaweed/ |date=26 April 2023}}, ''Telegraph'' (25 April 2023).</ref><ref name=Georgy>Michael Georgy, [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-hemedti-carved-route-power-by-crushing-darfur-revolt-2023-04-15/ How Sudan's Hemedti carved his route to power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424150330/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-hemedti-carved-route-power-by-crushing-darfur-revolt-2023-04-15/ |date=24 April 2023 }}, Reuters (April 15, 2023)</ref> The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages and were accused of committing [[ethnic cleansing]] against the [[Fur people|Fur]], [[Masalit people|Masalit]], and [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]].<ref name=NoMercy/> Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC),<ref name=FactBoxRSF>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/ Factbox: Who are Sudan's Rapid Support Forces?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414114321/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/ |date=14 April 2023 }}, Reuters (April 15, 2023).</ref> but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities.<ref name=PathtoPower/> In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force".<ref name=NoMercy/> Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially.<ref name=Georgy/><ref name=FactBoxRSF/> Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|fight in Yemen]] and [[Second Libyan Civil War|Libya]].<ref name=AtStakeRegion/> During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit [[Wagner Group]].<ref name="CNN Paramilitary">{{Cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Qiblawi |first2=Tamara |date=15 April 2023 |title=How paramilitary group leader Dagalo has consolidated power in Sudan |language=en-UK |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-army-paramilitary-palace-news-04-15-23/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416004524/https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-army-paramilitary-palace-news-04-15-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of [[Technical (vehicle)|armed pickup trucks]] which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum.<ref name= "CNN Paramilitary"/> The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as "[[coup-proofing]]".<ref name="AJLiveNews">{{Cite news |last1=Uras |first1=Umut |last2=Gadzo |first2=Mersiha |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Usaid |title=Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415095207/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

===Political transition===
{{Main|Sudanese transition to democracy}}
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, 2019 (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = [[Transitional Sovereignty Council|Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council]], [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]].
| image2            = Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 2022 (cropped).jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = [[Rapid Support Forces|Commander of the Rapid Support Forces]], [[Hemedti|Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]].
| total_width       = 325
}}

In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the [[Sudanese Revolution]]. Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression.<ref name=MEETimeline>
[https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-turmoil-bashir-fall-fighting-khartoum-timeline Sudan timeline: From the fall of Bashir to street-fighting in Khartoum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093524/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-turmoil-bashir-fall-fighting-khartoum-timeline |date=23 April 2023}}, ''Middle East Eye'' (18 April 2023).</ref> In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état]], ending his three decades of rule; the army established the [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitional Military Council]], a [[military junta|junta]].<ref name=Georgy/><ref name=FactBoxRSF/><ref name=MEETimeline/> Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur|issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes]].<ref name=DealRestoreTransition>Jack Jeffrey & Samy Magdt, [https://apnews.com/article/sudan-military-democracy-coup-d70cdb605bfef095eca113f77e73c68c Deal to restore democratic transition in Sudan delayed again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416120046/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-military-democracy-coup-d70cdb605bfef095eca113f77e73c68c |date=16 April 2023 }}, Associated Press (April 7, 2023).</ref> [[2019–2022 Sudanese protests|Protests calling for civilian rule]] continued; in June 2019, the RSF perpetrated the [[Khartoum massacre]], in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed<ref name=AtStakeRegion/><ref name=Georgy/><ref name=MEETimeline/> and dozens were raped.<ref name=AtStakeRegion/> Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack.<ref name=Georgy/>

In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the [[African Union]] and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military [[unity government]] (the [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]]), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, [[Abdalla Hamdok]], with [[2023 Sudanese general election|elections to be held in 2023]].<ref name="Abdelaziz-2023"/><ref name=MEETimeline/> [[2021 Sudan coup d'état|In October 2021, the military seized power]] in a coup led by [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] (SAF) leader [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy.<ref name="Olewe">{{cite news |last1=Olewe |first1=Dickens |title=Mohamed 'Hemeti' Dagalo: Top Sudan military figure says coup was a mistake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64704858 |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322202324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64704858 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DealRestoreTransition/>

===Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM===
The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]]/Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011]]. These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of [[South Kordofan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] a few months later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splmtoday.com/|title=Refinansiering av Forbrukslån Uten Sikkerhet via Splm|website=Splmtoday.com|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051819/https://www.splmtoday.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]] and one led by [[Malik Agar]], with al-Hilu demanding [[secularism]] as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article68841|title=Al-Mahdi rejects linking peace in Sudan to secular state|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=12 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113091337/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article68841 |archive-date=2020-01-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire.<ref name="victory"/> In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|title='Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba|date=September 2020|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227135937/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|url-status=live}}</ref> with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months after.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-focus/sudans-government-agrees-separate-religion-and-state |title=Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State |author=Michael Atit |work=Voice of America |date=4 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908010819/https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-focus/sudans-government-agrees-separate-religion-and-state |url-status=live}}</ref> Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and al-Hilu's faction subsequently engaged in clashes with the government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sudantribune.com/article274607/ |title=Sudanese army repels SPLM-N attack in South Kordofan |work=Sudan Tribune |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Sudan Liberation Movement]] (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm|title=BBC News – Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227151125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime.<ref>Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) ''Darfur: A New History of a Long War'' Zed Books, London, pp. 16–17, {{ISBN|978-1-84277-949-1}}</ref><ref>Jok, Jok Madut (2007) ''Sudán: Race, Religion and Violence'' Oneworld, Oxford, p. 4 {{ISBN|978-1-85168-366-6}}</ref> Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the [[Darfur Peace Agreement]], with some factions joining the government in Khartoum.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm "Darfur Peace Agreement Fact Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802015851/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm |date=2 August 2018 }} Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 2006, from [[Internet Archives]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/9223|title=Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218011413/https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/9223|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|title='Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba|website=Radio Dabanga|date=September 2020|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227135937/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Prelude ===
Tensions between the RSF and the Sudanese junta began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members from across Sudan. A military buildup in [[Khartoum]] was succeeded by an agreement for de-escalation, with the RSF withdrawing its forces from the Khartoum area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/stopping-sudans-descent-full-blown-civil-war |title=Stopping Sudan's Descent into Full-Blown Civil War |date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[International Crisis Group]] |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004142/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/stopping-sudans-descent-full-blown-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> The junta later agreed to hand over authority to a civilian-led government,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Egypt calls for maximum restraint in Sudan amid military clashes |language=en-UK |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230415-egypt-calls-for-maximum-restraint-in-sudan-amid-military-clashes/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415191940/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230415-egypt-calls-for-maximum-restraint-in-sudan-amid-military-clashes/ |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> and it was delayed due to renewed tensions between Burhan and Hemedti, who serve as chairman and deputy chairman of the [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]], respectively.<ref name=DealRestoreTransition/><ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=15 April 2023 |title=Gunfire and Blasts Rock Sudan's Capital as Factions Vie for Control |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/15/world/africa/khartoum-sudan-fighting.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415132926/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/15/world/africa/khartoum-sudan-fighting.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Chief among their political disputes is the integration of the RSF into the military:<ref name=DealRestoreTransition/><ref name="MEEHowDidWeGetHere">{{cite web |title=Sudan unrest: How did we get here? |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=15 April 2023 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-unrest-how-did-we-get-here |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415133458/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-unrest-how-did-we-get-here |url-status=live}}</ref> The RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |author-link=Zeinab Mohammed Salih |last2=Igunza |first2=Emmanuel |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415084000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, who is al-Burhan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=At least 56 killed, hundreds injured in clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace |language=en-UK |work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416003054/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl |url-status=live}}</ref> The two men have clashed over authority over sectors of Sudan's economy that are controlled by the two respective factions. 

Additional disputes began to arise over al-Burhan's restoration to office of old-guard [[Islamist]] officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to Hemedti's political position, as said elites were hostile to him due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-65297714|title=Sudan crisis: Burhan and Hemedti - the two generals at the heart of the conflict|website=BBC News|date=17 April 2023|accessdate=23 December 2023}}</ref> As a sign of the growing rift between him and al-Burhan, Hemedti expressed regret over the October 2021 coup.<ref name="Olewe"/>

On 11 April 2023, RSF forces were deployed near the city of [[Merowe, Sudan|Merowe]] as well as in [[Khartoum]].<ref name="Sudan">[https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/sudan-scontri-intorno-al-palazzo-presidenziale-si-teme-un-tentativo-di-golpe-a-khartum/ Sudan: clashes around the presidential palace, there are fears of a coup attempt in Khartoum – video] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415180407/https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/sudan-al-burhan-e-dagalo-si-contendono-il-potere-in-corso-duri-scontri-a-khartum/|date=15 April 2023}}, 15 April 2023.</ref> Government forces ordered them to leave, and they refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum.<ref name="Sudan"/> On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF declared the mobilization illegal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fears in Sudan as army and paramilitary force face off |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/13/sudans-army-warns-of-rsfs-movements-in-khartoum-other-cities |access-date=2023-04-15 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214744/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/13/sudans-army-warns-of-rsfs-movements-in-khartoum-other-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Course of the war ==
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|List of engagements during the war in Sudan (2023)}}

=== Initial engagements (April-May) ===
==== Battle of Khartoum begins ====
{{main|Battle of Khartoum (2023)}}
On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including [[Khartoum]] and its airport.<ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Fighting broke out in Sudan between national army and RSF militiamen |url=https://sudantribune.com/article272958/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415124257/https://sudantribune.com/article272958/}}</ref> There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, [[Sudan TV]], which was later captured by RSF forces.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:التلفزيون السوداني يتحدث عن وجود اشتباكات في مقره |url=https://twitter.com/AlArabiya/status/1647201567630663680?cxt=HHwWgIC9gafGhNwtAAAA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415180354/https://twitter.com/AlArabiya/status/1647201567630663680?cxt=HHwWgIC9gafGhNwtAAAA |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Bridges and roads in Khartoum were closed, and the RSF claimed that all roads heading south of Khartoum were closed.<ref name="Al Jazeera2">{{Cite news |title= |script-title=ar:لحظة بلحظة.. اشتباكات بين الجيش السوداني والدعم السريع |language=ar |trans-title= |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b4 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415111143/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the army retaking [[Merowe Airport]] alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio.<ref>{{cite news |title=State TV back on air |language=en |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415115739/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:=عناصر من الجيش ينشرون صورا لدخولهم قاعدة مروي العسكرية #السودان #العربية |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1647660109005312000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064612/https://mobile.twitter.com/AlArabiya_Brk/status/1647660109005312000 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>

The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shieff |first=Chris |date=16 April 2023 |title=Military Coup: Sudan Airspace Closed |language=en |work=[[OPS Group]] |url=https://ops.group/blog/military-coup-sudan-airspace-closed/#:~:text=On%20April%2016%2C%20Sudan's%20CAA,due%20to%20'security%20reasons.' |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420054206/https://ops.group/blog/military-coup-sudan-airspace-closed/#:~:text=On%20April%2016%2C%20Sudan's%20CAA,due%20to%20'security%20reasons.' |archive-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> Telecommunications provider [[MTN Group|MTN]] shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage across Sudan. This was attributed to electricity shortages caused by attacks on the electric grid.<ref name="Siddiqui">{{cite news |author1=Arwa Ibrahim |title=Dozens of people killed as Sudan fighting enters second day |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416144810/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Near-total collapse of internet connectivity |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/23/sudan-fighting-internet-outage-reported-across-the-country |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423080457/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/23/sudan-fighting-internet-outage-reported-across-the-country |archive-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Sudanese international trade began to break down, with [[Maersk]], one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country.<ref>{{cite news |date={{date|2023-04-25}} |title=Shipping group Maersk halts Sudan bookings over violence |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |url-status=live |access-date={{date|2023-04-25}} |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce }}</ref> 

[[File:Malik Agar governor 2009-08-19.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, his deputy [[Malik Agar]] became ''de facto'' leader of the Sudanese government.<ref name=WhosWho/>]]

[[Hemedti]] directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the [[Republican Guard (Sudan)|Republican Guard]]. Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was eventually placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum.<ref name=WhosWho>{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/whos-who-in-sudans-new-civil-war|title=Who’s who in Sudan’s new civil war?|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=1 September 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-army-chief-burhan-appears-public-first-time-since-war-started-statement-2023-08-24/|title=Sudan army chief Burhan appears to leave army HQ for first time - video|website=Reuters|date=24 August 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> In an interview with [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]], Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader [[Omar al-Bashir]] back to power.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF was fighting against radical Islamic militants.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSF head calls for international community to intervene |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |access-date=2023-04-17 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415115739/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border.<ref name="AJ Live News">{{cite news |title=Fighting rages in central Khartoum on fifth day of clashes |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419075222/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |archive-date=19 April 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref> Although a [[ceasefire]] was announced for [[Eid al-Fitr]], fighting continued across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clashes in Sudan despite calls for Eid ceasefire |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/2054206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072521/https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/2054206.html |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=rtl.lu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muted Eid2">{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Mohamed |last2=Booty |first2=Natasha |date=2023-04-21 |title=Sudan fighting: Muted Eid as ceasefire broken |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65344372 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421111134/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65344372 |archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to [[Port Sudan]] and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Battles 'raging' in Khartoum: AJ correspondent |language=en-GB |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085011/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Intercommunal clashes were reported in [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile State]] and in [[Geneina]].<ref>{{cite news |date={{date|2023-04-26}} |title=Shaky ceasefire enters second day as Sudanese, foreigners flee |work=France24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230426-ceasefire-shaky-as-sudanese-and-foreigners-flee |access-date={{date|2023-04-26}} |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426111712/http://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230426-ceasefire-shaky-as-sudanese-and-foreigners-flee |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65409733 |title=Sudan's Darfur fighting: 'I saw pick-up trucks full of dead people' |date={{date|2023-04-27}} |work=BBC |access-date={{date|2023-04-28}} |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65409733 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled their advances in multiple regions.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Sudanese army: RSF's combat capabilities reduced |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501092915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The [[Law enforcement in Sudan|Sudanese police]] deployed its [[Military reserve force|Central Reserve Forces]] in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Sudanese police deploy central reserve units in Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/30/sudan-live-news-fighting-enters-third-week-un-warns-of-collapse |access-date=2023-04-30 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430131426/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/30/sudan-live-news-fighting-enters-third-week-un-warns-of-collapse |url-status=live }}</ref> The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Sudan crisis: Air strikes and fighting in Khartoum as truce collapses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65440528 |access-date=2023-04-30 |work=[[BBC]] |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430133140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65440528 |url-status=live }}</ref> Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Confrontations continue near Presidential Palace: AJ Correspondent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501092915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/airstrikes-hit-khartoum-s-outskirts-as-sudan-s-war-enters-sixth-week-/7102020.html|title=Sudan's Army and Paramilitary RSF Sign 7-Day Cease-Fire|website=Voice of America|date=20 May 2023|accessdate=18 December 2023}}</ref>

Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burhan makes first appearance among troops since outbreak of clashes|url=https://sudantribune.com/article273901/|website=Sudan Tribune|date=17 May 2023|accessdate=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="15MayBBCreportedDagaloStatementArchived">{{Cite news |title=Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted |language=en-UK |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/4 |first=Will |last=Ross |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517225701/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/4 |archive-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member [[Malik Agar]].<ref name=Agar>{{Cite news |title=Sudan's Burhan sacks paramilitary leader as his deputy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-UK |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515115952/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became ''de facto'' leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country.<ref name=WhosWho/>

====Treaty of Jeddah====
{{main|Treaty of Jeddah (2023)}}

International attention to the conflict resulted in the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230511-pressure-by-all-possible-means-needed-to-halt-sudan-fighting-un|title=UN rights council votes to strenthen monitoring of abuses in Sudan|website=France 24|date=11 May 2023|accessdate=18 December 2023}}</ref> On the 6th of May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] for what was described by [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United States]] as "pre-negotiation talks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/6/rival-sudan-factions-meet-in-saudi-arabia-as-pressure-mounts|title=Rival Sudan factions meet in Saudi Arabia as pressure mounts|access-date=2023-05-06|date=2023-05-06|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506130042/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/6/rival-sudan-factions-meet-in-saudi-arabia-as-pressure-mounts|url-status=live}}</ref> After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the [[Treaty of Jeddah (2023)|Treaty of Jeddah]] on the 20th of May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as [[human shields]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Sudan conflict: Army and RSF agree deal to protect civilians |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65569513 |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512095107/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65569513 |archive-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in [[Geneina]], causing more casualties.<ref name="auto"/> The United Nations [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs]] [[Martin Griffiths]] expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting.<ref name="Griffiths clashes2">{{cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Clashes rock Sudan ceasefire as UN official seeks aid protection |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/3/clashes-rock-sudan-ceasefire-as-un-official-seeks-aid-protection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503150353/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/3/clashes-rock-sudan-ceasefire-as-un-official-seeks-aid-protection |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches,<ref name="church attack">{{Cite news |title=Sudan's warring sides trade blame over church attack |language=en-UK |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/3 |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516144238/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/3 |url-status=live }}</ref> hospitals,<ref>{{Cite news |title=No escape, no aid as fighting intensifies in Sudan's West Darfur |language=en-UK |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/no-escape-no-aid-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudans-west-darfur |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520021105/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/no-escape-no-aid-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudans-west-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> and embassies.<ref name="Embassy">{{Cite news |title=Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted |language=en-UK |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/2 |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516141843/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gunfire and explosions rock Sudan despite ongoing talks |language=en-UK |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515115952/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |url-status=live }}</ref> A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=Sudan's army and paramilitary RSF sign seven-day ceasefire |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/air-strikes-hit-khartoums-outskirts-sudans-war-enters-sixth-week-2023-05-20/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521123835/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/air-strikes-hit-khartoums-outskirts-sudans-war-enters-sixth-week-2023-05-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly [[Masalit people|Masalit]] town of [[Misterei]] in West Darfur on 28 May.<ref name="misterei">{{Cite news|date=11 July 2023|title=Rights group urges probe into Darfur atrocities by Sudanese paramilitary forces battling the army|language=en|work=ABC|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rights-group-urges-probe-darfur-atrocities-sudanese-paramilitary-101070997|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121716/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rights-group-urges-probe-darfur-atrocities-sudanese-paramilitary-101070997|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Summer stalemate (June-September) ===
[[File:Sudan National Museum (8625532907).jpg|thumb|right|The RSF took control of the [[National Museum of Sudan]] in June.]]

==== Continued fighting in Khartoum ====
As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties and injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-01 |title=Situation Report – Horn of Africa no. 442- 1 June 2023 |language=en |work=[[EEPA]] |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-442-1-June-2023.pdf |access-date=2023-06-01 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601171301/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-442-1-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Richard |date=2023-06-02 |title=Gunfire around state TV building in Sudan capital – reports |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361205 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024140/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361205 |url-status=live }}</ref> The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the [[National Museum of Sudan]] and the [[Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=How conflict is jeopardizing Sudan's museums and cultural heritage |language=en-GB |work=[[Arab News]] |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2316531/middle-east |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616051522/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2316531/middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Arms depot battle rages in Sudan as fuel facility burns |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/arms-depot-battle-rages-in-sudan-as-fuel-facility-burns |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619173025/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/arms-depot-battle-rages-in-sudan-as-fuel-facility-burns |url-status=live }}</ref> Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population.<ref name="EEPA 06/06/23">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-06 |title=SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 445 – 6 June 2023 |language=en |work=[[EEPA]] |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-445-6-June-2023.pdf |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082433/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-445-6-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Come July al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and in order to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to break the siege of the base. However this force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated. The paramilitary claimed it had killed "hundreds" of SAF soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Army column suffers losses in Khartoum Bahri |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/army-column-suffers-losses-in-khartoum |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030012208/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/army-column-suffers-losses-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Shelling continues in Sudan capital, 15 killed in Omdurman |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275417/ |access-date=26 July 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="aj32">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=At least 32 civilians killed in Sudan army strikes: Activists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/at-least-32-civilians-killed-in-sudan-army-strikes-activists |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010172330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/at-least-32-civilians-killed-in-sudan-army-strikes-activists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f24strike">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Air strikes kill dozens in Nyala as Sudan violence escalates in Darfur |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-air-strikes-kill-dozens-in-nyala-as-sudan-violence-escalates-in-darfur |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920214458/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-air-strikes-kill-dozens-in-nyala-as-sudan-violence-escalates-in-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=100+ dead as 'indiscriminate' shelling ravages Sudan capital |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/100-dead-as-indiscriminate-shelling-ravages-sudan-capital |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009220512/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/100-dead-as-indiscriminate-shelling-ravages-sudan-capital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="10dead">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=10 civilians killed in artillery shelling by RSF in Omdurman |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277786/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-us |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174352/https://sudantribune.com/article277786/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 21, 2023 |title=RSF breach the outer defenses of Armored Corps |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-breach-the-outer-defenses-of |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-breach-the-outer-defenses-of |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 22, 2023 |title=Map: RSF's attack on the Armored Corps headquarters, August 20–21 |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-rsfs-attack-on-the-armored-corps |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-rsfs-attack-on-the-armored-corps |url-status=live }}</ref> The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled [[Republican Palace, Khartoum|Republican Palace]] and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements.<ref name="palace3">{{cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=Sudan war: airstrikes on Republican Palace, civil servants await salaries while oil ministry raises fuel prices |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-airstrikes-on-republican-palace-civil-servants-await-salaries-while-oil-ministry-raises-fuel-prices |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819095118/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-airstrikes-on-republican-palace-civil-servants-await-salaries-while-oil-ministry-raises-fuel-prices |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and [[Khartoum North]] was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Sudanese army kills 12 RSF troops in Khartoum |language=en |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275701/ |access-date=3 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

On the 24th of August a SAF military operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to [[Port Sudan]] and hold a cabinet meeting there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=africanews |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907234909/https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276466/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Diplomatic efforts====

Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took actions against international envoys.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Sudan declares UN envoy Volker Perthes 'persona non grata' |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/sudan-declares-un-envoy-volker-perthes-persona-non-grata |access-date=2023-06-09 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628200217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/sudan-declares-un-envoy-volker-perthes-persona-non-grata |url-status=live}}</ref> The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked, and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=Saudi Arabia condemns attack on its embassy in Sudan |language=en |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65495446 |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606132310/http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65495446 |url-status=live}}</ref> Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-06-11 |title=Egypt toughens visa rules for Sudanese nationals fleeing war |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/11/egypt-toughens-visa-rules-for-sudanese-nationals-fleeing-war |access-date=2023-06-13 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624052115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/11/egypt-toughens-visa-rules-for-sudanese-nationals-fleeing-war |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Sudan Emergency: Regional Refugee Response, June 2023 – Progress report |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-emergency-regional-refugee-response-june-2023-progress-report |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=reliefweb.int |date=18 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183054/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-emergency-regional-refugee-response-june-2023-progress-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Al-Burhan flies to Egypt for talks with Sisi |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276609/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda.<ref>
* {{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277303/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174941/https://sudantribune.com/article277303/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-s-burhan-in-juba-for-talks-with-s-sudan-leader-presidency-8442db1b |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Barron's |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010050338/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-s-burhan-in-juba-for-talks-with-s-sudan-leader-presidency-8442db1b |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/sudan-army-chief-arrives-in-qatar-on-third-trip-since-war-began/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Africanews |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925172133/https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/sudan-army-chief-arrives-in-qatar-on-third-trip-since-war-began/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277090/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-army-chief-headed-to-turkey-on-latest-trip-abroad-2e2fc99f |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Barron's |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009210501/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-army-chief-headed-to-turkey-on-latest-trip-abroad-2e2fc99f |url-status=live }}</ref> He then proceeded to [[New York City]] as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th [[United Nations General Assembly]], where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=El Burhan returns to Sudan from #UNGA78, meets foreign delegates |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/el-burhan-returns-to-sudan-from-unga78-meets-foreign-delegates |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003074713/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/el-burhan-returns-to-sudan-from-unga78-meets-foreign-delegates |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Sudan army chief warns UN that war could spill over in region |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230921-sudan-army-chief-warns-un-that-war-could-spill-over-in-region |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=France 24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009210501/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230921-sudan-army-chief-warns-un-that-war-could-spill-over-in-region |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) enters the war ====

The [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]] faction of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North]] (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in [[Kadugli]], [[Kurmuk]] and [[Dalang, Sudan|Dalang]], the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks,<ref name="reserve">{{Cite news|date=26 June 2023|title=Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians|language=en|work=[[Barron's]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627044335/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates |language=en |work=[[al-Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183037/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation".<ref name="victory"/> More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting.<ref name="victory"/> Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group.<ref>{{cite news|date=2023-07-05|title=South Sudan president persuades SPLM-N al-Hilu to refrain from attacking Sudanese army|language=en|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|url=https://sudantribune.com/article274860/|access-date=2023-07-16}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=SPLM-N launches fresh attacks in South Kordofan amid calls for ceasefire |language=en |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275256/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230815130445/https://sudantribune.com/article275256/ |archive-date=2023-08-15 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>

Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into [[South Kordofan]] and gaining control of several SAF bases.<ref name="terrain"/><ref name="terrain22">{{cite news |date=11 July 2023 |title=SPLM-N El Hilu launches new attack in Blue Nile region and wins terrain in South Kordofan |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-launches-attack-in-blue-nile-region-and-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121711/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-launches-attack-in-blue-nile-region-and-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |url-status=live }}</ref> In response the Sudanese army brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions.<ref name="terrain"/> Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Sudanese army repels SPLM-N's fresh attack on Kadugli |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277730/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174352/https://sudantribune.com/article277730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The Darfur Front ====

In Darfur fighting and bloodshed was particularly fierce around the city of [[Geneina]], where hundreds lost their lives and extensive destruction occurred.<ref name="real hell">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-04 |title='Real hell': Deadly fighting escalates in Sudan as truce expires |language=en |work=Aljazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/4/real-hell-deadly-fighting-escalates-in-sudan-as-truce-expires |access-date=2023-06-05 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629170418/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/4/real-hell-deadly-fighting-escalates-in-sudan-as-truce-expires |url-status=live }}</ref> RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the [[Masalit]] population of Geneina, leading to accusations of [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 460 – 06 July 2023 |language=en |work=[[EEPA]] |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-460-06-July-2023.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162429/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-460-06-July-2023.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-07}}</ref> On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of [[Central Darfur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2023 |title=RSF claim 'full control' of Central Darfur after clashes |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-claim-full-control-of-central-darfur-after-clashes |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921102327/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-claim-full-control-of-central-darfur-after-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[United Nations]] investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians.<ref name="mass grave">{{cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Bodies of 87 people found in Sudan mass grave, says UN |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/bodies-of-87-people-found-in-sudan-mass-grave-says-un |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121716/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/bodies-of-87-people-found-in-sudan-mass-grave-says-un |archive-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |title=RSF atrocities pile up in Darfur after 100 days of Sudan fighting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/after-one-hundred-days-of-sudan-war-rsf-atrocities-pile-up-in-darfur |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083838/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/after-one-hundred-days-of-sudan-war-rsf-atrocities-pile-up-in-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> The governor of [[West Darfur]], [[Khamis Abakar]], was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview.<ref name="governor">{{cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=West Darfur governor abducted, killed as war in Sudan spreads |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/west-darfur-governor-abducted-killed-as-war-in-sudan-spreads |access-date=2023-06-15 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629173150/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/west-darfur-governor-abducted-killed-as-war-in-sudan-spreads |url-status=live}}</ref> The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in [[Nyala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Sudanese army resumes bombing RSF sites in Nyala of South Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277225/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based [[Sudan Liberation Movement]] led by [[Mustafa Tambour]] (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF.<ref name="SLM"/> In contrast the controversial [[Tamazuj]] rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's.<ref name="tamazuj">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Tamazuj group aligns with RSF in Sudan's ongoing war |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276260/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174407/https://sudantribune.com/article276260/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-06-04 |title=Public support for the RSF from seven tribal leaders in South Darfur |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-support-for-the-rsf-from-seven-tribal-leaders-in-south-darfur |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704165104/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-support-for-the-rsf-from-seven-tribal-leaders-in-south-darfur |url-status=live}}</ref>

As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in [[West Darfur]] and also attacked the market of [[Al-Fashir]], the capital of [[North Darfur]].<ref name="antonov">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Hemedti: 'RSF does not seek control over Sudan but will fight on to the last soldier' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/hemedti-rsf-does-not-seek-control-over-sudan-but-will-fight-on-to-the-last-soldier |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010050255/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/hemedti-rsf-does-not-seek-control-over-sudan-but-will-fight-on-to-the-last-soldier |url-status=live }}</ref> SAF offensives saw success in [[Central Darfur]], with the army retaking parts of [[Zalingei]] from the RSF.<ref name="fires">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Escalating Conflict: Sudanese army, RSF clash in Khartoum, El-Obeid, Zalingei |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277360/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174341/https://sudantribune.com/article277360/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into [[North Kordofan]], with the SAF attacked RSF positions in the state's capital of [[El-Obeid]] and clashes over the town of [[Um Rawaba]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Sudan war: clashes near Um Ruwaba, airstrikes on Khartoum, companies report financial losses |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-clashes-near-um-ruwaba-airstrikes-on-khartoum-companies-report-financial-losses |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007203619/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-clashes-near-um-ruwaba-airstrikes-on-khartoum-companies-report-financial-losses |url-status=live }}</ref> Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from [[Tawila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=RSF retreat from South Kordofan stronghold, military detentions across Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-retreat-from-south-kordofan-stronghold-military-detentions-across-sudan |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193554/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-retreat-from-south-kordofan-stronghold-military-detentions-across-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277603/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174945/https://sudantribune.com/article277603/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== RSF gains momentum (October-present) ===

==== SAF collapse in Darfur ====

[[File:Sudan Envoy - Darfur from above.jpg|thumb|right|By the end of November, [[Al-Fashir]] was the last of the five state capitals in Darfur under SAF control.]]
By October, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges, and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances.<ref name="Zalingei">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces seize Sudanese army base in Central Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278858/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161512/https://sudantribune.com/article278858/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 October, the RSF [[Battle of Nyala|captured Nyala]], Sudan's second largest city, after seizing control of the SAF's 16th Infantry Division headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2023 |title=Fall of the 16th Division headquarters in Nyala |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-the-16th-division-headquarters |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026155714/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-the-16th-division-headquarters |url-status=live }}</ref> The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Sudanese army forced to withdraw from Nyala due to supply shortage: military |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278768/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161514/https://sudantribune.com/article278768/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Simultaneous with Nyala, clashes were reported in Al-Fashir, with the SAF saying it repelled RSF assaults.<ref name="tribune">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=RSF take control of South Darfur's Nyala, vow to protect civilians |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278724/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161523/https://sudantribune.com/article278724/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to [[Zalingei]], the capital of Central Darfur. The SAF's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-war-in-sudan-is-an-rsf-victory-in-sight/|title=Assessing the War in Sudan: Is an RSF Victory in Sight?|website=Jamestown Foundation|last1=McGregor|first1=Andrew|date=15 December 2023|accessdate=23 December 2023}}</ref>

In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed.<ref name="DarfurCampaign">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Fall of Nyala and Zalingei garrisons closes one chapter and opens another in new Darfur war |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-nyala-and-zalingei-garrisons |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031220354/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-nyala-and-zalingei-garrisons |url-status=live }}</ref> However the army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and compelled civilians to flee across the border into Chad.<ref name="Al-Geneina">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces launch fresh attack on El Fasher, sparking displacement |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278904/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161534/https://sudantribune.com/article278904/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RSF besieged the headquarters of the SAF's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Sudan mil expert: 'Advances in Darfur will boost RSF leverage in Jeddah' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-mil-expert-advance-in-darfur-will-boost-rsf-leverage-in-jeddah |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102174943/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-mil-expert-advance-in-darfur-will-boost-rsf-leverage-in-jeddah |url-status=live }}</ref> The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad in haste.<ref name="Chad">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Mass arrests in El Geneina after withdrawal of garrison to Chad |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/mass-arrests-in-el-geneina-after |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106214223/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/mass-arrests-in-el-geneina-after |url-status=live }}</ref> Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse.<ref name="Chad"/> Witnesses later reported of mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to [[Ardamata massacre|2,000 people were massacred]] in Geneina's satellite town of [[Ardamata]].<ref name="Ardamata">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=RSF seize North Darfur garrison, reportedly commit mass atrocities in West Darfur |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-seize-north-darfur-garrison-reportedly-commit-mass-atrocities-in-west-darfur |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108120917/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-seize-north-darfur-garrison-reportedly-commit-mass-atrocities-in-west-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> With Geneina's fall, [[Ed Daein]] and Al-Fashir were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure.<ref name="DarfurCampaign"/><ref name="Chad"/>

The RSF stormed and plundered the town of [[Umm Keddada]], east of Al-Fashir, after the SAF garrison withdrew.<ref name="Ardamata"/> SAF troops in Al-Fashir itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance.<ref name="Fashir">{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=A genocidal militia is winning the war in Sudan |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/16/a-genocidal-militia-is-winning-the-war-in-sudan |access-date=20 November 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120040219/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/16/a-genocidal-militia-is-winning-the-war-in-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |date=8 November 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF closes in on capturing all of Darfur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/sudans-rsf-closes-in-on-capturing-all-of-darfur |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108165304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/sudans-rsf-closes-in-on-capturing-all-of-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the SAF's 20th Infantry Division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=RSF seize control of Sudanese army base in East Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279589/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162548/https://sudantribune.com/article279589/ |url-status=live }}</ref> SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Sudan war: East Darfur SAF base 'falls to RSF' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-east-darfur-saf-base-falls-to-rsf-control |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122133540/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-east-darfur-saf-base-falls-to-rsf-control |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the [[Justice and Equality Movement]], [[Sudan Liberation Movement|Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi)]], and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119193021/https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Confluence of Nile (Khartoum) 001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Shambat Bridge]] in Khartoum was destroyed on the 11th of November.<ref name=Shambat/>]]

==== The RSF cross the Nile ====
{{further|Battle of Wad Madani}}

The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October, along a key commercial route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2023 |title=RSF attack Wad Ajana in North Kordofan |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-attack-wad-ajana-in-north-kordofan |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040137/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-attack-wad-ajana-in-north-kordofan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2, 2023 |title=Thousands flee southern Sudan town as war spreads: witnesses |work=Yahoo News |agency=AFP |url=https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-flee-southern-sudan-town-162021815.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040139/https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-flee-southern-sudan-town-162021815.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of [[Al-Fulah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title=RSF 'liberates' vital Sudan oilfield |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-liberates-vital-sudan-oilfield |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Dabanga Sudan |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030173744/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-liberates-vital-sudan-oilfield |url-status=live }}</ref> Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it.<ref name="Baleela">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support attack Balila oilfield airport and kill at least 16 |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-attack-balila-oilfield |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031011538/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-attack-balila-oilfield |url-status=live }}</ref> The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces attack al-'Aylafun |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-forces-attack-al-aliyifun |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040137/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-forces-attack-al-aliyifun |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Sudan paramilitaries capture key oil station: Witnesses |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/06/Sudan-paramilitaries-capture-key-oil-station-Witnesses |website=Al-Arabiya |publisher= |agency=AFP |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/06/Sudan-paramilitaries-capture-key-oil-station-Witnesses |url-status=live }}</ref> By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eltahir |first=Nafisa |date=26 October 2023 |title=Paramilitary RSF say they have seized Sudan's second city |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/paramilitary-rsf-say-they-have-seized-sudans-second-city-2023-10-26/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027183056/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/paramilitary-rsf-say-they-have-seized-sudans-second-city-2023-10-26/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting eventually culminated in the destruction of the [[Shambat Bridge]], which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile, severing a critical RSF supply chain.<ref name=Shambat>{{cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Sudanese army accuses RSF of destroying strategic bridge in the capital |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279244/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111182847/https://sudantribune.com/article279244/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Shambat Bridge destroyed, bringing new advantage to Sudan's army |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/shambat-bridge-destroyed-bringing |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162550/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/shambat-bridge-destroyed-bringing |url-status=live }}</ref> In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the [[Jebel Aulia Dam]] in the village of [[Jabal Awliya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=RSF launch attack to capture Jebel Aulia dam |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-attack-to-capture-jebel |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112164023/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-attack-to-capture-jebel |url-status=live }}</ref> As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on November 20, all SAF resistance ceasing in the village the following day.<ref name="JebDam">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=RSF capture Jebel Aulia dam |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-close-to-capturing-jebel-aulia |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120180227/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-close-to-capturing-jebel-aulia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Rapid collapse of Sudan army defenses in Jebel Aulia |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-collapse-of-saf-defenses-in |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120203952/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-collapse-of-saf-defenses-in |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of al-Dalanj in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of 4 people and the destruction of the village.<ref name=4killed/> The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as “"tribal violence".<ref name=Qadarif/> On 8 December, the RSF entered [[Al Qadarif State|Gedaref State]] for the first time.<ref name=Qadarif>{{Cite web |title=RSF enter Gedaref State for the first time |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-enter-gedaref-state-for-the-first |date=8 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Sudan War Monitor |language=en}}</ref>

Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into [[Gezira State]] on 15 December, advancing towards its capital [[Wad Madani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-raid-abu-guta-in-northern-jezira|title=Map: RSF raid Abu Guta in Jezira State|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=15 December 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> On that day RSF units pushed to about 15 kilometres from Wad Madani, meeting resistance from the SAF 1st Infantry Division and aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-rsf-advances-wad-madani-eight-month-old-war-spreads-2023-12-15/|title=Sudan's RSF advances on Wad Madani as eight-month-old war spreads|website=Reuters|last1=Abdelaziz|first1=Khalid|date=15 December 2023|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of [[Rufaa (city)|Rufaa]] in the state's east and entering the [[Butana]] region.<ref name=HantoobBridge/> After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the [[Blue Nile]] and entering the city.<ref name=HantoobBridge>{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-seize-bridge-and-storm-into-wad|title=RSF seize bridge and storm into Wad Madani|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=19 December 2023|accessdate=19 December 2023}}</ref> The army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over.<ref name=WadMadaniMonitor>{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-wad-madani-fuels-criticism|title=Fall of Wad Madani fuels criticism of army|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=20 December 2023|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref> The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives.<ref name=WadMadaniMonitor/> The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in [[White Nile State]], capturing the town of [[El Geteina]].<ref name="GeziraOffensive">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=RSF consolidate control over Jezira and reach the gates of Sennar |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-consolidate-control-over-jezira |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor}}</ref> Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25km of [[Sennar]], the capital of [[Sennar State]].<ref name="GeziraOffensive"/>

==== Peace negotiations stall ====
Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/31/why-are-sudans-warring-factions-meeting-in-jeddah|title=Why are Sudan’s warring factions meeting in Jeddah?|website=Al Jazeera|date=31 October 2023|accessdate=18 December 2023|last1=Lawal|first1=Shola}}</ref> This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20231107-sudanese-army-rsf-paramilitary-forces-agree-to-facilitate-humanitarian-aid|title=Sudan's army, RSF fighters agree on humanitarian aid in peace talks but fall short of ceasefire|website=France 24|date=7 December 2023|accessdate=18 December 2023}}</ref> On the 3rd of December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Mediators suspended Sudan's ceasefire talks Indefinitely |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280013/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}</ref>

With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President [[William Ruto]] of supporting the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2023|title=Regional bloc calls for summit to consider Sudan troop deployment|language=en|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/regional-bloc-calls-for-summit-to-consider-sudan-troop-deployment|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711000746/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/regional-bloc-calls-for-summit-to-consider-sudan-troop-deployment|url-status=live}}</ref> IGAD's talks made somewhat more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/african-mediators-claim-progress-in-latest-effort-to-end-war-in-sudan|title=African mediators claim progress in latest effort to end war in Sudan|website=Al Jazeera|date=11 December 2023|accessdate=18 December 2023}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
{{More information|War crimes during the war in Sudan (2023)}}
As of October, more than 9,000 people had been killed and 12,000 others injured, according to the Sudanese Health Ministry and the UN.<ref name="UN9000">{{Cite news |last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=16 October 2023 |title=UN aid chief says six months of war in Sudan has killed 9,000 people |language=en |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-military-rsf-conflict-khartoum-f12975eb72c830ed86ed6a7a49e9658d |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015214513/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-military-rsf-conflict-khartoum-f12975eb72c830ed86ed6a7a49e9658d |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="apperthes"/><ref name="3000jpost"/><ref name="4000dabanga">{{cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title='Four thousand dead, four million displaced in Sudan conflict' |publisher=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/four-thousand-dead-four-million-displaced-in-sudan-conflict |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822182137/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/four-thousand-dead-four-million-displaced-in-sudan-conflict |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Masalit people|Sultanate of Dar Masalit]] claimed on 20 June that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in [[West Darfur]] alone,<ref name="dabanga5k"/> while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state.<ref name="10kcnn"/> On 12 June, the [[Sudan Doctors Syndicate]] said at least 959 civilians had been killed and 4,750 others were injured.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-06-14|title=Sudan's raging war forces more than two million from their homes|language=en|work=Aljazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/14/sudans-raging-war-forces-more-than-2-million-from-their-homes|access-date=2023-06-16|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615124146/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/14/sudans-raging-war-forces-more-than-2-million-from-their-homes|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 August, the UN said that at least 435 children had been killed in the conflict.<ref name="4000dabanga"/> Doctors on the ground warned that stated figures do not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nearly 100 people dead across Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/17/sudan-fighting-live-news-nearly-100-killed-as-clashes-spread |access-date=2023-04-17 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417073638/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/17/sudan-fighting-live-news-nearly-100-killed-as-clashes-spread |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesperson for the [[Sudanese Red Crescent]] was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small".<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite news |script-title=ar:لحظة بلحظة.. اشتباكات بين الجيش السوداني والدعم السريع |title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415111143/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=ar}}</ref> Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were [[enforced disappearance]]s, and were mostly blamed on the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RSF accused of over 500 cases of enforced disappearance in Sudan |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275738/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |language=en |date=3 August 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Notable deaths===
[[Asia Abdelmajid]], an actress, was killed in a crossfire in Khartoum Bahri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan crisis: Actress Asia Abdelmajid killed in Khartoum cross-fire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65467934 |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505015558/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65467934 |url-status=live }}</ref> A singer, [[Shaden Gardood]], was killed in a crossfire in Omdurman, as was former football player [[Fozi el-Mardi]] and his daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan crisis: Sudanese singer Shaden Gardood killed in crossfire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65585746 |access-date=14 May 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514011400/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65585746 |url-status=live }}</ref> Araki Abdelrahim, a member of the music group [[Igd al-Jalad]], was killed by the shelling of a mosque in the El-Shajara neighborhood of west Khartoum.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Relative calm in Khartoum, El Burhan leaves headquarters and travels to Port Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/relative-calm-in-khartoum-el-burhan-leaves-headquarters-and-travels-to-port-sudan |date=25 August 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |language=en-gb |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825163217/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/relative-calm-in-khartoum-el-burhan-leaves-headquarters-and-travels-to-port-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> The governor of [[West Darfur]], [[Khamis Abakar]], was abducted and killed by armed men hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview.<ref name="governor"/> [[Ahmed Abkar Barqo Abdel-Rahman]], a former member of [[National Legislature (Sudan)|parliament]] and a [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]], was killed by the RSF in a raid on his house in Nyala.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zaghawa tribe accuses RSF of assassinating notables in South Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277342/ |date=17 September 2023 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |language=en-gb |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174948/https://sudantribune.com/article277342/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Darfur===
In [[Geneina]], West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April had killed at least 1,100 people,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ethnic violence in Sudan raises genocide alarm as war rages on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/13/ethnic-violence-in-sudan-raises-genocide-alarm-as-war-rages-on |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en-UK |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616080530/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/13/ethnic-violence-in-sudan-raises-genocide-alarm-as-war-rages-on |url-status=live }}</ref> while the [[Masalit people|Sultanate of Dar Masalit]] claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city.<ref name="dabanga5k">{{Cite news |title=More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-5000-reportedly-killed-in-el-geneina-genocide |date=20 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621093528/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-5000-reportedly-killed-in-el-geneina-genocide |url-status=live }}</ref> In July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled.<ref name="10kcnn"/>

Massacres were recorded in towns such as [[Tawila]]<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-19|title=New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire|language=en|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/19/africa/sudan-ceasefire-darfur-killings-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2023-06-22|archive-date=2023-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629171052/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/19/africa/sudan-ceasefire-darfur-killings-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Misterei]],<ref name="misterei"/> while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes.<ref name="mass grave"/> Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government,<ref name="ukcleansing">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says |language=en |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67020154 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67020154 |url-status=live }}</ref> witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to [[ethnic cleansing]] or even [[genocide]], with non-Arab groups such as the [[Masalit people|Masalit]] being the primary victims.<ref name="auto4"/> Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the [[War in Darfur]] in 2003 and the [[Rwandan genocide]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/horrifying-testimonies-from-west-darfur-as-another-masalit-sultan-relative-is-killed |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705224320/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/horrifying-testimonies-from-west-darfur-as-another-masalit-sultan-relative-is-killed |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Foreign casualties ===<!-- Will include aid workers, journalists, and dual nationals if applicable. -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Foreign casualties in the 2023 war in Sudan
! scope="col" |Country
! scope="col" |Deaths
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(<span class="ltr">s</span>)}}
|-
| scope="row" |{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|15
|<ref name=":4"/>
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|15
|<ref name=":5"/>
|-
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|10
|<ref name=":6"/>
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|9
|<ref name=":7"/>
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|2
|<ref name=":8"/>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|2
|<ref name=":9"/>
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|1
|<ref name="www.cnn.com-2023"/>
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|1
|<ref name=":10"/>
|}
15 Syrians,<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4296896/diplomat-says-15-syrians-killed-amid-clashes-sudan|title=Diplomat Says 15 Syrians Killed Amid Clashes in Sudan|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=27 April 2023|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504163158/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4296896/diplomat-says-15-syrians-killed-amid-clashes-sudan}}</ref> 15 Ethiopians<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://apanews.net/2023/04/23/at-least-15-ethiopians-killed-in-sudan-crossfires/|title=At least 15 Ethiopians killed in Sudan crossfires|work=Apa News|date=23 April 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183511/https://apanews.net/2023/04/23/at-least-15-ethiopians-killed-in-sudan-crossfires/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 9 Eritreans<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/eritrea-accused-of-forcibly-repatriating-civilians-caught-up-in-sudan-fighting|title=Eritrea accused of forcibly repatriating civilians caught up in Sudan fighting|work=The Guardian|date=7 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512004130/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/eritrea-accused-of-forcibly-repatriating-civilians-caught-up-in-sudan-fighting|url-status=live}}</ref> were killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April.<ref name="www.cnn.com-2023">{{Cite news |title=Dozens killed as fighting between Sudan military rivals enters a second day |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416003738/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the [[University of Khartoum]] who was stabbed to death while evacuating.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2nd American dies amid violence in Sudan, White House official says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/2nd-american-dies-amid-violence-sudan-state-department/story?id=98877370 |website=[[ABC News]] |first=Sarah |last=Kolinovsky |language=en |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503040230/https://abcnews.go.com/US/2nd-american-dies-amid-violence-sudan-state-department/story?id=98877370 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US confirms second American death in Sudan, seeks extended cease-fire |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2293276/middle-east |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en |date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145613/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2293276/middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref> A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Turkish toddler killed in ongoing clashes in Sudan |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-toddler-killed-in-ongoing-clashes-in-sudan/2875179 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=aa.com |language=en |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145522/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-toddler-killed-in-ongoing-clashes-in-sudan/2875179 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two Egyptian doctors were killed in their home in Khartoum and had their possessions stolen on 13 June.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=Egyptian Doctors Killed in Sudan Conflict, Buried in Backyard |url=https://bnn.network/breaking-news/egyptian-doctors-killed-in-sudan-conflict-buried-in-backyard/ |website=BNN Network |date=13 May 2023 |publisher=HADEEL HASHEM |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183343/https://bnn.network/breaking-news/egyptian-doctors-killed-in-sudan-conflict-buried-in-backyard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ten students from the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] were killed in an SAF airstrike on the [[International University of Africa]] in Khartoum on 4 June.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-07|title=Sudan conflict: Army accused of killing Congolese in campus bombing|last=Mwai|first=Peter|language=en|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65821597|access-date=2023-06-07|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606172426/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65821597|url-status=live}}</ref> The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was refuted by the Egyptian ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Egypt denies killing of assistant military attaché by RSF fire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull?fbclid=IwAR05salRSz0v4yY7ZYAyNWlyuH1QRPvzDoi5hK0YEkMbrlyRr_BeUUTaW7A |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425053712/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull?fbclid=IwAR05salRSz0v4yY7ZYAyNWlyuH1QRPvzDoi5hK0YEkMbrlyRr_BeUUTaW7A |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trapped in a church in Sudan with no food or water |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en |date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Σουδάν: Δραματική κατάσταση για τους Έλληνες εγκλωβισμένους και τραυματίες – Χωρίς προμήθειες, ιατρική περίθαλψη και ρεύμα |trans-title=Sudan: Dramatic situation for Greeks stranded and injured – No supplies, medical care and electricity |url=https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/256409/soydandramatikhkatastashgiatoysellhnesegklobismenoyskaitraymatiesxorispromhtheiesiatrikhperithalpshkaireyma |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=ethnos.gr |language=el |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420062103/https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/256409/soydandramatikhkatastashgiatoysellhnesegklobismenoyskaitraymatiesxorispromhtheiesiatrikhperithalpshkaireyma |url-status=live}}</ref> A Filipino migrant worker<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filipino injured in Sudan clashes; 80 requesting to be rescued: DFA |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/20/23/ofw-injured-in-sudan-clashes-80-requesting-rescue-dfa |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=news.abs-cbn.com |language=en |date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420121216/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/20/23/ofw-injured-in-sudan-clashes-80-requesting-rescue-dfa |url-status=live}}</ref> and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 WNI Terluka Kena Peluru Nyasar saat Terjebak Perang Saudara di Sudan |trans-title=One Indonesian Citizen Injured by Stray Bullets while Trapped in Civil War in Sudan |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230418095739-127-939134/1-wni-terluka-kena-peluru-nyasar-saat-terjebak-perang-saudara-di-sudan/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033543/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230418095739-127-939134/1-wni-terluka-kena-peluru-nyasar-saat-terjebak-perang-saudara-di-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 April, the [[European Union Ambassador]] to Sudan, [[Aidan O'Hara]] of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April.<ref name="Ambassador">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Sudan fighting: EU ambassador assaulted in Khartoum home |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65306695 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418070630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65306695 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Residents flee">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Residents flee Khartoum as battles rage for fifth day |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person.<ref name="BBC News-2023-2">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Sudan fighting: Special forces airlift US diplomats from Sudan |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65363586 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423110134/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65363586 |archive-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier.<ref name="France538">{{Cite news |title=France evacuated 538 people, Macron says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |url-status=live }}</ref> An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Foreign powers rescue nationals while Sudanese must fend for themselves |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/europe/france-evacuates-citizens-sudan-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164026/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/europe/france-evacuates-citizens-sudan-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ar:إصابة أحد أعضاء السفارة المصرية بالخرطوم بطلق ناري |title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.alittihad.ae/news/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/4370142/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=[[Al-Ittihad (Emirati newspaper)|Al-Ittihad]] |language=ar |date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423103514/https://www.alittihad.ae/news/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/4370142/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casualties among humanitarian workers ===
In the [[Battle of Kabkabiya]], three employees of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) were killed after being caught in the crossfire at a military base. Two other staff members were injured.<ref name="aj">{{Cite news |script-title=ar:السودان.. اشتباكات عنيفة بين الجيش وقوات الدعم السريع (لحظة بلحظة) |title= |trans-title= |url=https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/liveblog/2023/4/15/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415142945/https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/liveblog/2023/4/15/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-16 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=ar}}</ref> On 18 April, the EU's top humanitarian aid officer in Sudan, Wim Fransen of Belgium, was shot and injured in Khartoum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gridneff |first1=Matina Stevis |last2=Walsh |first2=Declan |title=The E.U.'s top humanitarian aid officer in Sudan was shot in Khartoum. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/18/world/sudan-khartoum-fighting-news/the-eus-top-humanitarian-aid-officer-in-sudan-was-shot-in-khartoum |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418225805/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/18/world/sudan-khartoum-fighting-news/the-eus-top-humanitarian-aid-officer-in-sudan-was-shot-in-khartoum |url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 April, the [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) reported that one of its local employees was killed in a crossfire while traveling with his family near [[El-Obeid]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2023 |title=Humanitarian worker killed in Sudan crossfire, IOM says |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-iom-idAFL8N36O3PT |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141548/https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-iom-idAFL8N36O3PT |url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 July, an 18-member team of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] was attacked while transporting supplies to the Turkish Hospital in south Khartoum. By then, the [[World Health Organization]] had verified 51 attacks on medical facilities and personnel since the conflict began, resulting in 10 deaths and 24 injuries.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2023 |title=Doctors Without Borders team attacked in Sudan's Khartoum |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/07/21/Doctors-Without-Borders-team-attack-in-Sudan-s-Khartoum |work=al-Arabiya |location= |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721161938/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/07/21/Doctors-Without-Borders-team-attack-in-Sudan-s-Khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 July, Humanitarian Coordinator Clementine Nkweta-Salami said 18 aid workers had been killed and over two dozen others were detained or unaccounted for.<ref name="clementine">{{cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Sudan war enters its 100th day, medicines almost depleted in conflict areas |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-in-sudan-enters-100th-day-almost-no-health-care-available-in-conflict-areas |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726121545/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-in-sudan-enters-100th-day-almost-no-health-care-available-in-conflict-areas |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict has led the United Nations to declare Sudan the most dangerous country in the world for humanitarian workers after South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Sudan, South Sudan most dangerous countries for aid workers, UN says |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277819/ |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174934/https://sudantribune.com/article277819/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The situation was further compounded by attacks on humanitarian facilities, with more than 50 warehouses looted, 82 offices ransacked, and over 200 vehicles stolen. One particularly devastating looting incident in El Obeid in early June resulted in the loss of food "that could have fed 4.4 million people".

=== Attacks on journalists ===
The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists during the conflict. The [[Sudanese Journalists Syndicate]] documented over 40 violations in May alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained.

Media organizations accused both the SAF and the RSF of threatening, attacking and even killing several journalists during the conflict, with the Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documenting more than 40 such violations during the second half of May alone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=Violations against journalists in Sudan war |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/violations-against-journalists-in-sudan-war |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629010338/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/violations-against-journalists-in-sudan-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Aside from the occupation of state media channels, the RSF raided the offices of the newspapers ''El Hirak El Siyasi'', ''El Madaniya'' and the [[Sudanese Communist Party]]'s ''El Midan''<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2023 |title=RSF storm El Midan newspaper in Sudan |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-storm-offices-of-el-midan-newspaper-in-sudan |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629011052/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-storm-offices-of-el-midan-newspaper-in-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> and shot and injured photojournalists Faiz Abubakr,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Sudanese journalists condemn attacks, 'anonymous lists' |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-journalists-condemn-attacks-anonymous-lists |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629012609/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-journalists-condemn-attacks-anonymous-lists |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ali Shata,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Sudan journalists condemn shooting of photojournalist and 'continued press attacks' |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-journalists-condemn-shooting-of-photojournalist-and-continued-press-attacks |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706155419/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-journalists-condemn-shooting-of-photojournalist-and-continued-press-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref> while the SAF was accused of circulating lists of journalists it accused of supporting the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title=Silencing dissent: Journalists in Sudan face threats, raids |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/16/silencing-dissent-journalists-in-sudan-face-threats-raids |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618073847/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/16/silencing-dissent-journalists-in-sudan-face-threats-raids |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[BBC]] journalist Mohamed Othman was reportedly attacked and beaten in Khartoum while a correspondent and cameramen for the [[El Sharg]] news outlet were detained for hours near Merowe airport on the first day of the fighting on 15 April. On 16 June, [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] journalists Osama Sayed Ahmed and Ahmed El Buseili were shot by snipers in Khartoum,<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=Two journalists shot by snipers in Khartoum |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/two-journalists-shot-by-snipers-in-khartoum |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629012612/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/two-journalists-shot-by-snipers-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> while the RSF detained two of the channel's other reporters, Ahmed Fadl and Rashid Gibril, in Khartoum on 16 May, and subsequently looted Fadl's residence. During a live report on 29 April, [[al-Arabiya]] correspondent Salem Mahmoud was interrupted and questioned by the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2023 |title=Journalists shot, beaten, and harassed covering conflict between Sudan's rival military groups |language=en |work=[[Committee to Protect Journalists|CPJ]] |url=https://cpj.org/2023/05/journalists-shot-beaten-and-harassed-covering-conflict-between-sudans-rival-military-groups/ |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611180530/https://cpj.org/2023/05/journalists-shot-beaten-and-harassed-covering-conflict-between-sudans-rival-military-groups/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 June, Radio Zalingei journalist Samaher Abdelshafee was killed by shelling at Hasaheisa refugee camp near Zalingei, where she and her family had fled after fighting in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2023 |title=Fierce battles continue in Sudan capital, Kordofan and Darfur |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fierce-battles-continue-in-sudan-capital-kordofan-and-darfur |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720162319/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fierce-battles-continue-in-sudan-capital-kordofan-and-darfur |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudan TV photographer Esam Marajan was shot dead inside his home in the Beit El Mal neighborhood of Omdurman in the first week of August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Sudanese journalists condemn targeting of professionals and volunteers |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-journalists-condemn-targeting-of-professionals-and-volunteers |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811003000/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-journalists-condemn-targeting-of-professionals-and-volunteers |url-status=live }}</ref> Sports photojournalist Esam El Haj was killed during clashes around the Al-Shajara garrison in Khartoum on 20 August.<ref name="childsoldier">{{Cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=Child soldiers reported in Sudan battles |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/continuous-shelling-in-khartoum-and-omdurman-kills-more-than-eleven-in-fiercest-battles-yet |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> Halima Idris Salim, a reporter for ''[[Sudan Bukra]]'' was killed on 10 October after she was reportedly struck by an RSF vehicle while covering the fighting in Omdurman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=CPJ calls for investigation into killing of Sudanese journalist |language=en |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278258/ |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020175417/https://sudantribune.com/article278258/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate (SJS) reported on 10 August that 13 newspapers had ceased operations due to the conflict, while FM radio stations and channels also halted broadcasts, with journalists grappling with unpaid wages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=War leaves Sudan media in 'turmoil' |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-leaves-sudan-media-in-turmoil |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810235611/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-leaves-sudan-media-in-turmoil |url-status=live }}</ref> It later reported in December that the RSF had turned the premises of the [[Sudan TV|Sudan Broadcasting Corporation]] (SBC) into a detention center and was involved in the looting of other media outlets, including the [[BBC]]'s Khartoum branch, and the sale of media equipment, including that of the SBC, in markets in Omdurman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=RSF turned media premises into detention facilities: Sudanese Journalists Union |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280138/ |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

===Sexual violence===
{{Main articles|War crimes during the War in Sudan (2023)#Sexual violence}}

In July, authorities reported at least 88 cases of sexual assault on women across the country, most of them blamed on the RSF.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|date=3 July 2023|title=Fighting reignites between Sudan army, RSF in Khartoum|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/2/fighting-reignites-between-sudan-army-rsf-in-khartoum|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702221553/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/2/fighting-reignites-between-sudan-army-rsf-in-khartoum|url-status=live}}</ref> NGOs estimated that the figure could possibly reach 4,400.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|date=10 July 2023|title=Save the Children: Children as young as 12 raped as sexual violence rips through Sudan|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/save-the-children-org-children-as-young-as-12-raped-as-sexual-violence-rips-through-sudan|work=[[Radio Dabanga]]|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710101550/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/save-the-children-org-children-as-young-as-12-raped-as-sexual-violence-rips-through-sudan|url-status=live}}</ref> Activist Hala al-Karib stated that war rape had become an everyday occurrence with both fighting parties participating.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=655dd5fb25a3f53728286a1b%26Rape%20an%20everyday%20reality%20in%20war-hit%20Sudan%20-%20activist%262023-11-22T15%3A01%3A30.955Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:afc1cdc9-39f9-485e-a285-50cbbd687808&pinned_post_asset_id=655dd5fb25a3f53728286a1b&pinned_post_type=share?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=655dd5fb25a3f53728286a1b%26Rape%20an%20everyday%20reality%20in%20war-hit%20Sudan%20-%20activist%262023-11-22T15%3A01%3A30.955Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:afc1cdc9-39f9-485e-a285-50cbbd687808&pinned_post_asset_id=655dd5fb25a3f53728286a1b&pinned_post_type=share|title=Rape an everyday reality in war-hit Sudan - activist}}</ref>

== Foreign involvement ==
{{Main|Foreign involvement in the war in Sudan (2023)}}
=== Libya ===
On 18 April, an SAF general claimed that two unnamed neighboring countries were trying to provide aid to the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudanese Army agrees to 24-hour ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/18/sudan-live-news-rsf-fighting-for-rights-of-our-people |access-date=2023-04-18 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418085840/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/18/sudan-live-news-rsf-fighting-for-rights-of-our-people |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Libyan warlord [[Khalifa Haftar]], who is backed by [[United Arab Emirates]] and the Russian paramilitary [[Wagner Group]], dispatched at least one plane to fly military supplies to the RSF.<ref name=for1>{{cite news |last1=Faucon |first1=Benoit |last2=Said |first2=Summer |last3=Malsin |first3=Jared |title=Libyan Militia and Egypt's Military Back Opposite Sides in Sudan Conflict |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=19 April 2023 |quote="Mr. Haftar, who is backed by Russia and the United Arab Emirates, sent at least one shipment of ammunition on Monday (17 April) from Libya to Sudan to replenish supplies for Gen. Dagalo," the people familiar with the matter said.|archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190701/https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |url-status=live }}</ref>{{When|date=April 2023}} ''[[The Observer]]'' reported that Haftar assisted in preparing the RSF for months before the conflict broke out.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Salih |first2=Zeinab Mohammed |title=Libyan warlord could plunge Sudan into a drawn-out 'nightmare' conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/23/libyan-warlord-could-plunge-sudan-into-a-drawn-out-nightmare-conflict |date=23 April 2023 |publisher=The Observer |access-date=25 April 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425001614/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/23/libyan-warlord-could-plunge-sudan-into-a-drawn-out-nightmare-conflict }}</ref> The [[Libyan National Army]], which is commanded by Haftar, denied providing support to any warring groups in Sudan and said it was ready to play a mediating role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya denies involvement in Sudan fighting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Wagner Group ===
Prior to the conflict, the UAE and the [[Wagner Group]] were involved in business deals with the RSF.<ref>{{cite news |last=Craze |first=Joshua |author-link=Joshua Crze |title=Gunshots in Khartoum |url=https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/gunshots-in-khartoum |access-date=19 April 2023 |publisher=New Left Review |date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417215304/https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/gunshots-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="for3">{{cite web |last=Dewaal |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Dewaal |title=Sudan's New War and Prospects for Peace |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2023/04/19/sudans-new-war-and-prospects-for-peace/ |website=Reinventing peace |access-date=21 April 2023 |date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421090250/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2023/04/19/sudans-new-war-and-prospects-for-peace/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Both citations are blog posts.|date=May 2023}} According to [[CNN]], Wagner supplied [[surface-to-air missile]]s to the RSF, picking up the items from [[Syria]] and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Mezzofiore |first2=Gianluca |last3=Qiblawi |first3=Tamara |title=Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army |url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=CNN|date=20 April 2023 |quote=The Russian mercenary group Wagner has been supplying Sudan's Rapid Support Forces (RSF) with missiles to aid their fight against the country's army, Sudanese and regional diplomatic sources have told CNN. The sources said the surface-to-air missiles have significantly buttressed RSF paramilitary fighters and their leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420194129/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> US officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the [[Central African Republic]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schmitt|first1=Eric|last2=Wong|first2=Edward|title=United States Says Wagner Has Quietly Picked Sides in Sudan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/world/africa/sudan-russia-wagner-group.html|access-date=25 April 2023|work=The New York Times|date=23 April 2023|quote=Yevgeny Prigozhin, the founder of the notorious private military company Wagner, has offered weapons to the paramilitaries fighting for control of Sudan, according to American officials.|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424184558/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/world/africa/sudan-russia-wagner-group.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in [[al-Zurug]] from Chad.<ref name="Ukraine"/> SAF deputy commander Lieutenant General [[Yasser al-Atta]] also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from Chad, Mali, Niger, the Central African Republic, Burkina Faso, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Libya to fight alongside the RSF.<ref name="atta">{{cite news |title=Sudan general accuses 'mafia state' Emirates of supplying RSF |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=29 November 2023|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-general-accuses-mafia-state-emirates-of-supplying-rsf |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

In response to these allegations, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] defended the possible involvement of the Wagner Group, saying that Sudan had the right to use its services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Lavrov: Sudan has the right to use Wagner Group |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |url-status=live }}</ref> The head of the Wagner Group, [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]], denied supporting the RSF, saying that the company has not had a presence in Sudan for more than two years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Wagner denies involvement in Sudan crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |access-date=19 April 2023 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live }}</ref> The RSF denied allegations that Wagner Group was supporting them, instead stating that the SAF was seeking such support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RSFSudan/status/1649512592971374592 |title=On behalf of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) we would like to address the recent article published by CNN. In these times of information warfare and fake news, we stand as the steadfast defenders of truth, justice, and the will of the Sudanese people. |website=Twitter |access-date=2023-04-22|date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421225339/https://twitter.com/RSFSudan/status/1649512592971374592|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="libya-ahram">{{cite news |title=Sudan's army chief says Haftar denies supporting RSF; no confirmation on Wagner Group's involvement |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/496267.aspx |work=[[Al-Ahram]] |date=22 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425210328/https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/496267.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudan has denied the presence of Wagner on its territory.<ref name=France24>{{cite web|title=Russia's Lavrov pledges support on lifting UN sanctions, defends Wagner on Sudan visit|work=[[France 24]]|date=9 February 2023|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230209-russia-s-lavrov-meets-sudan-s-military-leaders-in-final-stop-of-africa-tour|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225184642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230209-russia-s-lavrov-meets-sudan-s-military-leaders-in-final-stop-of-africa-tour|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hemeti">{{cite news |title=Hemeti's CAR coup boast sheds light on Sudanese role in conflict next door |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |author=Mohammed Amin |date=18 January 2023|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-central-african-republic-hemeti-boasts-thwarted-coup|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330190927/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-central-african-republic-hemeti-boasts-thwarted-coup|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United Arab Emirates===
A report published by the ''Wall Street Journal'' on 10 August quoted Ugandan officials as saying that an [[UAE|Emirati]] plane on a stopover at [[Entebbe Airport]] en route to [[Amdjarass]] International Airport in eastern Chad turned out upon inspection to have been carrying dozens of green plastic crates in the plane's cargo hold filled with ammunition, assault rifles and other small arms", rather than food and other aid officially listed on the aircraft's manifest supposedly meant for Sudanese refugees. Despite the discovery, the plane was allowed to take off, and the officials said they received orders from their superiors not to inspect any more planes from the UAE. Prior to this, the UAE had long been accused of supporting the RSF. The [[UAE Foreign Ministry]] subsequently denied the allegations, saying that the country "does not take sides" in the conflict.<ref name="MEECAR">{{cite news |title=UAE Denies Sending Weapons To Sudan War |work=[[Barron's]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/uae-denies-sending-weapons-to-sudan-war-66133453?refsec=topics_afp-news |date=13 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815133455/https://www.barrons.com/news/uae-denies-sending-weapons-to-sudan-war-66133453?refsec=topics_afp-news |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Officials from the US, European and African countries claimed that the UAE was running a covert operation to back the RSF. Since June, Emirati cargo planes were identified landing in Amdjarass in Chad, where an airfield and a hospital were being used for the operation. The UAE insisted its operation was purely humanitarian, but officials stated that it involved supplying powerful weapons and drones to the RSF, treating their injured fighters and airlifting serious cases to their military hospital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph |last3=Schmitt |first3=Eric |title=Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071026/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html |archive-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> SAF deputy commander Yasir El Atta also claimed that the UAE was also using [[N'Djamena International Airport]] in Chad and another airport in the Central African Republic to deliver weapons to the RSF.<ref name="atta"/> Following these allegations, protests erupted in Port Sudan on 1 December demanding the expulsion of the UAE's ambassador, while al-Burhan was reported to have cancelled his participation at the [[COP28]] summit held in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279915/|date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

On 10 December 2023, Sudan ordered the expulsion from the country of 15 Emirati diplomats. No reason was provided, but it came amid reports that the UAE had been providing weapons to the RSF.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tolba |first1=Ahmed |last2= Abdelaziz |first2=Khalid |date=2023-12-10 |title=Sudan declares 15 UAE diplomats persona non grata |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-declares-15-uae-diplomats-persona-non-grata-2023-12-10/ |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref> The day before, three Sudanese diplomats were ordered expelled from the UAE following comments made by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta during which he accused the UAE of supporting the RSF and called the country a "mafia state".<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE expels three Sudanese diplomats amid escalating tensions |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280195/ |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

===Chad===
On 7 June, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claiming to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President [[Mahamat Déby]], posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kabbashi reaffirms Sudan's military leadership support for Burhan|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=9 June 2023|url=https://sudantribune.com/article274396/|access-date=20 July 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 17 November, the [[Sudan Liberation Movement]]-[[Minni Minnawi]] faction (SLM-MM) and the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and “supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Darfur armed movements renounce neutrality in Sudan war |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/armed-movements-renounce-neutrality-in-sudan-war |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, a report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under [[Osman Bahr]] intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from [[N'Djamena]] and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied.<ref>{{cite news |title=JEM denies receiving military supplies from joint Sudanese-Chadian forces |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |date=7 December 2023 |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280150/ |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=Sudan confirms receiving Chadian decision to expel four Sudanese diplomats |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280415/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Egypt===
On 16 April, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference.<ref name=egy1>{{cite news |script-title=ar:الدعم السريع: نتعرض لهجوم من طيران أجنبي في بورتسودان |title= |language=ar |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/sudan/2023/04/16/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |trans-title=Rapid Support: We are under attack from foreign aircraft in Port Sudan |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417105900/https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/sudan/2023/04/16/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF.<ref name=egy2>{{cite news |last1=Rickett |first1=Oscar |title=Sudan and a decade-long path to turmoil |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-decade-long-path-turmoil |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]] |quote="The Egyptians are already heavily involved," Cameron Hudson, a former CIA analyst, told MEE. "They are actively in the fight. There are Egyptian fighter jets that are part of these bombing campaigns. Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and the Egyptians are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF." |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418160458/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-decade-long-path-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military.<ref name=for1/> On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by ''The War Zone'' revealed that one Egyptian Air Force [[Mikoyan MiG-29M#Variants|MiG-29M2]] fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed at [[Merowe Airport|Merowe Airbase]]. A Sudanese Air Force [[Guizhou JL-9]] was among the destroyed aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tack |first1=Sim |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |title=Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=The War Zone |date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418003826/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military prior to the outbreak of hostilities.<ref name="BBC News"/>

====Egyptian POWs====
On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near [[Merowe, Sudan|Merowe]],<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF says it's ready to cooperate over Egyptian troops |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415161133/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/apr/15/sudan-fighting-khartoum-latest-news-updates |title=Sudan paramilitary group says it has seized presidential palace and Khartoum airport amid clashes with army – live |date=15 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418104709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/apr/15/sudan-fighting-khartoum-latest-news-updates|archive-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> and a military plane carrying markings of the [[Egyptian Air Force]].<ref name="AJreturn">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/egyptian-soldiers-captured-in-sudan-to-be-returned-says-rsf |title=Egyptian soldiers captured in Sudan to be returned, says RSF |date=16 April 2023 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416151727/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/egyptian-soldiers-captured-in-sudan-to-be-returned-says-rsf |url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="auto6"/> Later on, the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military.<ref name="BBC News"/> Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref>{{cite tweet |user=AlArabiya_Brk |title=مراسل العربية: الجيش السوداني يطوق مطار مروي العسكري|trans-title=Al-Arabiya correspondent: The Sudanese army encircled the Merowe military airport |number=1647269822567182336 |language=ar |date=15 April 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2023}} The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt.<ref name="AJreturn"/> On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826|title=Egyptian soldiers in Sudan moved from airbase – RSF|date=19 April 2023|work=BBC|language=en|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826|url-status=live}}</ref> One hundred and seventy-seven of the captured Egyptian troops were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian air force personnel remain in Khartoum: Sudanese army corrects earlier statement|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed|access-date=20 April 2023|publisher=Aljazeera|date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Egyptian army says soldiers stuck in Sudan back home or at embassy|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-army-says-177-egyptian-air-force-troops-evacuated-egypt-2023-04-20/|website=Reuters|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420191432/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-army-says-177-egyptian-air-force-troops-evacuated-egypt-2023-04-20/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kenya===
The SAF rejected Kenya's involvement in mediation efforts to end the conflict in July after al-Burhan accused President [[William Ruto]] of having a business relationship with Hemedti and providing a haven to the RSF.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Sudan's al-Burhan renews rejection of Kenya's chairmanship of IGAD mediation |url=https://sudantribune.com/article274888/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=15 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/11/sudan-rejects-african-peace-bid-and-enemy-peacekeeping-force|title=Sudan rejects African peace bid and ‘enemy’ peacekeeping force|website=Al Jazeera|date=11 July 2023|accessdate=23 December 2023}}</ref> In response to proposals for a peacekeeping force composed by African countries to be deployed in Sudan made in an [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD) committee chaired by Ruto, the SAF's Assistant Commander-in-Chief Lieutenant General Yasir Alatta accused Ruto of being a mercenary of another country, whom he did not identify, and dared Ruto to deploy the [[Kenya Army|Kenyan army]] and that of his alleged backer.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Sudanese general accuses Kenyan President of mercenarism, rejects East African force |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275353/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725074025/https://sudantribune.com/article275353/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 7 September, the Sudanese government threatened to withdraw the country's membership in IGAD unless Ruto was removed as chairman of the mediation committee.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Sudan threatens IGAD withdrawal over Kenyan chairmanship |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276993/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=8 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In response, Kenyan Foreign Secretary Abraham Korir Sing'oei called these allegations "baseless",<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2023|title=Sudan political blocs in Cairo call on army leader to form 'caretaker government' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-political-blocs-in-cairo-call-on-army-leader-to-form-caretaker-government |website=Radio Dabanga |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> while the [[Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs (Kenya)|Kenyan Foreign Ministry]] insisted on the country's neutrality in the conflict.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2023|title=Sudan military chief Yasir Alatta dares Kenya's Ruto to intervene in Khartoum conflict |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/yasir-alatta-dares-president-ruto-to-intervene-sudan-conflict--4314248 |website=The East African |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

A hacking group calling itself Anonymous Sudan launched cyberattacks on [[Kenyan government]] and private websites in the last week of July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2023|title=Sudan hackers target Kenyan govt websites |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-hackers-target-kenyan-govt-websites |website=Radio Dabanga |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

===Ukraine===
On 19 September, [[CNN]] reported that it was "likely" that [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Special Operations Forces (Ukraine)|Special Operations Forces]] were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation which was directed against the Wagner-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September.<ref name="Ukraine">{{cite web |last1=Butenko |first1=Victoria |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Qiblawi |first4=Tamara |last5=Goodwin |first5=Allegra |last6=Carey |first6=Andrew |last7=Munsi |first7=Pallabi |last8=Zene |first8=Mahamat Tahir |last9=Arvanitidis |first9=Barbara |last10=Platt |first10=Alex |last11=Baron |first11=Mark |last12=Lauren |first12=Kent |title=Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> [[Kyrylo Budanov]], chief of the [[Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)|Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine]], stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither deny nor confirm the involvement of Ukraine in the conflict in Sudan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Altman |date=2023-09-22 |title=Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/exclusive-interview-with-ukraines-spy-boss-from-his-dc-hotel-room |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The War Zone |language=en |quote=TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don’t remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny.}}</ref> but said that Ukraine would punish Russian war criminals anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenert |first=Abbey |date=2023-09-24 |title=Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan |url=https://kyivindependent.com/budanov-responds-to-cnn-reports-about-ukrainian-drone-strikes-in-sudan/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 November, the ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner mercenaries in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 6 November 2023 |url= https://www.kyivpost.com/post/23722 |title= EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan |work=The Kyiv Post |access-date= 9 November 2023}}</ref>

== Evacuation of foreign nationals ==
{{main|Evacuation of foreign nationals during the war in Sudan (2023)}}

[[File:ECDM 20230505 DM Sudan Conflict.pdf|thumb|Repatriations through the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism]]

The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move towards the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with a number of expatriates in Sudan are [[Egypt]], which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country,<ref name="Foreigners">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Foreigners evacuated as factions battle in Sudan's Khartoum |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/23/foreign-citizens-evacuated-as-factions-battle-in-khartoum |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424060522/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/23/foreign-citizens-evacuated-as-factions-battle-in-khartoum |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are [[dual national]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-23 |title=US has evacuated American diplomatic personnel from Sudan |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/22/politics/us-diplomatic-personnel-sudan/index.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |work=[[CNN]]|first1=Jennifer|last1=Hansler|first2=Kylie|last2=Atwood|first3=Haley|last3=Britzky|first4=Oren|last4=Liebermann|language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424091831/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/22/politics/us-diplomatic-personnel-sudan/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via [[Port Sudan]] on the [[Red Sea]], which lies about 650&nbsp;km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-23 |title=Which countries have evacuated nationals from Sudan? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |access-date=2023-04-24 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |url-status=live}}</ref> from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or to third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of [[Jeddah]] in Saudi Arabia and [[Djibouti]], which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-04-25|title=How the crisis in Sudan accentuated the strategic importance of Djibouti|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-the-crisis-in-sudan-accentuated-the-strategic-importance-of-djibouti/|access-date=2023-04-26|work=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|language=en|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426130344/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-the-crisis-in-sudan-accentuated-the-strategic-importance-of-djibouti/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Humanitarian impact==
{{Main|Humanitarian impact of the war in Sudan (2023)}}

The humanitarian crisis following the fighting was further exacerbated by the violence occurring during a period of high temperatures, drought and it starting during the fasting month of [[Ramadan]]. Civilians were unable to venture outside of their homes to obtain food and supplies for fear of getting caught in the crossfire. A doctors' group said that hospitals remained understaffed and were running low on supplies as wounded people streamed in.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |title=As New Wave of Violence Hits Sudan's Capital, Civilians Feel the Strain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/world/africa/sudan-fighting-khartoum.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090248/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/world/africa/sudan-fighting-khartoum.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The World Health Organization recorded around 26 attacks on healthcare facilities, some of which resulted in casualties among medical workers and civilians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan crisis: Civilians facing 'catastrophe' as 100,000 flee fighting – UN|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65448691|access-date=2 May 2023|work=[[BBC]]|date=2 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502114619/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65448691|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] said 80% of hospitals in conflict areas were out of service<ref>{{cite news |title=80% of health facilities in Sudan shut due to conflict: WHO |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279625/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |date=22 November 2023}}</ref> with 32 forcibly evacuated by soldiers or caught in the crossfire.<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 60% of hospitals out of service |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/22/sudan-fighting-live-news-army-says-foreign-evacuations-to-begin|access-date=23 April 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/22/sudan-fighting-live-news-army-says-foreign-evacuations-to-begin |url-status=live}}</ref> This included about half of Khartoum's 130 medical facilities and all hospitals in West Darfur.<ref name="3000jpost"/> Outbreaks of diseases such as [[measles]], [[cholera]] and [[diarrhea]] were reported across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2023 |title=Sudan fighting sparks communications blackout in Khartoum, disease outbreaks |language=en |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230714-khartoum-faces-communications-blackout-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudan |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121803/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230714-khartoum-faces-communications-blackout-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The United Nations reported that shortages of basic goods, such as food, water, medicines and fuel have become "extremely acute".<ref>{{cite news |last=Uras |first=Umut |date=25 April 2023 |title=Supply shortages becoming 'extremely acute' – UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |url-status= |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425154833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> The delivery of badly-needed remittances from overseas migrant workers was also halted after [[Western Union]] announced it was closing all operations in Sudan until further notice.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Sudan residents face cash shortage as sources dry up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/28/sudan-fighting-live-news-turkish-evacuation-aircraft-fired-on |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428182214/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/28/sudan-fighting-live-news-turkish-evacuation-aircraft-fired-on |url-status=live }}</ref> The World Food Programme said that more than $13&nbsp;million worth of food aid destined for Sudan had been looted since the fighting broke out.<ref>{{cite news|title=President Biden authorises sanctions against Sudan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-65361155|access-date=5 May 2023|work=[[BBC]]|date=4 May 2023|archive-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505000047/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-65361155|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 25 million people, equivalent to more than half of Sudan's population, were said to be in need of aid.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 June 2023|title=As Sudan war rages, rival sides accused of looting, diverting aid|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/as-sudan-war-rages-rival-sides-accused-of-looting-diverting-aid|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=25 June 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621081735/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/as-sudan-war-rages-rival-sides-accused-of-looting-diverting-aid|url-status=live}}</ref> In particular, the looting of the WFP's warehouses in El-Obeid on 1 June led to the loss of food aid meant to feed 4.4&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-06-01|title=WFP chief: Sudan looting is 'stealing from the hungry – food for 4.4 million people at stake'|language=en|work=Radio Dabanga|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/wfp-chief-looting-is-stealing-from-the-hungry-food-for-4-4-million-people-at-stake|access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> On 25 July, Humanitarian Coordinator Clementine Nkweta-Salami said attacks on humanitarian facilities had led to more than 50 warehouses looted, 82 offices ransacked, and over 200 vehicles stolen.<ref name="clementine"/>

The UN estimated that economic activity in Sudan fell by more than a third during the first three weeks of the conflict.<ref name="80m"/> In July, Sudanese economists estimated the total amount of damage brought by the conflict at $9&nbsp;billion, or an average of $100&nbsp;million per day, while the value of property and goods looted was estimated at another $40&nbsp;billion, with the most affected areas being Khartoum and South Darfur.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2023|title=$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/49-billion-of-economic-loss-and-looted-property-in-sudan |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121727/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/49-billion-of-economic-loss-and-looted-property-in-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> The exchange rate of the US dollar against the [[Sudanese pound]] in the black market rose to SDG730 in September, while it reached SDG625 at the official rate. The formal economy was described as being in a "near standstill".<ref name="80m">{{cite news |date=12 September 2023|title=Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/daily-economic-loss-of-sudan-war-estimated-at-80-million |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> Gold production was also reduced to just two tons from the previous year's output of 18 tons.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277271/ |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |access-date=15 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] said that 1,200 children had died from disease outbreaks in refugee camps in [[White Nile State]] since May.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=UN raises alarm over child deaths in Sudan as health crisis deepens |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/19/un-raises-alarm-over-child-deaths-in-sudan-as-health-crisis-deepens/ |work=[[Africanews]] |access-date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> In [[Central Darfur]], the head of the Hamidiya refugee camp said at least 43 children had died in the camp since July.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=More than 40 children die in Central Darfur camps as fighting escalates |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-40-children-die-in-central-darfur-camps-as-fighting-escalates |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |access-date=23 September 2023 }}</ref> UNICEF also estimated that up the conflict had led to the number of children being out of school in Sudan to rise from seven million prior to the fighting to 19 million in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title='19 million children in Sudan are out of school' says UNICEF |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/19-million-children-in-sudan-are-out-of-school-says-unicef |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |access-date=11 October 2023 }}</ref>

=== Refugees ===
{{Main|2023 Sudanese refugee crisis}}

[[File:Screengrab of refugee camp from Number of Refugees Who Fled Sudan for Chad Double in Week.jpg|thumb|Sudanese refugee camp in Chad, 16 May 2023.]]
As of 23 December, at least 7.1 &nbsp;million residents of Sudan have been displaced due to the fighting. The United Nations said that the conflict had produced more than five million [[internally displaced persons]], while more than 1.5 million had fled the country altogether.<ref name="africa7.1"/> This has made Sudan the largest host of IDPs globally.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan now has highest number of IDPs globally, says OCHA |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277361/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=17 September 2023}}</ref> The International Organization for Migration estimated that around 69% of IDPs had come from the Khartoum region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan conflict displaces more than 5 million people: OCHA |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276994/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=7 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In November, the UN said the conflict had created the largest child displacement crisis in the world, affecting three million children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan: World's largest child displacement crisis |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279303/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=12 November 2023 }}</ref>

Of those who fled abroad, more than 160,000 of them were [[Masalit people|Masalit]] who fled to Chad to escape ethnically based attacks by the RSF and allied militias.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudan crisis: From Ruto to Sisi, leaders vie to drive peace process |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66169535 |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en |date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719122219/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66169535 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fighting between the SAF and the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) had reportedly displaced more than 35,000 people in Blue Nile State alone, with 3,000 of them fleeing to Ethiopia,<ref name="victory">{{Cite news|date=28 June 2023|title=Sudan army claims victory over rebel fighters in Blue Nile region|language=en|work=[[Radio Dabanga]]|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-claims-victory-after-battles-with-rebel-fighters-in-blue-nile-region|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705114331/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-claims-victory-after-battles-with-rebel-fighters-in-blue-nile-region|url-status=live}}</ref> while more than 83,000 were displaced in South Kordofan.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Kordofan's displaced in Kadugli 'denied aid' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/south-kordofans-displaced-in-kadugli-denied-aid |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=26 September 2023 }}</ref> As of August, more than 400,000 people had fled to Chad, making it the largest single destination of refugees from the conflict, while others fled to other neighboring countries such as the Central African Republic, Egypt, and South Sudan.<ref name="refug"/>

The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UN Refugee Agency]] and 64 other different humanitarian organizations appealed for $1&nbsp;billion to protect and help refugees escape the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2023 |title=$1 billion now required to support millions fleeing Sudan conflict as needs soar |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/1-billion-now-required-support-millions-fleeing-sudan-conflict-needs-soar |access-date=September 8, 2023 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref>

Criticism was levelled at diplomatic missions operating in Sudan for their slow response in helping Sudanese visa applicants whose passports were left behind in embassies following their closure during evacuation efforts, preventing them from leaving the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudanese stuck as passports locked in abandoned Western embassies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/29/sudanese-stuck-as-passports-locked-in-abandoned-western-embassies |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429191306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/29/sudanese-stuck-as-passports-locked-in-abandoned-western-embassies |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sanctions==
===United States===
The repeated violations of the [[Ceasefire|ceasefire agreements]] and other atrocities during the conflict led to U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] issuing an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions for those deemed responsible for destabilizing Sudan, undermining the democratic transition and committing human rights abuses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-04 |title=Biden authorizes future sanctions tied to conflict in Sudan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/politics/biden-sudan-conflict-future-sanctions/index.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506030041/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/politics/biden-sudan-conflict-future-sanctions/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 June, the US government imposed its first sanctions related to the conflict, targeting two firms associated with the SAF and two others linked to the RSF. It also imposed visa restrictions against individuals involved in the violence, but did not divulge any names.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-06-01|title=US imposes first sanctions over Sudan conflict|language=en|work=Aljazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/1/us-imposes-first-sanctions-over-sudan-conflict|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604120503/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/1/us-imposes-first-sanctions-over-sudan-conflict|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 September, the [[US State Department]] and the [[US Treasury]] imposed sanctions on the RSF's deputy commander and Hemedti's brother [[Abdelrahim Dagalo]], and [[Abdel Rahman Jumma]], the RSF's top commander in West Darfur, over "extensive" human rights violations during the conflict, with Jumma in particular being accused of masterminding the assassination of the state's governor Khamis Abakar in June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=
US imposes sanctions on leaders in Sudan's RSF over 'extensive' abuses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/us-imposes-sanctions-on-leaders-in-sudans-rsf-over-extensive-abuses |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 28 September, it sanctioned former foreign minister and leader of the [[Sudanese Islamic Movement]] [[Ali Karti]], the Sudan-based GSK Advance Company Ltd, and the Russia-based military company Aviatrade LLC, accusing Karti and other Islamist hardliners of obstructing efforts towards a ceasefire and accusing the firms of supporting the RSF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffreys |first=Jack |date=2023-09-29 |title= US imposes sanctions on former Sudanese minister and 2 companies backing the paramilitary force |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-conflict-sanctions-3712c01b80709b60703abc87db4392fa |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Associated Press |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title= New US sanctions target 'contributors to Sudan's instability' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/new-us-sanctions-target-those-who-contributed-to-sudans-instability |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Radio Dabanga|language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 4 December, the State Department imposed sanctions on three former officials of the Bashir regime, namely former minister and presidential aide Taha Osman Ahmed al-Hussein and former directors of the Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Services Salah Abdallah Mohamed Salah aka Sala Gosh and Mohamed Etta Elmoula Abbas, citing Al-Hussein's involvement in coordinating with regional actors to support the RSF, Gosh's plotting to overthrow the civilian-led transitional government, and Elmoula's attempts to restore the Bashir regime to power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=U.S. sanctions former Sudanese officials for undermining peace and stability |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280033/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
On 12 July, the [[United Kingdom]] announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict.<ref name="2mf24">{{cite web|title=War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230712-un-wants-sudan-sides-held-to-account-as-3-million-flee|website=France 24|date=12 July 2023|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121709/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230712-un-wants-sudan-sides-held-to-account-as-3-million-flee|url-status=live}}</ref>

==War crimes investigations==
{{Excerpt|War crimes during the War in Sudan (2023)|Reaction and investigation}}

== Disinformation ==
During the conflict, several instances of disinformation were observed, which aimed to manipulate public opinion, spread false narratives, and create confusion. Both the SAF and the RSF engaged in disinformation campaigns on social media platforms.<ref name=":1"/> The RSF heavily relied on tweets and inauthentic behavior to spread its agenda and influence local and international opinions. On the other hand, the Sudanese army used Twitter to refute RSF claims and boost army morale with false victory claims.<ref name=":1"/> The RSF had dedicated teams based in Khartoum and Dubai to engage in a digital propaganda war. They used social media, including officially verified Facebook and Twitter accounts, to showcase their activities and spread disinformation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan |url=https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/the-very-sophisticated-disinformation-war-in-sudan/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=International Policy Digest |language=en-US}}</ref>

Various misleading videos were shared on social media platforms, falsely depicting scenes of violence in the ongoing fighting between the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces. Some videos were taken from other conflicts or events, misattributed to the current crisis in Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Momanyi |first=Kevin Philips |title=Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked – TRT Afrika |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/misinformation-in-sudan-conflict-fact-checked-13053410 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked |language=en}}</ref> Some viral images on social media were unrelated or misleadingly attributed to the ongoing fighting in Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/27/sudan-crisis-dont-fall-for-these-misleading-images-and-claims-on-social-media |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref>

===Examples===
On 14 April, the official SAF social media page published a video which it said was of operations carried out by the Sudanese Air Force against the RSF. Al Jazeera's monitoring and verification unit claimed the video had been fabricated using footage from the video game ''[[Arma 3]]'' that was published on [[TikTok]] in March 2023. The unit claimed the video showing Sudanese army commander Abdel Fattah al-Burhan inspecting the Armoured Corps, in [[Al-Shajara, Khartoum|Al-Shajara]], was from before the fighting. A video reportedly of helicopters flying over Khartoum to participate in operations by the SAF against the RSF, which circulated on social media, turned out to be from November 2022.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2">{{Cite news |title=wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu) |script-title=ar:وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) |language=ar |trans-title=The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video) |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2023/4/16/%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%b4%d9%81-%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-3 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084525/https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2023/4/16/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-3 |archive-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>

Two photos circulated on social media that depicted a burning bridge reported as Bahri bridge and a bombed building allegedly in Khartoum, were both revealed to be from the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-19 |title=Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest |url=https://pesacheck.org/partly-false-two-of-these-photos-are-not-from-the-april-2023-sudan-unrest-45c170e197de |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Medium |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004144/https://pesacheck.org/partly-false-two-of-these-photos-are-not-from-the-april-2023-sudan-unrest-45c170e197de?gi=fa0bc22d4f69 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2023}}

In April, a video supposedly showing the RSF in control of [[Khartoum International Airport]] on 15 April circulated on social media. The fact-checking website [[Lead Stories]] found that the video had appeared online 3 months prior to the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malashenko |first=Uliana |date=27 April 2023 |title=Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023 |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2023/04/fact-check-video-does-not-show-sudan-rapid-support-force-in-control-of-khartoum-international-airport-and-military-base.html |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183409/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2023/04/fact-check-video-does-not-show-sudan-rapid-support-force-in-control-of-khartoum-international-airport-and-military-base.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A video posted in June and taken by an RSF soldier showing purported victims of the Bashir regime turned out to have been that of mummies and human remains used as props from the M. Bolheim Bioarchaeology Laboratory in Khartoum, which were thought to date from 3300 to 3000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rickett |first=Oscar |date=2 June 2023|title=Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-museum-skeleton-remains-murder-bashir|access-date=16 June 2023|website=Middle East Eye|language=en-US|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616113953/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-museum-skeleton-remains-murder-bashir|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May, the British newspaper [[I (newspaper)|''I'']] reported that the RSF had sent "special bulletins" to UK politicians, which it claimed were to combat "the disproportionate amount of [[disinformation]]" about the conflict. The bulletins were created with the assistance of Capital Tap Holdings, a [[Dubai]]-based investment firm which has mining interests in Sudan. The ''I'' reported that the RSF's Facebook page was being run jointly from UAE and Sudan, and its [[Instagram]] account appeared to be based in [[Saudi Arabia]], with the RSF saying its media team was based in Khartoum.<ref name=":0"/>

In June, a picture of [[Hemedti]] hospitalised in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, was circulated in the social media and reported by the Turkish [[Anadolu Agency]].<ref name=":2"/> News websites Fatabyyano and Juhainah checked the images and found it to be fabricated with the original image which belonged to [[Elijah McCalin]], who was killed in the United States in 2019.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite web |last=M |first=Saja |date=2023-06-07 |title=هذه الصورة مفبركة ولا تظهر محمد حمدان دقلو『حميدتي』في المستشفى |url=https://fatabyyano.net/هذه-الصورة-التي-قيل-إنها-تظهر-حميدتي-ف/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=فتبينوا |language=ar}}</ref> Also in June, dominant social media account holders supporting the SAF attacked the [[Sudanese Doctors Syndicate]], accusing the organization of being partial towards the RSF and collaborating with the so-called "Janjaweed" militia. These false accusations endangered the reputation and safety of the medical professionals.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=Sudan's Doctors Falsely Accused of Siding with the Rapid Support Forces – Social Media Monitoring, July 2023 – Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudans-doctors-falsely-accused-siding-rapid-support-forces-social-media-monitoring-july-2023 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>

Footage of an SAF warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF in Khartoum on 20 September was found to be that of an [[Su-25]] fighter jet that crashed in [[Mali]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/battles-continue-around-saf-general-command-in-khartoum |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}}</ref> while a video showing an [[Egyptian Air Force]] warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF while on a mission in northern Sudan was found to be that of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title='Downed Sudan jet' video fake |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/downed-sudan-jet-video-fake |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Responses===
On 11 August, Facebook shut down the main pages of the RSF due to a violation of its policy, "Dangerous Organizations and Individuals". In an alternate account, the RSF accused the SAF of lodging complaints based on false reports that led to the removal of its pages and said it was in contact with Facebook's parent company [[Meta Platforms]] to restore them.<ref name="sudantribune.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Facebook removes RSF pages from its platforms |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276051/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812140025/https://sudantribune.com/article276051/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kyle Walter of [[Logically (company)|Logically]], a British disinformation analysis firm, said in May: "What's most concerning from this latest example of potential foreign interference is that it provides a look into how the nature of these threats are evolving, particularly in the context of the rapid onset of [[generative AI]] being used to create fake images and text. Although we don't know if this so-called sophisticated 'special bulletin' was created by this technology, it is symbolic of the wider issue at hand: an inability to trust what you're seeing, reading, and the undermining of the entire information landscape."<ref name=":0"/>

==Reactions==
===Domestic===
Former Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] publicly appealed to both al-Burhan and Hemedti to cease fighting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-khartoum-firing-coup-deal-85464b8f9b7eaf1f7ec77eb7337d7881 |title=Sudan's army and rival force battle, killing at least 56 |work=[[Associated Press]] |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415102737/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-khartoum-firing-coup-deal-85464b8f9b7eaf1f7ec77eb7337d7881 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 April, el-Wasig el-Bereir of the [[National Umma Party]] said he was in communication with the SAF and the RSF to get them to stop fighting immediately,<ref name="Dabanga_Sudan_analyst_says_SAF"/> while el-Fateh Hussein of the [[Sudanese resistance committees|Khartoum resistance committees]] called for the fighting to stop immediately, stating that the resistance committees had long called for the SAF to "return to their barracks" and for the RSF to be dissolved.<ref name="Dabanga_Sudan_analyst_says_SAF"/>

[[Sudanese resistance committees]] coordinated medical support networks, sprayed antiwar messages on walls, and encouraged local communities to avoid siding with either the RSF or the SAF. Hamid Murtada, a member of the resistance committees, described the resistance committees as having "an important role in raising awareness to their constituencies and in supporting initiatives that [would] end the war immediately".<ref name="Sudan_resistance_activists_mobilise">{{cite Q|Q117832530|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 and 23 April, protests against the conflict were held by residents in Khartoum Bahri, [[Arbaji]], and [[Damazin]].<ref name="Dabanga">{{cite news |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fighting-leads-to-internet-cuts-sudanese-protests-against-the-war |title=Fighting leads to internet cuts, Sudanese protests against the war |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425062515/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fighting-leads-to-internet-cuts-sudanese-protests-against-the-war |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 July, different groups in Kadugli organized marches against the violence in South Kordofan, some of whom supported the SAF, while others condemned the SAF, the RSF and the SPLM-N (al-Hilu).<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title=Marches as SPLM-N El Hilu and army clash in South Kordofan |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/marches-as-splm-n-el-hilu-and-army-clash-in-south-kordofan |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

On 25 July, following a meeting in [[Cairo]], four Sudanese political groupings, namely the [[Forces for Freedom and Change]], the National Movement Forces, the National Accord Forces, and the [[National Forces Alliance]], called on al-Burhan to form "a caretaker government" as soon as possible to rule the country during the war and promote dialogue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-political-blocs-in-cairo-call-on-army-leader-to-form-caretaker-government |title=Sudan political blocs in Cairo call on army leader to form 'caretaker government' |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

On 30 July, nurses of the Port Sudan Teaching Hospital Emergency Department went on strike in protest over the non-payment of salaries since the beginning of the conflict, forcing the closure of the hospital since then after other departments joined.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/heat-stroke-claims-13-lives-in-port-sudan-hospital-staff-strike-continues |title=Heat stroke claims 13 lives in Port Sudan, hospital staff strike continues |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

In response to calls by SPLM-N faction leader and Transitional Sovereignty Council Deputy Chair [[Malik Agar]] to support the SAF, the [[Sudanese Communist Party]] called on upon "the tribes and people of Sudan to resist calls for recruiting their youth to favour either of the warring parties" in a statement released on 6 August. Other political groups such as the Forces for Freedom and Change-Central Council and the [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]] also expressed their rejection of the conflict and said on 7 August that they had positioned themselves "equidistant" from both the SAF and the RSF.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/non-aligned-parties-reject-malik-agars-calls-to-support-saf-in-sudan-war |title=Non-aligned parties reject Malik Agar's calls to support SAF in Sudan war |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

=== International ===
[[File:Cornell University, white flags for lives lost in Congo, Sudan, and Palestine.jpg|thumb|[[White flag]] memorial at [[Cornell University]] for lives lost in the conflicts in Sudan, [[M23 offensive (2022–2023)|Congo]], [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|Palestine]], and [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia]].]]

On 19 April, diplomatic missions in Sudan, which included those of [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[Norway]], [[South Korea]], [[Switzerland]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and the [[European Union]] ([[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Spain]], and [[Sweden]]), issued a joint statement calling for fighting parties to observe their obligations under international law, specifically urging them to "protect civilians, diplomats and humanitarian actors," avoid further escalations and initiate talks to "resolve outstanding issues".<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Diplomatic missions call for ceasefire |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419075016/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many countries condemned the violence and called on the warring sides to cease fighting and resume the [[Sudanese transition to democracy|democratic transition]],<ref>{{cite news |title=China, highly concerned about Sudan situation, calls for ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-china-idAFB8N35N026 |work=Reuters |access-date=18 April 2023 |language=en |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418031014/https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-china-idAFB8N35N026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/04/16/Saudi-FM-makes-two-phone-calls-to-Sudan-s-Burhan-and-RSF-commander |title=Saudi FM urges halt to military escalation in Sudan in calls with Burhan, RSF leader |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421104535/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2023/04/16/Saudi-FM-makes-two-phone-calls-to-Sudan-s-Burhan-and-RSF-commander |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Turkey calls both sides to end fighting and return to negotiations |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed |access-date=2023-04-20 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420102305/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed |url-status=live }}</ref> while Egypt, South Sudan and Israel offered to mediate between the SAF and the RSF.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=Egypt and South Sudan offer to mediate between Sudanese sides |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416144810/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2023-04-24|title=Israel proposes hosting Sudan rivals for ceasefire talks|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Melimopoulos|first2=Dalia|last2=Hatuqa|access-date=2023-04-25|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425053712/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull?fbclid=IwAR05salRSz0v4yY7ZYAyNWlyuH1QRPvzDoi5hK0YEkMbrlyRr_BeUUTaW7A|url-status=live}}</ref> Several of Sudan's neighbors, including [[Chad]], [[Egypt]] and [[South Sudan]] closed their border with Sudan,<ref name="BBC News"/><ref name ="AJfierce">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Fierce fighting continues in Sudan after brief humanitarian pause |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/fighting-rages-in-sudan-despite-humanitarian-pause |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416211407/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/fighting-rages-in-sudan-despite-humanitarian-pause |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23|title=Sudan army-RSF clashes reported in South Kordofan capital |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]]|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-rsf-clashes-reported-in-south-kordofan-capital|access-date=2023-07-16|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707110702/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-rsf-clashes-reported-in-south-kordofan-capital|url-status=live}}</ref> while Eritrea said it would not establish refugee camps for those crossing its border from Sudan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bekit |first=Teklemariam |date=2023-05-01 |title=Sudan should only have one army – Eritrea's president|language=en|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361155|access-date=2023-05-01|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502140630/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361155|url-status=live}}</ref>

International organizations also echoed demands for an end to the fighting and the restoration of civilian government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Arab League calls for an end to 'armed clashes' in Sudan |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416144810/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=EU's Borrell calls on all forces in Sudan to stop violence, says EU staff safe |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-eu-idAFFWN36I0B5 |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064549/https://www.reuters.com/article/sudan-politics-eu-idAFFWN36I0B5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=UN chief and officials condemn fighting between Sudanese forces |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/04/1135702 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=news.un.org |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415164735/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/04/1135702 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Africa}}
*[[Human rights in Sudan]]
*[[War in Darfur]]
*[[Darfur genocide]]
*[[2021 Sudan coup d'état]]
*[[Timeline of the war in Sudan (2023)]]
*{{section link|Genocide of Indigenous peoples|Darfur}}
*{{section link|Genocides in history (21st century)|Darfur}}
*[[List of civil wars]]
*[[List of conflicts in Africa]]
*[[List of ethnic cleansing campaigns]]
*[[List of genocides]]
*[[List of ongoing armed conflicts]]
*[[List of wars: 2003–present]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Blackall |first1=Molly |last2=Holmes |first2=Richard |date=2023-05-05 |title='Ethical' private equity firm helped a notorious Sudan militia to lobby UK MPs |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/ethical-private-equity-firm-dubai-sudan-militia-lobby-uk-mps-2319805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507115419/https://inews.co.uk/news/ethical-private-equity-firm-dubai-sudan-militia-lobby-uk-mps-2319805 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Suleiman |first=Ali Sam |date=2023-05-19 |title=How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan |url=https://smex.org/how-disinformation-campaigns-endanger-lives-in-sudan/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=SMEX |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟ |url=https://www.juhainah.net/ar/3289/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=جهينة |language=ar}}</ref>

<ref name="terrain">{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=SPLM-N El Hilu wins terrain in South Kordofan |language=en |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150833/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |archive-date=2023-07-03 |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_Sudan_analyst_says_SAF">{{cite Q|Q117787667|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{2023 Sudan conflict}}
{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}
{{Sudanese coups}}
{{Coup d'état}}
{{Sudanese Revolution}}
{{Sudan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan war, 2023}}
[[Category:War in Sudan (2023)| ]]
[[Category:2020s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Sudan|2023]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2023]]
[[Category:Coup-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Attempted coups d'état in Sudan|2023]]
[[Category:April 2023 events in Sudan]]
[[Category:May 2023 events in Sudan]]
[[Category:June 2023 events in Sudan]]
[[Category:July 2023 events in Sudan]]
[[Category:August 2023 events in Africa]]
[[Category:September 2023 events in Sudan]]
[[Category:Political history of Sudan]]