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{{Science year nav|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} |
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{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}} |
{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}} |
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Timeline of |
'''Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–''' documents increases in [[renewable energy]], [[solar energy]], and [[fusion power|nuclear energy]], particularly for ways that are [[sustainable]] within the [[Solar System]]. |
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[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] power.<ref name=IEA_202306>Source for data beginning in 2017: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115355/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2023 |page=19 |date=June 2023 |quote=IEA. CC BY 4.0. |url-status=live}} ● Source for data through 2016: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325084025/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |page=8 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live |quote=IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 }}</ref>]] |
[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] power.<ref name=IEA_202306>Source for data beginning in 2017: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115355/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2023 |page=19 |date=June 2023 |quote=IEA. CC BY 4.0. |url-status=live}} ● Source for data through 2016: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325084025/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |page=8 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live |quote=IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 }}</ref>]] |
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Events currently |
Events currently not included in the timelines include: |
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* |
* goal-codifying [[environmental policy|policy]] about, [[Renewable energy commercialization|commercialization of]], adoptions of, deployment-statistics of, announced developments of, announced funding for and dissemination of sustainable energy -technologies and -infrastructure/systems |
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* research about related phase-outs in general – such as about the [[fossil fuel phase out]]<!--example: Fossil Fuel Cuts Database--> |
* research about related phase-outs in general – such as about the [[fossil fuel phase out]]<!--example: Fossil Fuel Cuts Database--> |
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* research about relevant alternative technologies – such as [[sustainable transport|in transport]], [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|HVAC]], [[refrigeration]], [[passive cooling]], [[heat pump]]s and [[district heating]] |
* research about relevant alternative technologies – such as [[sustainable transport|in transport]], [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|HVAC]], [[refrigeration]], [[passive cooling]], [[heat pump]]s and [[district heating]] |
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<!--adoption/use/dissemination statistics and other statistics, long-term trends and info about current deployment status are added not by events but could be added via images/charts--> |
<!--adoption/use/dissemination statistics and other statistics, long-term trends and info about current deployment status are added not by events but could be added via images/charts--> |
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[[File:Energy consumption by source, OWID.svg|thumb|Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018]] |
[[File:Energy consumption by source, OWID.svg|thumb|Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018]] |
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{{Toclimit}} |
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== Grids == |
== Grids == |
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=== Smart grids === |
=== Smart grids === |
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{{See also|Smart grid#Research}} |
{{See also|Smart grid#Research}} |
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;2022 |
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====2022==== |
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* A study provides results of simulations and analysis of "[[transactive energy]] mechanisms to engage the large-scale deployment of flexible distributed energy resources (DERs), such as air conditioners, water heaters, batteries, and electric vehicles, in the operation of the electric power system".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ledbetter |first1=Tim |title=Homes fitted with new technology could make the grid smarter |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-homes-technology-grid-smarter.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133620/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-homes-technology-grid-smarter.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution System Operation with Transactive (DSO+T) Study {{!}} PNNL |url=https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/transactive-systems-program/dsot-study |website=www.pnnl.gov |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133617/https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/transactive-systems-program/dsot-study |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* A study provides results of simulations and analysis of "[[transactive energy]] mechanisms to engage the large-scale deployment of flexible distributed energy resources (DERs), such as air conditioners, water heaters, batteries, and electric vehicles, in the operation of the electric power system".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ledbetter |first1=Tim |title=Homes fitted with new technology could make the grid smarter |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-homes-technology-grid-smarter.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133620/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-homes-technology-grid-smarter.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution System Operation with Transactive (DSO+T) Study {{!}} PNNL |url=https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/transactive-systems-program/dsot-study |website=www.pnnl.gov |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133617/https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/transactive-systems-program/dsot-study |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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=== Super grids === |
=== Super grids === |
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{{See also|Super grid}} |
{{See also|Super grid}} |
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;2022 |
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====2022==== |
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* Researchers describe a novel strategy to create a [[Electrical grid#Scale|global sustainable interconnected energy system]] based on deep-ocean-compressed [[green hydrogen|hydrogen]] [[Hydrogen transport|transportation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Julian David |last2=Nascimento |first2=Andreas |last3=Zakeri |first3=Behnam |last4=Barbosa |first4=Paulo Sérgio Franco |title=Hydrogen Deep Ocean Link: a global sustainable interconnected energy grid |journal=Energy |date=15 June 2022 |volume=249 |pages=123660 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2022.123660 |language=en |issn=0360-5442|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
* Researchers describe a novel strategy to create a [[Electrical grid#Scale|global sustainable interconnected energy system]] based on deep-ocean-compressed [[green hydrogen|hydrogen]] [[Hydrogen transport|transportation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Julian David |last2=Nascimento |first2=Andreas |last3=Zakeri |first3=Behnam |last4=Barbosa |first4=Paulo Sérgio Franco |title=Hydrogen Deep Ocean Link: a global sustainable interconnected energy grid |journal=Energy |date=15 June 2022 |volume=249 |pages=123660 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2022.123660 |language=en |issn=0360-5442|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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[[File:NREL PV Cell Record Efficiency Chart.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Reported timeline of research [[solar cell]] energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 ([[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]])]] |
[[File:NREL PV Cell Record Efficiency Chart.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Reported timeline of research [[solar cell]] energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 ([[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]])]] |
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{{#section-h:Timeline of solar cells|2020s}} |
{{#section-h:Timeline of solar cells|2020s}} |
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=== High-altitude and space-based solar power === |
=== High-altitude and space-based solar power === |
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{{Further|Space-based solar power}} |
{{Further|Space-based solar power}} |
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Ongoing research and development projects include [[SSPS-OMEGA]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yang |last2=Zhang |first2=Yiqun |last3=Duan |first3=Baoyan |last4=Wang |first4=Dongxu |last5=Li |first5=Xun |title=A novel design project for space solar power station (SSPS-OMEGA) |journal=Acta Astronautica |date=1 April 2016 |volume=121 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.12.029 |bibcode=2016AcAau.121...51Y |language=en |issn=0094-5765}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |title=Chinese university completes space-based solar power ground test facility |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-university-completes-space-based-solar-power-ground-test-facility/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=SpaceNews |date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164957/https://spacenews.com/chinese-university-completes-space-based-solar-power-ground-test-facility/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[SPS-ALPHA]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mankins |first1=John |last2=Hall |first2=Loura |title=SPS-ALPHA: The First Practical Solar Power Satellite |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2011_Practical_Solar_Power_Satellite/ |website=NASA |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701012426/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2011_Practical_Solar_Power_Satellite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Space solar power's time may finally be coming |url=https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=Space.com |date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142726/https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Solaris program]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tamim |first1=Baba |title=European Space Agency is considering major investment in space-based solar power |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/european-space-agency-solar-power |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902230149/https://interestingengineering.com/science/european-space-agency-solar-power |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Could we get energy from solar power in space? – CBBC Newsround |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/62623698 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902230149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/62623698 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=Europe is seriously considering a major investment in space-based solar power |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/european-space-chief-says-continent-will-lead-in-space-based-solar-power/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=18 August 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155514/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/european-space-chief-says-continent-will-lead-in-space-based-solar-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Ongoing research and development projects include [[SSPS-OMEGA]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yang |last2=Zhang |first2=Yiqun |last3=Duan |first3=Baoyan |last4=Wang |first4=Dongxu |last5=Li |first5=Xun |title=A novel design project for space solar power station (SSPS-OMEGA) |journal=Acta Astronautica |date=1 April 2016 |volume=121 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.12.029 |bibcode=2016AcAau.121...51Y |language=en |issn=0094-5765}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |title=Chinese university completes space-based solar power ground test facility |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-university-completes-space-based-solar-power-ground-test-facility/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=SpaceNews |date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164957/https://spacenews.com/chinese-university-completes-space-based-solar-power-ground-test-facility/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[SPS-ALPHA]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mankins |first1=John |last2=Hall |first2=Loura |title=SPS-ALPHA: The First Practical Solar Power Satellite |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2011_Practical_Solar_Power_Satellite/ |website=NASA |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701012426/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2011_Practical_Solar_Power_Satellite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Space solar power's time may finally be coming |url=https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=Space.com |date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142726/https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Solaris program]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tamim |first1=Baba |title=European Space Agency is considering major investment in space-based solar power |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/european-space-agency-solar-power |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902230149/https://interestingengineering.com/science/european-space-agency-solar-power |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Could we get energy from solar power in space? – CBBC Newsround |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/62623698 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902230149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/62623698 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=Europe is seriously considering a major investment in space-based solar power |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/european-space-chief-says-continent-will-lead-in-space-based-solar-power/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=18 August 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155514/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/european-space-chief-says-continent-will-lead-in-space-based-solar-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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====2020==== |
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* The [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|US Naval Research Laboratory]] conducts its first test of solar power generation in a satellite, the [[Photovoltaic Radio-frequency Antenna Module|PRAM]] experiment aboard the [[Boeing X-37]]<!--#OTV-6 (USSF 7)-->.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Air Force's X-37B robotic space plane wings past 500 days in Earth orbit |url=https://www.livescience.com/x-37b-space-plane-500-days-in-orbit-otv-6-mission |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=6 November 2021 |language=en |date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164631/https://www.livescience.com/x-37b-space-plane-500-days-in-orbit-otv-6-mission |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Space solar power's time may finally be coming |url=https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Space.com |date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142726/https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* The [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|US Naval Research Laboratory]] conducts its first test of solar power generation in a satellite, the [[Photovoltaic Radio-frequency Antenna Module|PRAM]] experiment aboard the [[Boeing X-37]]<!--#OTV-6 (USSF 7)-->.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Air Force's X-37B robotic space plane wings past 500 days in Earth orbit |url=https://www.livescience.com/x-37b-space-plane-500-days-in-orbit-otv-6-mission |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=6 November 2021 |language=en |date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164631/https://www.livescience.com/x-37b-space-plane-500-days-in-orbit-otv-6-mission |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Space solar power's time may finally be coming |url=https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Space.com |date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142726/https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
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[[File:Large-area flexible polymer solar cells on a balloon in the 35-km stratospheric environment.jpg|thumb]] |
[[File:Large-area flexible polymer solar cells on a balloon in the 35-km stratospheric environment.jpg|thumb]] |
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* Researchers demonstrate [[flexible electronics|flexible]] [[organic solar cell]]s on [[High-altitude balloon|balloons]] in the 35 |
* Researchers demonstrate [[flexible electronics|flexible]] [[organic solar cell]]s on [[High-altitude balloon|balloons]] in the 35 km [[stratosphere]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Using flexible organic solar cells in the stratosphere |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-04-flexible-solar-cells-stratosphere.html |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Science China Press via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528180059/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-04-flexible-solar-cells-stratosphere.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Zihan |last2=Xu |first2=Guoning |last3=Luo |first3=Qun |last4=Han |first4=Yunfei |last5=Tang |first5=Yu |last6=Miao |first6=Ying |last7=Li |first7=Yongxiang |last8=Qin |first8=Jian |last9=Guo |first9=Jingbo |last10=Zha |first10=Wusong |last11=Gong |first11=Chao |last12=Lu |first12=Kun |last13=Zhang |first13=Jianqi |last14=Wei |first14=Zhixiang |last15=Cai |first15=Rong |last16=Yang |first16=Yanchu |last17=Li |first17=Zhaojie |last18=Ma |first18=Chang-Qi |title=''In situ'' performance and stability tests of large-area flexible polymer solar cells in the 35-km stratospheric environment |journal=National Science Review |date=15 December 2022 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=nwac285 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwac285 |pmid=36960222 |pmc=10029844 |issn=2095-5138|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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* [[Caltech]] reports the first successful beaming of [[Space-based solar power|solar energy from space]] down to a receiver on the ground, via the MAPLE instrument on its SSPD-1 spacecraft, launched into orbit in January.<ref>{{cite news |title=In a First, Caltech's Space Solar Power Demonstrator Wirelessly Transmits Power in Space |url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/in-a-first-caltechs-space-solar-power-demonstrator-wirelessly-transmits-power-in-space |date=1 June 2023 |work=Caltech |accessdate=9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists demonstrate wireless power transmission from space to Earth for first time |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/space-earth-wireless-power-beamed-b2353588.html |date=8 June 2023 |work=The Independent|accessdate=9 June 2023 }}</ref> |
* [[Caltech]] reports the first successful beaming of [[Space-based solar power|solar energy from space]] down to a receiver on the ground, via the MAPLE instrument on its SSPD-1 spacecraft, launched into orbit in January.<ref>{{cite news |title=In a First, Caltech's Space Solar Power Demonstrator Wirelessly Transmits Power in Space |url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/in-a-first-caltechs-space-solar-power-demonstrator-wirelessly-transmits-power-in-space |date=1 June 2023 |work=Caltech |accessdate=9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists demonstrate wireless power transmission from space to Earth for first time |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/space-earth-wireless-power-beamed-b2353588.html |date=8 June 2023 |work=The Independent|accessdate=9 June 2023 }}</ref> |
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=== Floating solar === |
=== Floating solar === |
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{{Further|Floating solar}} |
{{Further|Floating solar}} |
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;2020 |
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====2020==== |
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* A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]] reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Combined Power Of Floating Solar On Hydro Reservoirs Shows New Potential |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722150950/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hybrid floating solar photovoltaics-hydropower systems: Benefits and global assessment of technical potential |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 December 2020 |volume=162 |pages=1415–1427 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.080 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |last1=Lee |first1=Nathan |last2=Grunwald |first2=Ursula |last3=Rosenlieb |first3=Evan |last4=Mirletz |first4=Heather |last5=Aznar |first5=Alexandra |last6=Spencer |first6=Robert |last7=Cox |first7=Sadie |s2cid=225257311 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]] reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Combined Power Of Floating Solar On Hydro Reservoirs Shows New Potential |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722150950/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hybrid floating solar photovoltaics-hydropower systems: Benefits and global assessment of technical potential |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 December 2020 |volume=162 |pages=1415–1427 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.080 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |last1=Lee |first1=Nathan |last2=Grunwald |first2=Ursula |last3=Rosenlieb |first3=Evan |last4=Mirletz |first4=Heather |last5=Aznar |first5=Alexandra |last6=Spencer |first6=Robert |last7=Cox |first7=Sadie |s2cid=225257311 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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====2022==== |
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* Researchers develop floating [[Artificial photosynthesis|artificial leaves]] for light-driven [[hydrogen]] and [[syngas]] fuel production. The lightweight, flexible perovskite devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridge University scientists create fuel from 'artificial leaves' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902233702/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Ucoski |first2=Geani M. |last3=Pornrungroj |first3=Chanon |last4=Uswachoke |first4=Chawit |last5=Wang |first5=Qian |last6=Achilleos |first6=Demetra S. |last7=Kasap |first7=Hatice |last8=Sokol |first8=Katarzyna P. |last9=Jagt |first9=Robert A. |last10=Lu |first10=Haijiao |last11=Lawson |first11=Takashi |last12=Wagner |first12=Andreas |last13=Pike |first13=Sebastian D. |last14=Wright |first14=Dominic S. |last15=Hoye |first15=Robert L. Z. |display-authors=10 |date=17 August 2022 |title=Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production |url=https://go.nature.com/3QYA7hX |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=608 |issue=7923 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04978-6 |pmid=35978127 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..518A |s2cid=251645379 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164926/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04978-6.epdf?sharing_token=zCD0q2mxHsD6Z9FikARzJtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MEOv-YoGFpe0FBwwZRBu0wVIecwvVZ2Ch9TnvHQ7brr16wS4nBH1LDurfmIDelKPPCu-A6ZZlN6jQz2iEmrT_YI8_nlu7R9pzLmvtv9KcqRxpufhBL0nlreqI0BBxvAYE%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* Researchers develop floating [[Artificial photosynthesis|artificial leaves]] for light-driven [[hydrogen]] and [[syngas]] fuel production. The lightweight, flexible perovskite devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridge University scientists create fuel from 'artificial leaves' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902233702/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Ucoski |first2=Geani M. |last3=Pornrungroj |first3=Chanon |last4=Uswachoke |first4=Chawit |last5=Wang |first5=Qian |last6=Achilleos |first6=Demetra S. |last7=Kasap |first7=Hatice |last8=Sokol |first8=Katarzyna P. |last9=Jagt |first9=Robert A. |last10=Lu |first10=Haijiao |last11=Lawson |first11=Takashi |last12=Wagner |first12=Andreas |last13=Pike |first13=Sebastian D. |last14=Wright |first14=Dominic S. |last15=Hoye |first15=Robert L. Z. |display-authors=10 |date=17 August 2022 |title=Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production |url=https://go.nature.com/3QYA7hX |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=608 |issue=7923 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04978-6 |pmid=35978127 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..518A |s2cid=251645379 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164926/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04978-6.epdf?sharing_token=zCD0q2mxHsD6Z9FikARzJtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MEOv-YoGFpe0FBwwZRBu0wVIecwvVZ2Ch9TnvHQ7brr16wS4nBH1LDurfmIDelKPPCu-A6ZZlN6jQz2iEmrT_YI8_nlu7R9pzLmvtv9KcqRxpufhBL0nlreqI0BBxvAYE%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
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*An analysis concludes there is large potential (~9,400 TWh/yr) for [[floating solar|floating solar photovoltaics]] on reservoirs,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Simon |first1=Matt |title=Solar Panels Floating in Reservoirs? We'll Drink to That |url=https://www.wired.com/story/solar-panels-floating-in-reservoirs-well-drink-to-that/ |access-date=20 April 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Yubin |last2=Hu |first2=Shijie |last3=Ziegler |first3=Alan D. |last4=Gibson |first4=Luke |last5=Campbell |first5=J. Elliott |last6=Xu |first6=Rongrong |last7=Chen |first7=Deliang |last8=Zhu |first8=Kai |last9=Zheng |first9=Yan |last10=Ye |first10=Bin |last11=Ye |first11=Fan |last12=Zeng |first12=Zhenzhong |title=Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=13 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=865–874 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01089-6 |s2cid=257514885 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369201558 |language=en |issn=2398-9629}}</ref> at the upper range of the prior 2020 study (see above). |
*An analysis concludes there is large potential (~9,400 TWh/yr) for [[floating solar|floating solar photovoltaics]] on reservoirs,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Simon |first1=Matt |title=Solar Panels Floating in Reservoirs? We'll Drink to That |url=https://www.wired.com/story/solar-panels-floating-in-reservoirs-well-drink-to-that/ |access-date=20 April 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Yubin |last2=Hu |first2=Shijie |last3=Ziegler |first3=Alan D. |last4=Gibson |first4=Luke |last5=Campbell |first5=J. Elliott |last6=Xu |first6=Rongrong |last7=Chen |first7=Deliang |last8=Zhu |first8=Kai |last9=Zheng |first9=Yan |last10=Ye |first10=Bin |last11=Ye |first11=Fan |last12=Zeng |first12=Zhenzhong |title=Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=13 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=865–874 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01089-6 |s2cid=257514885 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369201558 |language=en |issn=2398-9629}}</ref> at the upper range of the prior 2020 study (see above). |
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* 2022 – Researchers report the development of [[greenhouse]]s (or [[solar module]]s) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra [[agrivoltaics|that interior plants use]] to pass through.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kempkens |first1=Wolfgang |title=Strom aus dem Gewächshaus |url=https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Golem.de |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085502/https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carron |first1=Cécilia |title=With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171802/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* 2022 – Researchers report the development of [[greenhouse]]s (or [[solar module]]s) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra [[agrivoltaics|that interior plants use]] to pass through.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kempkens |first1=Wolfgang |title=Strom aus dem Gewächshaus |url=https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Golem.de |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085502/https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carron |first1=Cécilia |title=With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171802/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* 2023 – Demonstration of another [[agrivoltaic]] [[Greenhouse#Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules|greenhouse]] which outperforms a conventional glass-roof greenhouse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Organic solar cells help plants in greenhouses grow better, finds study |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/organic-components-to-make-solar-cells |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=6 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151327/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/organic-components-to-make-solar-cells |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yepin |last2=Li |first2=Zongqi |last3=Deger |first3=Caner |last4=Wang |first4=Minhuan |last5=Peric |first5=Miroslav |last6=Yin |first6=Yanfeng |last7=Meng |first7=Dong |last8=Yang |first8=Wenxin |last9=Wang |first9=Xinyao |last10=Xing |first10=Qiyu |last11=Chang |first11=Bin |last12=Scott |first12=Elizabeth G. |last13=Zhou |first13=Yifan |last14=Zhang |first14=Elizabeth |last15=Zheng |first15=Ran |last16=Bian |first16=Jiming |last17=Shi |first17=Yantao |last18=Yavuz |first18=Ilhan |last19=Wei |first19=Kung-Hwa |last20=Houk |first20=K. N. |last21=Yang |first21=Yang |title=Achieving sustainability of greenhouses by integrating stable semi-transparent organic photovoltaics |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=6 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=539–548 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01071-2 |s2cid=257388015 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01071-2 |language=en |issn=2398-9629 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428043026/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01071-2 |url-status=live }} |
* 2023 – Demonstration of another [[agrivoltaic]] [[Greenhouse#Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules|greenhouse]] which outperforms a conventional glass-roof greenhouse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Organic solar cells help plants in greenhouses grow better, finds study |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/organic-components-to-make-solar-cells |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=6 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151327/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/organic-components-to-make-solar-cells |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yepin |last2=Li |first2=Zongqi |last3=Deger |first3=Caner |last4=Wang |first4=Minhuan |last5=Peric |first5=Miroslav |last6=Yin |first6=Yanfeng |last7=Meng |first7=Dong |last8=Yang |first8=Wenxin |last9=Wang |first9=Xinyao |last10=Xing |first10=Qiyu |last11=Chang |first11=Bin |last12=Scott |first12=Elizabeth G. |last13=Zhou |first13=Yifan |last14=Zhang |first14=Elizabeth |last15=Zheng |first15=Ran |last16=Bian |first16=Jiming |last17=Shi |first17=Yantao |last18=Yavuz |first18=Ilhan |last19=Wei |first19=Kung-Hwa |last20=Houk |first20=K. N. |last21=Yang |first21=Yang |title=Achieving sustainability of greenhouses by integrating stable semi-transparent organic photovoltaics |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=6 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=539–548 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01071-2 |s2cid=257388015 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01071-2 |language=en |issn=2398-9629 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428043026/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01071-2 |url-status=live }} |
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* University press release: {{cite news |title=Engineers design solar roofs to harvest energy for greenhouses |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-roofs-harvest-energy-greenhouses.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151318/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-roofs-harvest-energy-greenhouses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* University press release: {{cite news |title=Engineers design solar roofs to harvest energy for greenhouses |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-roofs-harvest-energy-greenhouses.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151318/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-roofs-harvest-energy-greenhouses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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=== Solar-powered production === |
=== Solar-powered production === |
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{{See also|Microbial food cultures#Environmental, food security and efficiency aspects}} |
{{See also|Microbial food cultures#Environmental, food security and efficiency aspects}} |
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==== Water production ==== |
==== Water production ==== |
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;Early 2020s |
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===== Early 2020s ===== |
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* [[Hydrogel]]s are used to develop system that [[Atmospheric water generator|capture moisture]] (e.g. at night in a desert) to cool solar panels<ref>{{cite news |title=Hydrogel helps make self-cooling solar panels |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Physics World |date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523232348/https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or to produce fresh water<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Ye |last2=Ilic |first2=Ognjen |last3=Atwater |first3=Harry A. |last4=Greer |first4=Julia R. |title=All-day fresh water harvesting by microstructured hydrogel membranes |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 May 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2797 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23174-0 |pmid=33990601 |pmc=8121874 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2797S |s2cid=234596800 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> – including for irrigating crops as demonstrated in [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|solar panel integrated system]]s where these have been enclosed next to<ref>{{cite news |title=Self-contained SmartFarm grows plants using water drawn from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428092426/https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Jiachen |last2=Zhang |first2=Xueping |last3=Qu |first3=Hao |last4=Yu |first4=Zhi Gen |last5=Zhang |first5=Yaoxin |last6=Eey |first6=Tze Jie |last7=Zhang |first7=Yong‐Wei |last8=Tan |first8=Swee Ching |title=A Moisture‐Hungry Copper Complex Harvesting Air Moisture for Potable Water and Autonomous Urban Agriculture |journal=Advanced Materials |date=October 2020 |volume=32 |issue=39 |pages=2002936 |doi=10.1002/adma.202002936 |pmid=32743963 |bibcode=2020AdM....3202936Y |s2cid=220946177 |language=en |issn=0935-9648}}</ref> or beneath the panels within the system.<ref>{{cite news |title=These solar panels pull in water vapor to grow crops in the desert |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=Cell Press |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117105419/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravisetti |first1=Monisha |title=New Solar Panel Design Uses Wasted Energy to Make Water From Air |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=CNET |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428090418/https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Strom und Wasser aus Sonne und Wüstenluft |url=https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=scinexx {{!}} Das Wissensmagazin |date=2 March 2022 |language=de-DE |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528072508/https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hybrid system produces electricity and irrigation water in the desert |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511115424/https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schank |first1=Eric |title=Turning the desert green: this solar panel system makes water (and grows food) out of thin air |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Salon |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501223021/https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Renyuan |last2=Wu |first2=Mengchun |last3=Aleid |first3=Sara |last4=Zhang |first4=Chenlin |last5=Wang |first5=Wenbin |last6=Wang |first6=Peng |title=An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100781 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100781 |bibcode=2022CRPS....300781L |s2cid=247211013 |language=en |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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* [[Hydrogel]]s are used to develop system that [[Atmospheric water generator|capture moisture]] (e.g. at night in a desert) to cool solar panels<ref>{{cite news |title=Hydrogel helps make self-cooling solar panels |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Physics World |date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523232348/https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or to produce fresh water<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Ye |last2=Ilic |first2=Ognjen |last3=Atwater |first3=Harry A. |last4=Greer |first4=Julia R. |title=All-day fresh water harvesting by microstructured hydrogel membranes |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 May 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2797 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23174-0 |pmid=33990601 |pmc=8121874 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2797S |s2cid=234596800 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> – including for irrigating crops as demonstrated in [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|solar panel integrated system]]s where these have been enclosed next to<ref>{{cite news |title=Self-contained SmartFarm grows plants using water drawn from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428092426/https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Jiachen |last2=Zhang |first2=Xueping |last3=Qu |first3=Hao |last4=Yu |first4=Zhi Gen |last5=Zhang |first5=Yaoxin |last6=Eey |first6=Tze Jie |last7=Zhang |first7=Yong‐Wei |last8=Tan |first8=Swee Ching |title=A Moisture‐Hungry Copper Complex Harvesting Air Moisture for Potable Water and Autonomous Urban Agriculture |journal=Advanced Materials |date=October 2020 |volume=32 |issue=39 |pages=2002936 |doi=10.1002/adma.202002936 |pmid=32743963 |bibcode=2020AdM....3202936Y |s2cid=220946177 |language=en |issn=0935-9648}}</ref> or beneath the panels within the system.<ref>{{cite news |title=These solar panels pull in water vapor to grow crops in the desert |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=Cell Press |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117105419/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravisetti |first1=Monisha |title=New Solar Panel Design Uses Wasted Energy to Make Water From Air |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=CNET |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428090418/https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Strom und Wasser aus Sonne und Wüstenluft |url=https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=scinexx {{!}} Das Wissensmagazin |date=2 March 2022 |language=de-DE |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528072508/https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hybrid system produces electricity and irrigation water in the desert |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511115424/https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schank |first1=Eric |title=Turning the desert green: this solar panel system makes water (and grows food) out of thin air |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Salon |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501223021/https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Renyuan |last2=Wu |first2=Mengchun |last3=Aleid |first3=Sara |last4=Zhang |first4=Chenlin |last5=Wang |first5=Wenbin |last6=Wang |first6=Peng |title=An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100781 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100781 |bibcode=2022CRPS....300781L |s2cid=247211013 |language=en |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free |hdl=10754/676557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Wind power == |
== Wind power == |
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{{See also|History of wind power}} |
{{See also|History of wind power}} |
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<!--[[File:Wind energy generation by region, OWID.svg|thumb|Wind energy generation by region]]--> |
<!--[[File:Wind energy generation by region, OWID.svg|thumb|Wind energy generation by region]]--> |
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===2021=== |
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;2021 |
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* A study using simulations finds that large scale [[vertical-axis wind turbine]]s<!--#Research--> could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vertical turbines could be the future for wind farms |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-vertical-turbines-future-farms.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720163758/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-vertical-turbines-future-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerical modelling and optimization of vertical axis wind turbine pairs: A scale up approach |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 June 2021 |volume=171 |pages=1371–1381 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.001 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |doi-access=free |last1=Hansen |first1=Joachim Toftegaard |last2=Mahak |first2=Mahak |last3=Tzanakis |first3=Iakovos }}</ref> |
* A study using simulations finds that large scale [[vertical-axis wind turbine]]s<!--#Research--> could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vertical turbines could be the future for wind farms |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-vertical-turbines-future-farms.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720163758/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-vertical-turbines-future-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerical modelling and optimization of vertical axis wind turbine pairs: A scale up approach |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 June 2021 |volume=171 |pages=1371–1381 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.001 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |doi-access=free |last1=Hansen |first1=Joachim Toftegaard |last2=Mahak |first2=Mahak |last3=Tzanakis |first3=Iakovos }}</ref> |
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* Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind farms]], cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in [[Strategy#Management theory|strategic]] [[decision-making]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Are wind farms slowing each other down? |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151836/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Naveed |last2=Geyer |first2=Beate |last3=Rockel |first3=Burkhardt |last4=Sommer |first4=Philipp S. |last5=Schrum |first5=Corinna |title=Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3 |pmid=34083704 |pmc=8175401 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111826A |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> |
* Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind farms]], cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in [[Strategy#Management theory|strategic]] [[decision-making]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Are wind farms slowing each other down? |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151836/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Naveed |last2=Geyer |first2=Beate |last3=Rockel |first3=Burkhardt |last4=Sommer |first4=Philipp S. |last5=Schrum |first5=Corinna |title=Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3 |pmid=34083704 |pmc=8175401 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111826A |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> |
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* An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".<ref name="BBC-20220309"/> |
* An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".<ref name="BBC-20220309"/> |
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===2023=== |
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*First kWh by a [[tension leg platform|TLP]] [[offshore wind power|floating]] [[Airborne wind energy|airborne]] [[Airborne wind turbine|wind turbine]] system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky-high kites aim to tap unused wind power |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093953/https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |url-status=live }}</ref> in this area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayil |first1=Jijo |title=World's first floating wind prototype with TLP system produces first kWh |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151324/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |url-status=live }}</ref> |
*First kWh by a [[tension leg platform|TLP]] [[offshore wind power|floating]] [[Airborne wind energy|airborne]] [[Airborne wind turbine|wind turbine]] system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky-high kites aim to tap unused wind power |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093953/https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |url-status=live }}</ref> in this area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayil |first1=Jijo |title=World's first floating wind prototype with TLP system produces first kWh |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151324/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*Completion of the first functional 105 meters tall more-modular Modvion [[Environmental impact of wind power#Alternative building materials|wooden wind turbine]] is reported.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's tallest wooden wind turbine starts turning |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67718719 |work=BBC |date=28 December 2023}}</ref> |
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===2024=== |
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* [[Minesto#Faroe Islands|Minesto's]] Dragon 12 underwater [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]] are demonstrated successfully, connected to the [[Faroe Island]]'s power grid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blain |first1=Loz |title=28-ton, 1.2-megawatt tidal kite is now exporting power to the grid |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/minesto-tidal-kite/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=New Atlas |date=12 February 2024}}</ref> |
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== Hydrogen energy == |
== Hydrogen energy == |
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{{See also|#Grids|Timeline of hydrogen technologies#21st century|Green hydrogen#Research and development|Hydrogen economy}} |
{{See also|#Grids|Timeline of hydrogen technologies#21st century|Green hydrogen#Research and development|Hydrogen economy}} |
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;2022 |
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===2022=== |
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* Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian researchers claim 'giant leap' in technology to produce affordable renewable hydrogen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=16 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428212720/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Aaron |last2=Hoang |first2=Anh Linh |last3=Tsekouras |first3=George |last4=Wagner |first4=Klaudia |last5=Lee |first5=Chong-Yong |last6=Swiegers |first6=Gerhard F. |last7=Wallace |first7=Gordon G. |title=A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen |journal=Nature Communications |date=15 March 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1304 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28953-x|pmid=35292657 |pmc=8924184 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1304H |s2cid=247475206 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
* Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian researchers claim 'giant leap' in technology to produce affordable renewable hydrogen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=16 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428212720/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Aaron |last2=Hoang |first2=Anh Linh |last3=Tsekouras |first3=George |last4=Wagner |first4=Klaudia |last5=Lee |first5=Chong-Yong |last6=Swiegers |first6=Gerhard F. |last7=Wallace |first7=Gordon G. |title=A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen |journal=Nature Communications |date=15 March 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1304 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28953-x|pmid=35292657 |pmc=8924184 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1304H |s2cid=247475206 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
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* A novel energy-efficient strategy for hydrogen release from liquid hydrogen carriers with the potential to reduce costs of storage and transportation is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shipman |first1=Matt |title=Driving down the costs of hydrogen fuel: Prototype achieves 99% yield 8 times faster than conventional batch reactors |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-hydrogen-fuel-prototype-yield-faster.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[North Carolina State University]] |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153557/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-hydrogen-fuel-prototype-yield-faster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Malek Y. S. |last2=Bennett |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Abolhasani |first3=Milad |title=Continuous Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed‐Bed Flow Reactor |journal=ChemSusChem |date=21 July 2022 |volume=15 |issue=14 |pages=e202200733 |doi=10.1002/cssc.202200733 |pmid=35446510 |pmc=9400973 |language=en |issn=1864-5631}}</ref> |
* A novel energy-efficient strategy for hydrogen release from liquid hydrogen carriers with the potential to reduce costs of storage and transportation is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shipman |first1=Matt |title=Driving down the costs of hydrogen fuel: Prototype achieves 99% yield 8 times faster than conventional batch reactors |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-hydrogen-fuel-prototype-yield-faster.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[North Carolina State University]] |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153557/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-hydrogen-fuel-prototype-yield-faster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Malek Y. S. |last2=Bennett |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Abolhasani |first3=Milad |title=Continuous Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed‐Bed Flow Reactor |journal=ChemSusChem |date=21 July 2022 |volume=15 |issue=14 |pages=e202200733 |doi=10.1002/cssc.202200733 |pmid=35446510 |pmc=9400973 |language=en |issn=1864-5631}}</ref> |
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* A novel type of effective [[hydrogen storage]] using readily available salts is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=German researchers find a solution to the hydrogen storage problem: salts. |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117151613/https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Duo |last2=Shi |first2=Xinzhe |last3=Sponholz |first3=Peter |last4=Junge |first4=Henrik |last5=Beller |first5=Matthias |title=Manganese Promoted (Bi)carbonate Hydrogenation and Formate Dehydrogenation: Toward a Circular Carbon and Hydrogen Economy |journal=ACS Central Science |date=26 October 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1457–1463 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.2c00723 |pmid=36313168 |pmc=9615124 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2374-7943}}</ref> |
* A novel type of effective [[hydrogen storage]] using readily available salts is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=German researchers find a solution to the hydrogen storage problem: salts. |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117151613/https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Duo |last2=Shi |first2=Xinzhe |last3=Sponholz |first3=Peter |last4=Junge |first4=Henrik |last5=Beller |first5=Matthias |title=Manganese Promoted (Bi)carbonate Hydrogenation and Formate Dehydrogenation: Toward a Circular Carbon and Hydrogen Economy |journal=ACS Central Science |date=26 October 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1457–1463 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.2c00723 |pmid=36313168 |pmc=9615124 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2374-7943}}</ref> |
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*An [[electrolysis]] system for viable [[hydrogen economy|hydrogen production from seawater]] without requiring a pre-[[desalination]] process is reported, which could allow for more flexible and less costly hydrogen production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |title=New device can make hydrogen when dunked in salt water |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=30 November 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218104532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Heping |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Liu |first3=Tao |last4=Wu |first4=Yifan |last5=Lan |first5=Cheng |last6=Jiang |first6=Wenchuan |last7=Zhu |first7=Liangyu |last8=Wang |first8=Yunpeng |last9=Yang |first9=Dongsheng |last10=Shao |first10=Zongping |title=A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation |journal=Nature |date=30 November 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=673–678 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05379-5 |pmid=36450987 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..673X |s2cid=254123372 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890373|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
*An [[electrolysis]] system for viable [[hydrogen economy|hydrogen production from seawater]] without requiring a pre-[[desalination]] process is reported, which could allow for more flexible and less costly hydrogen production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |title=New device can make hydrogen when dunked in salt water |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=30 November 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218104532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Heping |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Liu |first3=Tao |last4=Wu |first4=Yifan |last5=Lan |first5=Cheng |last6=Jiang |first6=Wenchuan |last7=Zhu |first7=Liangyu |last8=Wang |first8=Yunpeng |last9=Yang |first9=Dongsheng |last10=Shao |first10=Zongping |title=A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation |journal=Nature |date=30 November 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=673–678 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05379-5 |pmid=36450987 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..673X |s2cid=254123372 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890373|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
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*Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of [[hydrogen production|green hydrogen production]] by using sound waves during [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Theresa |first1=Deena |title=Engineers use sound waves to boost green hydrogen production by 14 times |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |access-date=18 January 2023 |work= |
*Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of [[hydrogen production|green hydrogen production]] by using sound waves during [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Theresa |first1=Deena |title=Engineers use sound waves to boost green hydrogen production by 14 times |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Interesting Engineering |date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170608/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrnst |first1=Yemima |last2=Sherrell |first2=Peter C. |last3=Rezk |first3=Amgad R. |last4=Yeo |first4=Leslie Y. |title=Acoustically‐Induced Water Frustration for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Neutral Electrolytes |journal=Advanced Energy Materials |date=4 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2203164 |doi=10.1002/aenm.202203164 |s2cid=254299691 |language=en |issn=1614-6832|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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;2023 |
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===2023=== |
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* In three largely [[paywall]]ed studies, separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to [[green hydrogen]] [[hydrogen production|production]] methods, enabling higher efficiencies<!--([[Photocatalytic water splitting#Indium gallium nitride|a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2%]])--> and durable use of untreated seawater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sun-powered water splitter produces unprecedented levels of green energy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224622/https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A way to produce hydrogen directly from untreated sea water |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224628/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Navid |first2=Ishtiaque Ahmed |last3=Ma |first3=Yongjin |last4=Xiao |first4=Yixin |last5=Wang |first5=Ping |last6=Ye |first6=Zhengwei |last7=Zhou |first7=Baowen |last8=Sun |first8=Kai |last9=Mi |first9=Zetian |title=Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 |pmid=36600066 |bibcode=2023Natur.613...66Z |s2cid=255474993 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080833/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Jiaxin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yao |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenpeng |last4=Zheng |first4=Caiyan |last5=Mao |first5=Jing |last6=Du |first6=Kun |last7=Jaroniec |first7=Mietek |last8=Qiao |first8=Shi-Zhang |last9=Ling |first9=Tao |title=Direct seawater electrolysis by adjusting the local reaction environment of a catalyst |journal=Nature Energy |date=30 January 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01195-x |s2cid=256493839 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367559005 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Chris |title=A new method converts seawater straight into green hydrogen |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403215516/https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomba |first1=Suraj |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Waqas |last3=Haris |first3=Muhammad |last4=Mousavi |first4=Seyed Mahdi |last5=Zavabeti |first5=Ali |last6=Xu |first6=Kai |last7=Tadich |first7=Anton |last8=Thomsen |first8=Lars |last9=McConville |first9=Christopher F. |last10=Li |first10=Yongxiang |last11=Walia |first11=Sumeet |last12=Mahmood |first12=Nasir |title=Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Sheets for Efficient Seawater Splitting |journal=Small |date=8 February 2023 |volume=19 |issue=18 |pages=2207310 |doi=10.1002/smll.202207310|pmid=36751959 |s2cid=256663170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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* Separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to [[green hydrogen]] [[hydrogen production|production]] methods, enabling higher efficiencies<!--([[Photocatalytic water splitting#Indium gallium nitride|a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2%]])--> and durable use of untreated seawater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sun-powered water splitter produces unprecedented levels of green energy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224622/https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A way to produce hydrogen directly from untreated sea water |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224628/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Navid |first2=Ishtiaque Ahmed |last3=Ma |first3=Yongjin |last4=Xiao |first4=Yixin |last5=Wang |first5=Ping |last6=Ye |first6=Zhengwei |last7=Zhou |first7=Baowen |last8=Sun |first8=Kai |last9=Mi |first9=Zetian |title=Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 |pmid=36600066 |bibcode=2023Natur.613...66Z |s2cid=255474993 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080833/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Jiaxin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yao |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenpeng |last4=Zheng |first4=Caiyan |last5=Mao |first5=Jing |last6=Du |first6=Kun |last7=Jaroniec |first7=Mietek |last8=Qiao |first8=Shi-Zhang |last9=Ling |first9=Tao |title=Direct seawater electrolysis by adjusting the local reaction environment of a catalyst |journal=Nature Energy |date=30 January 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01195-x |s2cid=256493839 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367559005 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Chris |title=A new method converts seawater straight into green hydrogen |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403215516/https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomba |first1=Suraj |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Waqas |last3=Haris |first3=Muhammad |last4=Mousavi |first4=Seyed Mahdi |last5=Zavabeti |first5=Ali |last6=Xu |first6=Kai |last7=Tadich |first7=Anton |last8=Thomsen |first8=Lars |last9=McConville |first9=Christopher F. |last10=Li |first10=Yongxiang |last11=Walia |first11=Sumeet |last12=Mahmood |first12=Nasir |title=Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Sheets for Efficient Seawater Splitting |journal=Small |date=8 February 2023 |volume=19 |issue=18 |pages=2207310 |doi=10.1002/smll.202207310|pmid=36751959 |s2cid=256663170 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pornrungroj |first1=Chanon |last2=Mohamad Annuar |first2=Ariffin Bin |last3=Wang |first3=Qian |last4=Rahaman |first4=Motiar |last5=Bhattacharjee |first5=Subhajit |last6=Andrei |first6=Virgil |last7=Reisner |first7=Erwin |title=Hybrid photothermal–photocatalyst sheets for solar-driven overall water splitting coupled to water purification |journal=Nature Water |date=November 2023 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=952–960 |doi=10.1038/s44221-023-00139-9 |language=en |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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* A [[Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches|DVGW]] report suggests gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline infrastructures]] (in [[Energy in Germany|Germany]]) are suitable to be repurposed to transport [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], showing limited corrosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gasleitungen in Deutschland sind bereit für Wasserstoff |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/gasleitungen-in-deutschland-sind-bereit-fuer-wasserstoff-13377194 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DVGW: Germany's gas pipelines h2ready |url=https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |publisher=DVGW |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093014/https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* A [[Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches|DVGW]] report suggests gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline infrastructures]] (in [[Energy in Germany|Germany]]) are suitable to be repurposed to transport [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], showing limited corrosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gasleitungen in Deutschland sind bereit für Wasserstoff |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/gasleitungen-in-deutschland-sind-bereit-fuer-wasserstoff-13377194 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DVGW: Germany's gas pipelines h2ready |url=https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |publisher=DVGW |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093014/https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!--[[File:Overview of the solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device.webp |thumb]]--> |
<!--[[File:Overview of the solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device.webp |thumb]]--> |
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* A [[concentrated solar energy|concentrated solar]]-to-[[green hydrogen|hydrogen]] device approaching viability is demonstrated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Concentrated solar reactor generates unprecedented amounts of hydrogen |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/concentrated-solar-reactor-generates-unprecedented-amounts-of-hydrogen/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Physics World |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528180109/https://physicsworld.com/a/concentrated-solar-reactor-generates-unprecedented-amounts-of-hydrogen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmes-Gentle |first1=Isaac |last2=Tembhurne |first2=Saurabh |last3=Suter |first3=Clemens |last4=Haussener |first4=Sophia |title=Kilowatt-scale solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device |journal=Nature Energy |date=10 April 2023 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01247-2 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
* A [[concentrated solar energy|concentrated solar]]-to-[[green hydrogen|hydrogen]] device approaching viability is demonstrated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Concentrated solar reactor generates unprecedented amounts of hydrogen |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/concentrated-solar-reactor-generates-unprecedented-amounts-of-hydrogen/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Physics World |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528180109/https://physicsworld.com/a/concentrated-solar-reactor-generates-unprecedented-amounts-of-hydrogen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmes-Gentle |first1=Isaac |last2=Tembhurne |first2=Saurabh |last3=Suter |first3=Clemens |last4=Haussener |first4=Sophia |title=Kilowatt-scale solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device |journal=Nature Energy |date=10 April 2023 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01247-2 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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* Record [[Green hydrogen#Research|solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies]], using photoelectrochemical cells, are reported.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehr |first1=Austin M. K. |last2=Agrawal |first2=Ayush |last3=Mandani |first3=Faiz |last4=Conrad |first4=Christian L. |last5=Jiang |first5=Qi |last6=Park |first6=So Yeon |last7=Alley |first7=Olivia |last8=Li |first8=Bor |last9=Sidhik |first9=Siraj |last10=Metcalf |first10=Isaac |last11=Botello |first11=Christopher |last12=Young |first12=James L. |last13=Even |first13=Jacky |last14=Blancon |first14=Jean Christophe |last15=Deutsch |first15=Todd G. | |
* Record [[Green hydrogen#Research|solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies]], using photoelectrochemical cells, are reported.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehr |first1=Austin M. K. |last2=Agrawal |first2=Ayush |last3=Mandani |first3=Faiz |last4=Conrad |first4=Christian L. |last5=Jiang |first5=Qi |last6=Park |first6=So Yeon |last7=Alley |first7=Olivia |last8=Li |first8=Bor |last9=Sidhik |first9=Siraj |last10=Metcalf |first10=Isaac |last11=Botello |first11=Christopher |last12=Young |first12=James L. |last13=Even |first13=Jacky |last14=Blancon |first14=Jean Christophe |last15=Deutsch |first15=Todd G. |date=26 June 2023 |title=Integrated halide perovskite photoelectrochemical cells with solar-driven water-splitting efficiency of 20.8% |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3797 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3797F |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-39290-y |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10293190 |pmid=37365175 |doi-access=free |last16=Zhu |first16=Kai |last17=Albrecht |first17=Steve |last18=Toma |first18=Francesca M. |last19=Wong |first19=Michael |last20=Mohite |first20=Aditya D.}} |
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</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Silvia Cernea |last2=University |first2=Rice |date=July 20, 2023 |title=Device makes hydrogen from sunlight with record efficiency |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-07-device-hydrogen-sunlight-efficiency.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Hydroelectricity and marine energy == |
== Hydroelectricity and marine energy == |
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{{See also|Hydropower#History|Hydroelectricity#History|Ocean thermal energy conversion|Marine energy}} |
{{See also|Hydropower#History|Hydroelectricity#History|Ocean thermal energy conversion|Marine energy}} |
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===2021=== |
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* Engineers report the development of a prototype [[Wave power|wave energy converter]] that is twice as efficient as similar existing experimental technologies, which could be a major step towards practical viability of tapping into the sustainable energy source.<ref>{{cite news |title=New clean energy tech extracts twice the power from ocean waves |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-08-energy-tech-power-ocean.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921135030/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-08-energy-tech-power-ocean.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Study of a novel rotational speed amplified dual turbine wheel wave energy converter |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 November 2021 |volume=301 |pages=117423 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117423 |language=en |issn=0306-2619|last1=Xiao |first1=Han |last2=Liu |first2=Zhenwei |last3=Zhang |first3=Ran |last4=Kelham |first4=Andrew |last5=Xu |first5=Xiangyang |last6=Wang |first6=Xu }}</ref> |
* Engineers report the development of a prototype [[Wave power|wave energy converter]] that is twice as efficient as similar existing experimental technologies, which could be a major step towards practical viability of tapping into the sustainable energy source.<ref>{{cite news |title=New clean energy tech extracts twice the power from ocean waves |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-08-energy-tech-power-ocean.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921135030/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-08-energy-tech-power-ocean.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Study of a novel rotational speed amplified dual turbine wheel wave energy converter |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 November 2021 |volume=301 |pages=117423 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117423 |language=en |issn=0306-2619|last1=Xiao |first1=Han |last2=Liu |first2=Zhenwei |last3=Zhang |first3=Ran |last4=Kelham |first4=Andrew |last5=Xu |first5=Xiangyang |last6=Wang |first6=Xu }}</ref> |
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*A study investigates how [[tidal energy]] could be best integrated into the [[Orkney]] [[energy system]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Almoghayer |first1=Mohammed A. |last2=Woolf |first2=David K. |last3=Kerr |first3=Sandy |last4=Davies |first4=Gareth |title=Integration of tidal energy into an island energy system – A case study of Orkney islands |journal=Energy |date=11 November 2021 |volume=242 |pages=122547 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.122547 |s2cid=244068724 |language=en |issn=0360-5442}}</ref> A few days earlier, a [[scientific review|review]] assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding that it could, according to their considerations that include an economic cost-benefit analysis, deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of its energy demand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tidal stream power can aid drive for net-zero and generate 11% of UK's electricity demand |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-tidal-stream-power-aid-net-zero.html |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=[[University of Plymouth]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212150730/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-tidal-stream-power-aid-net-zero.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coles |first1=Daniel |last2=Angeloudis |first2=Athanasios |last3=Greaves |first3=Deborah |last4=Hastie |first4=Gordon |last5=Lewis |first5=Matthew |last6=Mackie |first6=Lucas |last7=McNaughton |first7=James |last8=Miles |first8=Jon |last9=Neill |first9=Simon |last10=Piggott |first10=Matthew |last11=Risch |first11=Denise |last12=Scott |first12=Beth |last13=Sparling |first13=Carol |last14=Stallard |first14=Tim |last15=Thies |first15=Philipp |last16=Walker |first16=Stuart |last17=White |first17=David |last18=Willden |first18=Richard |last19=Williamson |first19=Benjamin |title=A review of the UK and British Channel Islands practical tidal stream energy resource |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |date=24 November 2021 |volume=477 |issue=2255 |pages=20210469 |doi=10.1098/rspa.2021.0469|pmid=35153596 |pmc=8564615 |bibcode=2021RSPSA.47710469C |s2cid=240424151 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
*A study investigates how [[tidal energy]] could be best integrated into the [[Orkney]] [[energy system]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Almoghayer |first1=Mohammed A. |last2=Woolf |first2=David K. |last3=Kerr |first3=Sandy |last4=Davies |first4=Gareth |title=Integration of tidal energy into an island energy system – A case study of Orkney islands |journal=Energy |date=11 November 2021 |volume=242 |pages=122547 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.122547 |s2cid=244068724 |language=en |issn=0360-5442}}</ref> A few days earlier, a [[scientific review|review]] assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding that it could, according to their considerations that include an economic cost-benefit analysis, deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of its energy demand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tidal stream power can aid drive for net-zero and generate 11% of UK's electricity demand |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-tidal-stream-power-aid-net-zero.html |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=[[University of Plymouth]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212150730/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-tidal-stream-power-aid-net-zero.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coles |first1=Daniel |last2=Angeloudis |first2=Athanasios |last3=Greaves |first3=Deborah |last4=Hastie |first4=Gordon |last5=Lewis |first5=Matthew |last6=Mackie |first6=Lucas |last7=McNaughton |first7=James |last8=Miles |first8=Jon |last9=Neill |first9=Simon |last10=Piggott |first10=Matthew |last11=Risch |first11=Denise |last12=Scott |first12=Beth |last13=Sparling |first13=Carol |last14=Stallard |first14=Tim |last15=Thies |first15=Philipp |last16=Walker |first16=Stuart |last17=White |first17=David |last18=Willden |first18=Richard |last19=Williamson |first19=Benjamin |title=A review of the UK and British Channel Islands practical tidal stream energy resource |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |date=24 November 2021 |volume=477 |issue=2255 |pages=20210469 |doi=10.1098/rspa.2021.0469|pmid=35153596 |pmc=8564615 |bibcode=2021RSPSA.47710469C |s2cid=240424151 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Energy storage == |
== Energy storage == |
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{{See also|Energy storage#History|History of the battery|#Grid energy storage}} |
{{See also|Energy storage#History|History of the battery|#Grid energy storage}} |
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===Electric batteries=== |
===Electric batteries=== |
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{{Expand section|date=November 2021}} |
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}} |
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;2022 |
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===2022=== |
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* In a [[paywall]]ed article, scientists provide 3D imaging and model analysis to reveal main causes, mechanics, and potential mitigations of the prevalent [[lithium-ion battery]] [[wear and tear|degradation]] [[Charge cycle|over charge cycles]].<!--Such may be problematic e.g. due to [[electronic waste]], durability/costs especially when batteries in various devices are [[Technology policy|not required]] to be [[replaceable battery|replaceable/swapable]] worldwide, renewable energy efficiency, and [[Technology-critical element|rare minerals]].--><ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title=Researchers zoom in on battery wear and tear |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-12-battery.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=[[University of Chicago]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170609/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-12-battery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Minghao |last2=Chouchane |first2=Mehdi |last3=Shojaee |first3=S. Ali |last4=Winiarski |first4=Bartlomiej |last5=Liu |first5=Zhao |last6=Li |first6=Letian |last7=Pelapur |first7=Rengarajan |last8=Shodiev |first8=Abbos |last9=Yao |first9=Weiliang |last10=Doux |first10=Jean-Marie |last11=Wang |first11=Shen |last12=Li |first12=Yixuan |last13=Liu |first13=Chaoyue |last14=Lemmens |first14=Herman |last15=Franco |first15=Alejandro A. |last16=Meng |first16=Ying Shirley |title=Coupling of multiscale imaging analysis and computational modeling for understanding thick cathode degradation mechanisms |journal=Joule |date=22 December 2022 |volume=7 |pages=201–220 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.12.001 |url=https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(22)00572-4 |language=English |issn=2542-4785 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170605/https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(22)00572-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=February 2023}} |
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* In a [[paywall]]ed article, scientists provide 3D imaging and model analysis to reveal main causes, mechanics, and potential mitigations of the prevalent [[lithium-ion battery]] [[wear and tear|degradation]] [[Charge cycle|over charge cycles]].<!--Such may be problematic e.g. due to [[electronic waste]], durability/costs especially when batteries in various devices are [[Technology policy|not required]] to be [[replaceable battery|replaceable/swapable]] worldwide, renewable energy efficiency, and [[Technology-critical element|rare minerals]].--><ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title=Researchers zoom in on battery wear and tear |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-12-battery.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=[[University of Chicago]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170609/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-12-battery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Minghao |last2=Chouchane |first2=Mehdi |last3=Shojaee |first3=S. Ali |last4=Winiarski |first4=Bartlomiej |last5=Liu |first5=Zhao |last6=Li |first6=Letian |last7=Pelapur |first7=Rengarajan |last8=Shodiev |first8=Abbos |last9=Yao |first9=Weiliang |last10=Doux |first10=Jean-Marie |last11=Wang |first11=Shen |last12=Li |first12=Yixuan |last13=Liu |first13=Chaoyue |last14=Lemmens |first14=Herman |last15=Franco |first15=Alejandro A. |last16=Meng |first16=Ying Shirley |title=Coupling of multiscale imaging analysis and computational modeling for understanding thick cathode degradation mechanisms |journal=Joule |date=22 December 2022 |volume=7 |pages=201–220 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.12.001 |url=https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(22)00572-4 |language=English |issn=2542-4785 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170605/https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(22)00572-4 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=February 2023}} |
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;2023 |
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===2023=== |
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* In two studies, researchers report that substitution of PET adhesive tapes could {{tooltip|nearly prevent|they report that "The addition of two weight percent vinylene carbonate can prevent redox shuttle generation and leads to almost zero reversible self-discharge"}}{{clarify|date=February 2023}} [[self-discharge]] in the widely used [[lithium-ion batteries]], extending [[battery life]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Discovery in Canadian lab could help laptop, phone and car batteries last longer |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/discovery-in-canadian-lab-could-help-laptop-phone-and-car-batteries-last-longer-1.6254040 |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=CTVNews |date=31 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215181223/https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/discovery-in-canadian-lab-could-help-laptop-phone-and-car-batteries-last-longer-1.6254040 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Reversible Self-discharge of LFP/Graphite and NMC811/Graphite Cells Originating from Redox Shuttle Generation |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |year=2023 |volume=170 |doi=10.1149/1945-7111/acb10c|doi-access=free|last1=Buechele |first1=Sebastian |last2=Logan |first2=Eric |last3=Boulanger |first3=Thomas |last4=Azam |first4=Saad |last5=Eldesoky |first5=Ahmed |last6=Song |first6=Wentao |last7=Johnson |first7=Michel B. |last8=Metzger |first8=Michael |issue=1 |page=010518 |bibcode=2023JElS..170a0518B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Identification of Redox Shuttle Generated in LFP/Graphite and NMC811/Graphite Cells |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |year=2023 |volume=170 |doi=10.1149/1945-7111/acaf44|last1=Buechele |first1=Sebastian |last2=Adamson |first2=Anu |last3=Eldesoky |first3=Ahmed |last4=Boetticher |first4=Tom |last5=Hartmann |first5=Louis |last6=Boulanger |first6=Thomas |last7=Azam |first7=Saad |last8=Johnson |first8=Michel B. |last9=Taskovic |first9=Tina |last10=Logan |first10=Eric |last11=Metzger |first11=Michael |issue=1 |page=010511 |bibcode=2023JElS..170a0511B |s2cid=255321506 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* In two studies, researchers report that substitution of PET adhesive tapes could {{tooltip|nearly prevent|they report that "The addition of two weight percent vinylene carbonate can prevent redox shuttle generation and leads to almost zero reversible self-discharge"}}{{clarify|date=February 2023}} [[self-discharge]] in the widely used [[lithium-ion batteries]], extending [[battery life]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Discovery in Canadian lab could help laptop, phone and car batteries last longer |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/discovery-in-canadian-lab-could-help-laptop-phone-and-car-batteries-last-longer-1.6254040 |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=CTVNews |date=31 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215181223/https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/discovery-in-canadian-lab-could-help-laptop-phone-and-car-batteries-last-longer-1.6254040 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Reversible Self-discharge of LFP/Graphite and NMC811/Graphite Cells Originating from Redox Shuttle Generation |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |year=2023 |volume=170 |doi=10.1149/1945-7111/acb10c|doi-access=free|last1=Buechele |first1=Sebastian |last2=Logan |first2=Eric |last3=Boulanger |first3=Thomas |last4=Azam |first4=Saad |last5=Eldesoky |first5=Ahmed |last6=Song |first6=Wentao |last7=Johnson |first7=Michel B. |last8=Metzger |first8=Michael |issue=1 |page=010518 |bibcode=2023JElS..170a0518B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Identification of Redox Shuttle Generated in LFP/Graphite and NMC811/Graphite Cells |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |year=2023 |volume=170 |doi=10.1149/1945-7111/acaf44|last1=Buechele |first1=Sebastian |last2=Adamson |first2=Anu |last3=Eldesoky |first3=Ahmed |last4=Boetticher |first4=Tom |last5=Hartmann |first5=Louis |last6=Boulanger |first6=Thomas |last7=Azam |first7=Saad |last8=Johnson |first8=Michel B. |last9=Taskovic |first9=Tina |last10=Logan |first10=Eric |last11=Metzger |first11=Michael |issue=1 |page=010511 |bibcode=2023JElS..170a0511B |s2cid=255321506 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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===Thermal energy storage=== |
===Thermal energy storage=== |
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* 2022 – Researchers report the development of a system that combines the [[Thermal energy storage#MOST|MOST solar thermal energy storage system]] that can store energy for 18 years with a chip-sized [[thermoelectric generator]] to generate electricity from it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Joshua |title=New liquid system could revolutionize solar energy |url=https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=BGR |date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418130852/https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhihang |last2=Wu |first2=Zhenhua |last3=Hu |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Orrego-Hernández |first4=Jessica |last5=Mu |first5=Erzhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhao-Yang |last7=Jevric |first7=Martyn |last8=Liu |first8=Yang |last9=Fu |first9=Xuecheng |last10=Wang |first10=Fengdan |last11=Li |first11=Tao |last12=Moth-Poulsen |first12=Kasper |title=Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100789 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100789 |bibcode=2022CRPS....300789W |s2cid=247329224 |language=en |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* 2022 – Researchers report the development of a system that combines the [[Thermal energy storage#MOST|MOST solar thermal energy storage system]] that can store energy for 18 years with a chip-sized [[thermoelectric generator]] to generate electricity from it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Joshua |title=New liquid system could revolutionize solar energy |url=https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=BGR |date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418130852/https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhihang |last2=Wu |first2=Zhenhua |last3=Hu |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Orrego-Hernández |first4=Jessica |last5=Mu |first5=Erzhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhao-Yang |last7=Jevric |first7=Martyn |last8=Liu |first8=Yang |last9=Fu |first9=Xuecheng |last10=Wang |first10=Fengdan |last11=Li |first11=Tao |last12=Moth-Poulsen |first12=Kasper |title=Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100789 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100789 |bibcode=2022CRPS....300789W |s2cid=247329224 |language=en |issn=2666-3864|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/275653 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Novel and emerging types === |
=== Novel and emerging types === |
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== Nuclear fusion == |
== Nuclear fusion == |
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{{Excerpt|Timeline of nuclear fusion|2020s}} |
{{Excerpt|Timeline of nuclear fusion|2020s}} |
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== Geothermal energy == |
== Geothermal energy == |
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{{See also|Geothermal energy#History}} |
{{See also|Geothermal energy#History}} |
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;2022 |
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===2022=== |
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* A study describes a way by which [[geothermal power]] plants {{tooltip|could store their energy|(rather than providing nonflexible "baseload" energy even at times when renewable energy generation is abundant)}} within their reservoirs for [[dispatchable generation|dispatch]] to (better) help [[100% renewable energy#Intermittency|manage intermittency of solar and wind]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahambhatt |first1=Rupendra |title=In a world first, scientists propose geothermal power plants that also work as valuable clean energy reservoirs |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/geothermal-power-plants-clean-energy-reservoirs |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210406/https://interestingengineering.com/science/geothermal-power-plants-clean-energy-reservoirs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ricks |first1=Wilson |last2=Norbeck |first2=Jack |last3=Jenkins |first3=Jesse |title=The value of in-reservoir energy storage for flexible dispatch of geothermal power |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 May 2022 |volume=313 |pages=118807 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118807 |s2cid=247302205 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6385742 |language=en |issn=0306-2619 |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210408/https://zenodo.org/record/6385742 |url-status=live }} |
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* A study describes a way by which [[geothermal power]] plants {{tooltip|could store their energy|(rather than providing nonflexible "baseload" energy even at times when renewable energy generation is abundant)}} within their reservoirs for [[dispatchable generation|dispatch]] to (better) help [[100% renewable energy#Intermittency|manage intermittency of solar and wind]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahambhatt |first1=Rupendra |title=In a world first, scientists propose geothermal power plants that also work as valuable clean energy reservoirs |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/geothermal-power-plants-clean-energy-reservoirs |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210406/https://interestingengineering.com/science/geothermal-power-plants-clean-energy-reservoirs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ricks |first1=Wilson |last2=Norbeck |first2=Jack |last3=Jenkins |first3=Jesse |title=The value of in-reservoir energy storage for flexible dispatch of geothermal power |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 May 2022 |volume=313 |pages=118807 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118807 |s2cid=247302205 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6385742 |language=en |issn=0306-2619 |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210408/https://zenodo.org/record/6385742 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }} |
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* University press release: {{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Sharon |title=Study shows geothermal could be an ideal energy storage technology |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-geothermal-ideal-energy-storage-technology.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=Princeton University via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210406/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-geothermal-ideal-energy-storage-technology.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* University press release: {{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Sharon |title=Study shows geothermal could be an ideal energy storage technology |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-geothermal-ideal-energy-storage-technology.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=Princeton University via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020210406/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-geothermal-ideal-energy-storage-technology.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Waste heat recovery== |
== Waste heat recovery== |
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{{See also|Waste heat recovery}} |
{{See also|Waste heat recovery}} |
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;2020 |
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===2020=== |
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* Reviews about WHR in the aluminium industry<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brough |first1=Daniel |last2=Jouhara |first2=Hussam |title=The aluminium industry: A review on state-of-the-art technologies, environmental impacts and possibilities for waste heat recovery |journal=International Journal of Thermofluids |date=1 February 2020 |volume=1–2 |pages=100007 |doi=10.1016/j.ijft.2019.100007 |s2cid=212720002 |language=en |issn=2666-2027|doi-access=free }}</ref> and cement industry<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierro |first1=José J. |last2=Escudero-Atehortua |first2=Ana |last3=Nieto-Londoño |first3=César |last4=Giraldo |first4=Mauricio |last5=Jouhara |first5=Hussam |last6=Wrobel |first6=Luiz C. |title=Evaluation of waste heat recovery technologies for the cement industry |journal=International Journal of Thermofluids |date=1 November 2020 |volume=7–8 |pages=100040 |doi=10.1016/j.ijft.2020.100040 |s2cid=221689777 |language=en |issn=2666-2027|doi-access=free }}</ref> are published. |
* Reviews about WHR in the aluminium industry<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brough |first1=Daniel |last2=Jouhara |first2=Hussam |title=The aluminium industry: A review on state-of-the-art technologies, environmental impacts and possibilities for waste heat recovery |journal=International Journal of Thermofluids |date=1 February 2020 |volume=1–2 |pages=100007 |doi=10.1016/j.ijft.2019.100007 |s2cid=212720002 |language=en |issn=2666-2027|doi-access=free }}</ref> and cement industry<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierro |first1=José J. |last2=Escudero-Atehortua |first2=Ana |last3=Nieto-Londoño |first3=César |last4=Giraldo |first4=Mauricio |last5=Jouhara |first5=Hussam |last6=Wrobel |first6=Luiz C. |title=Evaluation of waste heat recovery technologies for the cement industry |journal=International Journal of Thermofluids |date=1 November 2020 |volume=7–8 |pages=100040 |doi=10.1016/j.ijft.2020.100040 |s2cid=221689777 |language=en |issn=2666-2027|doi-access=free }}</ref> are published. |
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;2023 |
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===2023=== |
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* A report by the company [[Danfoss]] estimates EU's excess heat recovery potential, suggesting there is "huge, unharnessed potential" and that action could involve initial mapping of existing waste heat sources.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turns |first1=Anna |title=Recapturing excess heat could power most of Europe, say experts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/23/recapturing-excess-heat-could-power-most-of-europe-say-experts |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175109/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/23/recapturing-excess-heat-could-power-most-of-europe-say-experts |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* A report by the company [[Danfoss]] estimates EU's excess heat recovery potential, suggesting there is "huge, unharnessed potential" and that action could involve initial mapping of existing waste heat sources.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turns |first1=Anna |title=Recapturing excess heat could power most of Europe, say experts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/23/recapturing-excess-heat-could-power-most-of-europe-say-experts |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175109/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/23/recapturing-excess-heat-could-power-most-of-europe-say-experts |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Bioenergy, chemical engineering and biotechnology == |
== Bioenergy, chemical engineering and biotechnology == |
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{{See also|Bioenergy|Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage#Current projects|Biobased economy#Energy|Artificial photosynthesis|Woodchips#Fuel}} |
{{See also|Bioenergy|Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage#Current projects|Biobased economy#Energy|Artificial photosynthesis|Woodchips#Fuel}} |
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;2020 |
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===2020=== |
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* Scientists report the development of <!--[[Microemulsion]]-->micro-droplets for [[algae|algal cells]] or synergistic algal-bacterial multicellular [[spheroid]] [[microreactor|microbial reactors]] capable [[Hydrogen fuel#Production|of producing]] oxygen as well as [[biohydrogen|hydrogen]] via photosynthesis in daylight under air.<ref name="phys-droplets">{{cite news |title=Research creates hydrogen-producing living droplets, paving way for alternative future energy source |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-hydrogen-producing-droplets-paving-alternative-future.html |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151601/https://phys.org/news/2020-11-hydrogen-producing-droplets-paving-alternative-future.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Zhijun |last2=Wang |first2=Shengliang |last3=Zhao |first3=Chunyu |last4=Li |first4=Shangsong |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaoman |last6=Wang |first6=Lei |last7=Li |first7=Mei |last8=Huang |first8=Xin |last9=Mann |first9=Stephen |title=Photosynthetic hydrogen production by droplet-based microbial micro-reactors under aerobic conditions |journal=Nature Communications |date=25 November 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5985 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19823-5 |pmid=33239636 |pmc=7689460 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5985X |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
* Scientists report the development of <!--[[Microemulsion]]-->micro-droplets for [[algae|algal cells]] or synergistic algal-bacterial multicellular [[spheroid]] [[microreactor|microbial reactors]] capable [[Hydrogen fuel#Production|of producing]] oxygen as well as [[biohydrogen|hydrogen]] via photosynthesis in daylight under air.<ref name="phys-droplets">{{cite news |title=Research creates hydrogen-producing living droplets, paving way for alternative future energy source |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-hydrogen-producing-droplets-paving-alternative-future.html |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216151601/https://phys.org/news/2020-11-hydrogen-producing-droplets-paving-alternative-future.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Zhijun |last2=Wang |first2=Shengliang |last3=Zhao |first3=Chunyu |last4=Li |first4=Shangsong |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaoman |last6=Wang |first6=Lei |last7=Li |first7=Mei |last8=Huang |first8=Xin |last9=Mann |first9=Stephen |title=Photosynthetic hydrogen production by droplet-based microbial micro-reactors under aerobic conditions |journal=Nature Communications |date=25 November 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5985 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19823-5 |pmid=33239636 |pmc=7689460 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5985X |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
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;2022 |
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*Researchers report the [[Nanobiotechnology#Nanobiotechnology|development]] of [[3D printing|3D-printed]] [[Nanomanufacturing|nano]]-"skyscraper" electrodes that house [[cyanobacteria]] for extracting substantially more [[sustainable energy|sustainable]] [[bioenergy]] from their [[photosynthesis]] than before<!-- and provide new tools for three-dimensional electrode design-->.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tiny 'skyscrapers' help bacteria convert sunlight into electricity |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-tiny-skyscrapers-bacteria-sunlight-electricity.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[University of Cambridge]] |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330222845/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-tiny-skyscrapers-bacteria-sunlight-electricity.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xiaolong |last2=Lawrence |first2=Joshua M. |last3=Wey |first3=Laura T. |last4=Schertel |first4=Lukas |last5=Jing |first5=Qingshen |last6=Vignolini |first6=Silvia |last7=Howe |first7=Christopher J. |last8=Kar-Narayan |first8=Sohini |last9=Zhang |first9=Jenny Z. |title=3D-printed hierarchical pillar array electrodes for high-performance semi-artificial photosynthesis |journal=Nature Materials |date=7 March 2022 |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=811–818 |doi=10.1038/s41563-022-01205-5| pmid=35256790 |bibcode=2022NatMa..21..811C |s2cid=237763253 |language=en |issn=1476-4660 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353153555}}</ref> |
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===2022=== |
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*Researchers report the [[Nanobiotechnology#Nanobiotechnology|development]] of [[3D printing|3D-printed]] [[Nanomanufacturing|nano]]-"skyscraper" electrodes that house [[cyanobacteria]] for extracting substantially more [[sustainable energy|sustainable]] [[bioenergy]] from their [[photosynthesis]] than before<!-- and provide new tools for three-dimensional electrode design-->.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tiny 'skyscrapers' help bacteria convert sunlight into electricity |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-tiny-skyscrapers-bacteria-sunlight-electricity.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[University of Cambridge]] |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330222845/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-tiny-skyscrapers-bacteria-sunlight-electricity.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xiaolong |last2=Lawrence |first2=Joshua M. |last3=Wey |first3=Laura T. |last4=Schertel |first4=Lukas |last5=Jing |first5=Qingshen |last6=Vignolini |first6=Silvia |last7=Howe |first7=Christopher J. |last8=Kar-Narayan |first8=Sohini |last9=Zhang |first9=Jenny Z. |title=3D-printed hierarchical pillar array electrodes for high-performance semi-artificial photosynthesis |journal=Nature Materials |date=7 March 2022 |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=811–818 |doi=10.1038/s41563-022-01205-5| pmid=35256790 |bibcode=2022NatMa..21..811C |s2cid=237763253 |language=en |issn=1476-4660 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353153555}}</ref> |
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*News outlets report about the development of [[Algae bioreactor#Microgeneration|algae biopanels]] by a company for [[Renewable energy#Algae fuels|sustainable energy generation]] with unclear viability<ref>{{cite news |title=Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2 |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192455/https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192603/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |url-status=live }}</ref> after other researchers built the self-powered [[Bionic architecture#Advantages|{{tooltip|2='Bio-Intelligent Quotient'|BIQ}} house prototype]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talaei |first1=Maryam |last2=Mahdavinejad |first2=Mohammadjavad |last3=Azari |first3=Rahman |title=Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |date=1 March 2020 |volume=28 |pages=101011 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 |s2cid=210245691 |language=en |issn=2352-7102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Sara |last2=Stoller |first2=Paul |last3=Ralph |first3=Peter |last4=Hamdorf |first4=Brenton |last5=Catana |first5=Laila Navarro |last6=Kuzava |first6=Gabriela Santana |title=Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW |journal=Procedia Engineering |date=1 January 2017 |volume=180 |pages=1121–1130 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 |language=en |issn=1877-7058|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*News outlets report about the development of [[Algae bioreactor#Microgeneration|algae biopanels]] by a company for [[Renewable energy#Algae fuels|sustainable energy generation]] with unclear viability<ref>{{cite news |title=Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2 |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192455/https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192603/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |url-status=live }}</ref> after other researchers built the self-powered [[Bionic architecture#Advantages|{{tooltip|2='Bio-Intelligent Quotient'|BIQ}} house prototype]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talaei |first1=Maryam |last2=Mahdavinejad |first2=Mohammadjavad |last3=Azari |first3=Rahman |title=Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |date=1 March 2020 |volume=28 |pages=101011 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 |s2cid=210245691 |language=en |issn=2352-7102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Sara |last2=Stoller |first2=Paul |last3=Ralph |first3=Peter |last4=Hamdorf |first4=Brenton |last5=Catana |first5=Laila Navarro |last6=Kuzava |first6=Gabriela Santana |title=Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW |journal=Procedia Engineering |date=1 January 2017 |volume=180 |pages=1121–1130 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 |language=en |issn=1877-7058|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
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*A [[Mycobacterium smegmatis#Production of Electricity|bacterial]] [[hydrogenase]]<!--#[NiFe] hydrogenase--> [[enzyme]], Huc, for [[biohydrogen]] energy from the air is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yu |first1=Andi |title=Scientists have found an enzyme that can make electricity out of tiny amounts of hydrogen |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-09/monash-university-air-electricity-enzyme-soil/102071786 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=ABC News |date=9 March 2023 |language=en-AU |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420082616/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-09/monash-university-air-electricity-enzyme-soil/102071786 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grinter |first1=Rhys |last2=Kropp |first2=Ashleigh |last3=Venugopal |first3=Hari |last4=Senger |first4=Moritz |last5=Badley |first5=Jack |last6=Cabotaje |first6=Princess R. |last7=Jia |first7=Ruyu |last8=Duan |first8=Zehui |last9=Huang |first9=Ping |last10=Stripp |first10=Sven T. |last11=Barlow |first11=Christopher K. |last12=Belousoff |first12=Matthew |last13=Shafaat |first13=Hannah S. |last14=Cook |first14=Gregory M. |last15=Schittenhelm |first15=Ralf B. |last16=Vincent |first16=Kylie A. |last17=Khalid |first17=Syma |last18=Berggren |first18=Gustav |last19=Greening |first19=Chris |title=Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen |journal=Nature |date=March 2023 |volume=615 |issue=7952 |pages=541–547 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7 |pmid=36890228 |pmc=10017518 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..541G |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*A [[Mycobacterium smegmatis#Production of Electricity|bacterial]] [[hydrogenase]]<!--#[NiFe] hydrogenase--> [[enzyme]], Huc, for [[biohydrogen]] energy from the air is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yu |first1=Andi |title=Scientists have found an enzyme that can make electricity out of tiny amounts of hydrogen |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-09/monash-university-air-electricity-enzyme-soil/102071786 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=ABC News |date=9 March 2023 |language=en-AU |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420082616/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-09/monash-university-air-electricity-enzyme-soil/102071786 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grinter |first1=Rhys |last2=Kropp |first2=Ashleigh |last3=Venugopal |first3=Hari |last4=Senger |first4=Moritz |last5=Badley |first5=Jack |last6=Cabotaje |first6=Princess R. |last7=Jia |first7=Ruyu |last8=Duan |first8=Zehui |last9=Huang |first9=Ping |last10=Stripp |first10=Sven T. |last11=Barlow |first11=Christopher K. |last12=Belousoff |first12=Matthew |last13=Shafaat |first13=Hannah S. |last14=Cook |first14=Gregory M. |last15=Schittenhelm |first15=Ralf B. |last16=Vincent |first16=Kylie A. |last17=Khalid |first17=Syma |last18=Berggren |first18=Gustav |last19=Greening |first19=Chris |title=Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen |journal=Nature |date=March 2023 |volume=615 |issue=7952 |pages=541–547 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7 |pmid=36890228 |pmc=10017518 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..541G |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== General == |
== General == |
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Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types. |
Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types. |
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=== Other energy-need reductions === |
=== Other energy-need reductions === |
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{{See also|Energy conservation|Sustainable lifestyle|Heat cost allocator|Personal carbon credits|Climate change mitigation#Research}} |
{{See also|Energy conservation|Sustainable lifestyle|Heat cost allocator|Personal carbon credits|Climate change mitigation#Research}} |
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Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] on the level of the energy system. |
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] on the level of the energy system. |
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;2020 |
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====2020==== |
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* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=University of Leeds |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millward-Hopkins |first1=Joel |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=Rao |first3=Narasimha D. |last4=Oswald |first4=Yannick |title=Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2020 |volume=65 |pages=102168 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168 |s2cid=224977493 |language=en |issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=University of Leeds |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millward-Hopkins |first1=Joel |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=Rao |first3=Narasimha D. |last4=Oswald |first4=Yannick |title=Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2020 |volume=65 |pages=102168 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168 |s2cid=224977493 |language=en |issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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;2022 |
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* A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506083307/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=d’Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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====2022==== |
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* A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506083307/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=d’Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=2434/922959 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Materials and recycling === |
=== Materials and recycling === |
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{{See also|#Solar power|Solar panel#Waste and recycling|Solar cell#Recycling|Rare-earth element#Environmental considerations|Environmental aspects of the electric car|Circular economy#Rare-earth elements recovery}} |
{{See also|#Solar power|Solar panel#Waste and recycling|Solar cell#Recycling|Rare-earth element#Environmental considerations|Environmental aspects of the electric car|Circular economy#Rare-earth elements recovery}} |
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;2020 |
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====2020==== |
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* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
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==== 2021 ==== |
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;2023 |
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*A study finds that the world has [[Technology-critical element|enough]] [[rare earths]] and other raw materials to [[Energy transition|switch]] from fossil fuels to [[renewable energy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Enough rare earth minerals to fuel green energy shift |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |date=27 January 2023 |work=AP |accessdate=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212928/https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Future demand for electricity generation materials under different climate mitigation scenarios |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |date=27 January 2023 |journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]] |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2023.01.001 |accessdate=31 January 2023 |last1=Wang |first1=Seaver |last2=Hausfather |first2=Zeke |last3=Davis |first3=Steven |last4=Lloyd |first4=Juzel |last5=Olson |first5=Erik B. |last6=Liebermann |first6=Lauren |last7=Núñez-Mujica |first7=Guido D. |last8=McBride |first8=Jameson |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=309–332 |s2cid=256347184 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131093410/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* [[Neodymium]], an essential [[rare-earth element]] (REE), plays a key role in making permanent magnets for wind turbines. Demand for REEs is expected to double by 2035 due to renewable energy growth, posing environmental risks, including [[radioactive waste]] from their extraction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare Earth Elements: A Resource Constraint of the Energy Transition |url=https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/rare-earth-elements-a-resource-constraint-of-the-energy-transition/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Kleinman Center for Energy Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
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*A study finds that the world has [[Technology-critical element|enough]] [[rare earths]] and other raw materials to [[Energy transition|switch]] from fossil fuels to [[renewable energy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Enough rare earth minerals to fuel green energy shift |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |date=27 January 2023 |work=AP |accessdate=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212928/https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Future demand for electricity generation materials under different climate mitigation scenarios |date=27 January 2023 |journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]] |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2023.01.001 |last1=Wang |first1=Seaver |last2=Hausfather |first2=Zeke |last3=Davis |first3=Steven |last4=Lloyd |first4=Juzel |last5=Olson |first5=Erik B. |last6=Liebermann |first6=Lauren |last7=Núñez-Mujica |first7=Guido D. |last8=McBride |first8=Jameson |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=309–332 |s2cid=256347184 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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*A new viable [[Research in lithium-ion batteries|lithium-ion]] [[battery recycling]] method is reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=New lithium-ion battery recycling method is energy efficient, acid free and recovers 70% lithium |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-new/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=Cosmos Magazine |date=31 March 2023 |language=en-AU |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419212534/https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-new/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolotko |first1=Oleksandr |last2=Gehrke |first2=Niclas |last3=Malliaridou |first3=Triantafillia |last4=Sieweck |first4=Raphael |last5=Herrmann |first5=Laura |last6=Hunzinger |first6=Bettina |last7=Knapp |first7=Michael |last8=Ehrenberg |first8=Helmut |title=Universal and efficient extraction of lithium for lithium-ion battery recycling using mechanochemistry |journal=Communications Chemistry |date=28 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1038/s42004-023-00844-2 |pmid=36977798 |pmc=10049983 |language=en |issn=2399-3669|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*A new viable [[Research in lithium-ion batteries|lithium-ion]] [[battery recycling]] method is reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=New lithium-ion battery recycling method is energy efficient, acid free and recovers 70% lithium |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-new/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=Cosmos Magazine |date=31 March 2023 |language=en-AU |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419212534/https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-new/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolotko |first1=Oleksandr |last2=Gehrke |first2=Niclas |last3=Malliaridou |first3=Triantafillia |last4=Sieweck |first4=Raphael |last5=Herrmann |first5=Laura |last6=Hunzinger |first6=Bettina |last7=Knapp |first7=Michael |last8=Ehrenberg |first8=Helmut |title=Universal and efficient extraction of lithium for lithium-ion battery recycling using mechanochemistry |journal=Communications Chemistry |date=28 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1038/s42004-023-00844-2 |pmid=36977798 |pmc=10049983 |language=en |issn=2399-3669|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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[[File:Flow chart of possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels.jpg|thumb|Flow chart of proposed or possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels<ref name="10.3934/energy.2023008"/>]] |
[[File:Flow chart of possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels.jpg|thumb|Flow chart of proposed or possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels<ref name="10.3934/energy.2023008"/>]] |
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==== Seabed mining ==== |
==== Seabed mining ==== |
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;2020 |
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=====2020===== |
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* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |s2cid=212808129 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> |
* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |s2cid=212808129 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> |
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===== 2021 ===== |
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* A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. A. |last2=Brigden |first2=K. |last3=Santillo |first3=D. |last4=Currie |first4=D. |last5=Johnston |first5=P. |last6=Thompson |first6=K. F. |title=Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.706161 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025055311/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=University of Exeter |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153600/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amon |first1=Diva J. |last2=Gollner |first2=Sabine |last3=Morato |first3=Telmo |last4=Smith |first4=Craig R. |last5=Chen |first5=Chong |last6=Christiansen |first6=Sabine |last7=Currie |first7=Bronwen |last8=Drazen |first8=Jeffrey C. |last9=Fukushima |first9=Tomohiko |last10=Gianni |first10=Matthew |last11=Gjerde |first11=Kristina M. |last12=Gooday |first12=Andrew J. |last13=Grillo |first13=Georgina Guillen |last14=Haeckel |first14=Matthias |last15=Joyini |first15=Thembile |last16=Ju |first16=Se-Jong |last17=Levin |first17=Lisa A. |last18=Metaxas |first18=Anna |last19=Mianowicz |first19=Kamila |last20=Molodtsova |first20=Tina N. |last21=Narberhaus |first21=Ingo |last22=Orcutt |first22=Beth N. |last23=Swaddling |first23=Alison |last24=Tuhumwire |first24=Joshua |last25=Palacio |first25=Patricio Urueña |last26=Walker |first26=Michelle |last27=Weaver |first27=Phil |last28=Xu |first28=Xue-Wei |last29=Mulalap |first29=Clement Yow |last30=Edwards |first30=Peter E. T. |last31=Pickens |first31=Chris |title=Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2022 |volume=138 |pages=105006 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 |s2cid=247350879 |language=en |issn=0308-597X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |website=Fauna & Flora International |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016190424/https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |url-status=live |last1=Duthie |first1=Lizzie }}</ref> |
* A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. A. |last2=Brigden |first2=K. |last3=Santillo |first3=D. |last4=Currie |first4=D. |last5=Johnston |first5=P. |last6=Thompson |first6=K. F. |title=Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.706161 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free |hdl=10871/126732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025055311/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=University of Exeter |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153600/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amon |first1=Diva J. |last2=Gollner |first2=Sabine |last3=Morato |first3=Telmo |last4=Smith |first4=Craig R. |last5=Chen |first5=Chong |last6=Christiansen |first6=Sabine |last7=Currie |first7=Bronwen |last8=Drazen |first8=Jeffrey C. |last9=Fukushima |first9=Tomohiko |last10=Gianni |first10=Matthew |last11=Gjerde |first11=Kristina M. |last12=Gooday |first12=Andrew J. |last13=Grillo |first13=Georgina Guillen |last14=Haeckel |first14=Matthias |last15=Joyini |first15=Thembile |last16=Ju |first16=Se-Jong |last17=Levin |first17=Lisa A. |last18=Metaxas |first18=Anna |last19=Mianowicz |first19=Kamila |last20=Molodtsova |first20=Tina N. |last21=Narberhaus |first21=Ingo |last22=Orcutt |first22=Beth N. |last23=Swaddling |first23=Alison |last24=Tuhumwire |first24=Joshua |last25=Palacio |first25=Patricio Urueña |last26=Walker |first26=Michelle |last27=Weaver |first27=Phil |last28=Xu |first28=Xue-Wei |last29=Mulalap |first29=Clement Yow |last30=Edwards |first30=Peter E. T. |last31=Pickens |first31=Chris |title=Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2022 |volume=138 |pages=105006 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 |s2cid=247350879 |language=en |issn=0308-597X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |website=Fauna & Flora International |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016190424/https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |url-status=live |last1=Duthie |first1=Lizzie }}</ref> |
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* Nauru requested the ISA to finalize rules so that The Metals Company be approved to begin work in 2023.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* China's COMRA tested its polymetallic nodules collection system at 4,200 feet of depth in the East and South China Seas. The Dayang Yihao was exploring the Clarion-Clipperton Zone for China Minmetals when it crossed into the U.S. [[exclusive economic zone]] near Hawaii, where for five days it looped south of [[Honolulu]] without having requested entry into US waters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kuo |first=Lily |date=October 19, 2023 |title=China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/china-deep-sea-mining-military-renewable-energy/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> |
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=====2022===== |
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* |
* Impossible Metals announces its first [[Autonomous underwater vehicle|underwater robotic vehicle]], 'Eureka 1', has completed its first trial of selectively harvesting [[polymetallic nodule]] rocks from the seabed to help address the [[climate change mitigation|rising global need]] for [[Technology-critical element|metals]] for [[renewable energy]] system components, mainly batteries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Impossible Metals demonstrates its super-careful seabed mining robot |url=https://newatlas.com/marine/seabed-mining-robot-impossible-metals/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=New Atlas |date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117120752/https://newatlas.com/marine/seabed-mining-robot-impossible-metals/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=These fearsome robots will bring mining to the deep ocean |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/these-fearsome-robots-will-bring-mining-deep-ocean-n724901 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115003027/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/these-fearsome-robots-will-bring-mining-deep-ocean-n724901 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Proposed deep-sea mining would kill animals not yet discovered |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/proposed-deep-sea-mining-would-kill-animals-not-yet-discovered |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=National Geographic |date=1 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170603/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/proposed-deep-sea-mining-would-kill-animals-not-yet-discovered |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining robot stranded on Pacific Ocean floor in deep-sea mining trial |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/mining-robot-stranded-pacific-ocean-floor-deep-sea-mining-trial-2021-04-28/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170602/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/mining-robot-stranded-pacific-ocean-floor-deep-sea-mining-trial-2021-04-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===== 2023 ===== |
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* Supporters of mining were led by Norway, Mexico, and the United Kingdom, and supported by [[The Metals Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=2023-08-04 |title=The Metals Company announces a controversial timeline for deep sea mining that worsens the divide in an already bitter battle |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/04/the-metals-company-puts-out-controversial-timeline-for-deep-sea-mining.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> |
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* Chinese prospecting ship Dayang Hao prospected in China-licensed areas in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.<ref name=":1" /> |
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===== 2024 ===== |
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* [[Norway]] approved commercial deep-sea mining. 80% of Parliament voted to approve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🟡 Semafor Flagship: Bedlam, brilliance, and brightness {{!}} Semafor {{!}} Semafor |url=https://www.semafor.com/newsletter/01/10/2024/semafor-flagship |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.semafor.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Maintenance === |
=== Maintenance === |
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{{See also|Soiling (solar energy)#Mitigation techniques}} |
{{See also|Soiling (solar energy)#Mitigation techniques}} |
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Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could [[Solar cell#Autonomous maintenance|be automated]], standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like [[waste management]]. |
Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could [[Solar cell#Autonomous maintenance|be automated]], standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like [[waste management]]. |
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;2022 |
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====2022==== |
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* Researchers demonstrate electrostatic dust removal from solar panels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Static electricity can keep desert solar panels free of dust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312079-static-electricity-can-keep-desert-solar-panels-free-of-dust/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418152732/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312079-static-electricity-can-keep-desert-solar-panels-free-of-dust/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panat |first1=Sreedath |last2=Varanasi |first2=Kripa K. |title=Electrostatic dust removal using adsorbed moisture–assisted charge induction for sustainable operation of solar panels |journal=Science Advances |date=11 March 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=eabm0078 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abm0078 |pmid=35275728 |pmc=8916732 |bibcode=2022SciA....8M..78P |s2cid=247407117 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}</ref> |
* Researchers demonstrate electrostatic dust removal from solar panels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Static electricity can keep desert solar panels free of dust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312079-static-electricity-can-keep-desert-solar-panels-free-of-dust/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418152732/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312079-static-electricity-can-keep-desert-solar-panels-free-of-dust/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panat |first1=Sreedath |last2=Varanasi |first2=Kripa K. |title=Electrostatic dust removal using adsorbed moisture–assisted charge induction for sustainable operation of solar panels |journal=Science Advances |date=11 March 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=eabm0078 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abm0078 |pmid=35275728 |pmc=8916732 |bibcode=2022SciA....8M..78P |s2cid=247407117 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}</ref> |
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=== Economics === |
=== Economics === |
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;2021 |
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====2021==== |
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* A review finds that the pace of cost-decline of renewables has been underestimated and that an "open cost-database would greatly benefit the energy scenario community".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Doug |title=The decreasing cost of renewables unlikely to plateau any time soon |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/the-decreasing-cost-of-renewables-unlikely-to-plateau-anytime-soon/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Ars Technica |date=3 October 2021 |language=en-us |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164634/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/the-decreasing-cost-of-renewables-unlikely-to-plateau-anytime-soon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Mengzhu |last2=Junne |first2=Tobias |last3=Haas |first3=Jannik |last4=Klein |first4=Martin |title=Plummeting costs of renewables – Are energy scenarios lagging? |journal=Energy Strategy Reviews |date=1 May 2021 |volume=35 |pages=100636 |doi=10.1016/j.esr.2021.100636 |s2cid=233543846 |language=en |issn=2211-467X|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> A 2022 study comes to similar conclusions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Prachi |title=Fast transition to carbon-free energy could save trillions |url=https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2022/09/carbon-free-energy-system-could-save-trillions-of-dollars/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133618/https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2022/09/carbon-free-energy-system-could-save-trillions-of-dollars/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Way |first1=Rupert |last2=Ives |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Mealy |first3=Penny |last4=Farmer |first4=J. Doyne |title=Empirically grounded technology forecasts and the energy transition |journal=Joule |date=21 September 2022 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=2057–2082 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.009 |s2cid=237624207 |language=English |issn=2542-4785|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* A review finds that the pace of cost-decline of renewables has been underestimated and that an "open cost-database would greatly benefit the energy scenario community".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Doug |title=The decreasing cost of renewables unlikely to plateau any time soon |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/the-decreasing-cost-of-renewables-unlikely-to-plateau-anytime-soon/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Ars Technica |date=3 October 2021 |language=en-us |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164634/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/the-decreasing-cost-of-renewables-unlikely-to-plateau-anytime-soon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Mengzhu |last2=Junne |first2=Tobias |last3=Haas |first3=Jannik |last4=Klein |first4=Martin |title=Plummeting costs of renewables – Are energy scenarios lagging? |journal=Energy Strategy Reviews |date=1 May 2021 |volume=35 |pages=100636 |doi=10.1016/j.esr.2021.100636 |s2cid=233543846 |language=en |issn=2211-467X|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> A 2022 study comes to similar conclusions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Prachi |title=Fast transition to carbon-free energy could save trillions |url=https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2022/09/carbon-free-energy-system-could-save-trillions-of-dollars/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026133618/https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2022/09/carbon-free-energy-system-could-save-trillions-of-dollars/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Way |first1=Rupert |last2=Ives |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Mealy |first3=Penny |last4=Farmer |first4=J. Doyne |title=Empirically grounded technology forecasts and the energy transition |journal=Joule |date=21 September 2022 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=2057–2082 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.009 |s2cid=237624207 |language=English |issn=2542-4785|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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;2022 |
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====2022==== |
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* A study<!--described as "the first major study of driving forces behind government funding of energy RD&D"--> investigates funding allocations for [[public investment]] in energy [[research and development|research, development]] and demonstration. It provides insights about {{tooltip|potential past impacts of drivers|e.g. clean tech competition with China and stimulus spending after the financial crisis}}, that may be relevant to [[Public research and development|adjusting (or facilitating)]] "investment in [[sustainable energy|clean energy]]" "to come close to achieving meaningful [[climate change mitigation|global decarbonization]]", suggesting advancement of impactful "{{tooltip|coopetition|the "managed interplay of cooperation and competition, through both domestic and international measures"}}".<ref>{{cite news |title=Competition with China a 'driving force' for clean energy funding in the 21st century |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-competition-china-energy-funding-21st.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=University of Cambridge via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019155105/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-competition-china-energy-funding-21st.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meckling |first1=Jonas |last2=Galeazzi |first2=Clara |last3=Shears |first3=Esther |last4=Xu |first4=Tong |last5=Anadon |first5=Laura Diaz |title=Energy innovation funding and institutions in major economies |journal=Nature Energy |date=September 2022 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=876–885 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01117-3 |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..876M |s2cid=252272866 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* A study<!--described as "the first major study of driving forces behind government funding of energy RD&D"--> investigates funding allocations for [[public investment]] in energy [[research and development|research, development]] and demonstration. It provides insights about {{tooltip|potential past impacts of drivers|e.g. clean tech competition with China and stimulus spending after the financial crisis}}, that may be relevant to [[Public research and development|adjusting (or facilitating)]] "investment in [[sustainable energy|clean energy]]" "to come close to achieving meaningful [[climate change mitigation|global decarbonization]]", suggesting advancement of impactful "{{tooltip|coopetition|the "managed interplay of cooperation and competition, through both domestic and international measures"}}".<ref>{{cite news |title=Competition with China a 'driving force' for clean energy funding in the 21st century |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-competition-china-energy-funding-21st.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=University of Cambridge via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019155105/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-09-competition-china-energy-funding-21st.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meckling |first1=Jonas |last2=Galeazzi |first2=Clara |last3=Shears |first3=Esther |last4=Xu |first4=Tong |last5=Anadon |first5=Laura Diaz |title=Energy innovation funding and institutions in major economies |journal=Nature Energy |date=September 2022 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=876–885 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01117-3 |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..876M |s2cid=252272866 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Feasibility studies and energy system models === |
=== Feasibility studies and energy system models === |
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;2020 |
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====2020==== |
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* A study suggests that all sector defossilisation can be achieved worldwide even for nations with severe conditions. The study suggests that integration impacts depend on "demand profiles, flexibility and storage cost".<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheap, safe 100% renewable energy possible before 2050, says Finnish uni study |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-10736252 |access-date=24 January 2022 |date=12 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119083452/https://yle.fi/news/3-10736252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogdanov |first1=Dmitrii |last2=Gulagi |first2=Ashish |last3=Fasihi |first3=Mahdi |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |title=Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 February 2021 |volume=283 |pages=116273 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273 |s2cid=229427360 |language=en |issn=0306-2619|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* A study suggests that all sector defossilisation can be achieved worldwide even for nations with severe conditions. The study suggests that integration impacts depend on "demand profiles, flexibility and storage cost".<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheap, safe 100% renewable energy possible before 2050, says Finnish uni study |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-10736252 |access-date=24 January 2022 |date=12 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119083452/https://yle.fi/news/3-10736252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogdanov |first1=Dmitrii |last2=Gulagi |first2=Ashish |last3=Fasihi |first3=Mahdi |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |title=Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination |journal=Applied Energy |date=1 February 2021 |volume=283 |pages=116273 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273 |s2cid=229427360 |language=en |issn=0306-2619|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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====2021==== |
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* Researchers develop an [[energy system]] model for [[100% renewable energy|100%]] [[renewable energy transition|renewable energy]], examining [[feasibility study|feasibility]] and [[Variable renewable energy#Solutions for their integration|grid stability]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=CNBC |date=21 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114201928/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=von Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Palmer |first4=Frances C. |last5=Smith |first5=Miles M. |title=Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 January 2022 |volume=184 |pages=430–442 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 |s2cid=244820608 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182656/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* Researchers develop an [[energy system]] model for [[100% renewable energy|100%]] [[renewable energy transition|renewable energy]], examining [[feasibility study|feasibility]] and [[Variable renewable energy#Solutions for their integration|grid stability]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=CNBC |date=21 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114201928/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=von Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Palmer |first4=Frances C. |last5=Smith |first5=Miles M. |title=Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 January 2022 |volume=184 |pages=430–442 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 |s2cid=244820608 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182656/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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====2022==== |
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* A revised or updated version of a major worldwide [[100% renewable energy]] proposed plan and model is published.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=George |title=We Can Have (Just About) Everything We Want For Energy & The Climate |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/07/04/we-can-have-just-about-everything-we-want-for-energy-the-climate/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=CleanTechnica |date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721120608/https://cleantechnica.com/2022/07/04/we-can-have-just-about-everything-we-want-for-energy-the-climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina von |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Dukas |first4=Emily |last5=Nelson |first5=Alexander J. H. |last6=Palmer |first6=Frances C. |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Kylie R. |title=Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries |journal=Energy & Environmental Science |date=28 June 2022 |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=3343–3359 |doi=10.1039/D2EE00722C |s2cid=250126767 |language=en |issn=1754-5706 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/145Country/22-145Countries.pdf |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807054703/http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/145Country/22-145Countries.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* A revised or updated version of a major worldwide [[100% renewable energy]] proposed plan and model is published.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=George |title=We Can Have (Just About) Everything We Want For Energy & The Climate |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/07/04/we-can-have-just-about-everything-we-want-for-energy-the-climate/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=CleanTechnica |date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721120608/https://cleantechnica.com/2022/07/04/we-can-have-just-about-everything-we-want-for-energy-the-climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina von |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Dukas |first4=Emily |last5=Nelson |first5=Alexander J. H. |last6=Palmer |first6=Frances C. |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Kylie R. |title=Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries |journal=Energy & Environmental Science |date=28 June 2022 |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=3343–3359 |doi=10.1039/D2EE00722C |s2cid=250126767 |language=en |issn=1754-5706 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/145Country/22-145Countries.pdf |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807054703/http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/145Country/22-145Countries.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*Researchers [[scientific review|review]] the scientific literature on [[100% renewable energy]], addressing various issues, [[research question#Aggregated research questions and coordination|outlining open research questions]], and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shakeel |first1=Fatima |title=The World Can Achieve A 100% Renewable Energy System By 2050, Researchers Say |url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Wonderful Engineering |date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823103237/https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breyer |first1=Christian |last2=Khalili |first2=Siavash |last3=Bogdanov |first3=Dmitrii |last4=Ram |first4=Manish |last5=Oyewo |first5=Ayobami Solomon |last6=Aghahosseini |first6=Arman |last7=Gulagi |first7=Ashish |last8=Solomon |first8=A. A. |last9=Keiner |first9=Dominik |last10=Lopez |first10=Gabriel |last11=Østergaard |first11=Poul Alberg |last12=Lund |first12=Henrik |last13=Mathiesen |first13=Brian V. |last14=Jacobson |first14=Mark Z. |last15=Victoria |first15=Marta |last16=Teske |first16=Sven |last17=Pregger |first17=Thomas |last18=Fthenakis |first18=Vasilis |last19=Raugei |first19=Marco |last20=Holttinen |first20=Hannele |last21=Bardi |first21=Ugo |last22=Hoekstra |first22=Auke |last23=Sovacool |first23=Benjamin K. |title=On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research |journal=IEEE Access |date=2022 |volume=10 |pages=78176–78218 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 |issn=2169-3536|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*Researchers [[scientific review|review]] the scientific literature on [[100% renewable energy]], addressing various issues, [[research question#Aggregated research questions and coordination|outlining open research questions]], and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shakeel |first1=Fatima |title=The World Can Achieve A 100% Renewable Energy System By 2050, Researchers Say |url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Wonderful Engineering |date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823103237/https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breyer |first1=Christian |last2=Khalili |first2=Siavash |last3=Bogdanov |first3=Dmitrii |last4=Ram |first4=Manish |last5=Oyewo |first5=Ayobami Solomon |last6=Aghahosseini |first6=Arman |last7=Gulagi |first7=Ashish |last8=Solomon |first8=A. A. |last9=Keiner |first9=Dominik |last10=Lopez |first10=Gabriel |last11=Østergaard |first11=Poul Alberg |last12=Lund |first12=Henrik |last13=Mathiesen |first13=Brian V. |last14=Jacobson |first14=Mark Z. |last15=Victoria |first15=Marta |last16=Teske |first16=Sven |last17=Pregger |first17=Thomas |last18=Fthenakis |first18=Vasilis |last19=Raugei |first19=Marco |last20=Holttinen |first20=Hannele |last21=Bardi |first21=Ugo |last22=Hoekstra |first22=Auke |last23=Sovacool |first23=Benjamin K. |title=On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research |journal=IEEE Access |date=2022 |volume=10 |pages=78176–78218 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 |issn=2169-3536|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
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[[File:Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU in the context of planetary boundaries.jpg|thumb|Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> ([[:Commons:Category:Heating transition|more]])]] |
[[File:Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU in the context of planetary boundaries.jpg|thumb|Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> ([[:Commons:Category:Heating transition|more]])]] |
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*A study indicates that in [[Central heating|building heating]] in the [[Energy policy of the EU|EU]], the [[Feasibility study|feasibility]] of staying within [[planetary boundaries]] is possible only {{tooltip|through [[electrification]]|relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"}}, with [[green hydrogen|green]] [[Hydrogen fuel#Energy|hydrogen heating]] being 2–3 times more expensive than [[heat pump]] costs.<ref name="Gabbatiss">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Carbon Brief |date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094515/https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602">{{cite journal |last1=Weidner |first1=Till |last2=Guillén-Gosálbez |first2=Gonzalo |title=Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=15 February 2023 |volume=278 |pages=116602 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602 |language=en |issn=0196-8904|doi-access=free}}</ref> A separate study indicates that replacing [[gas boiler]]s with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut [[Energy policy of Germany|German]]<!--first study of its kind and in Nature despite limited to Germany--> [[gas consumption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Pietro P. |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Brendel |first3=Heiko |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |last5=Gerhards |first5=Christoph |last6=Kemfert |first6=Claudia |authorlink6=Claudia Kemfert |last7=Weber |first7=Urban |last8=Wright |first8=Matthew |title=Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 March 2023 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=56 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7 |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...56A |language=en |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free}}</ref> despite |
*A study indicates that in [[Central heating|building heating]] in the [[Energy policy of the EU|EU]], the [[Feasibility study|feasibility]] of staying within [[planetary boundaries]] is possible only {{tooltip|through [[electrification]]|relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"}}, with [[green hydrogen|green]] [[Hydrogen fuel#Energy|hydrogen heating]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-03-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|reason= }} being 2–3 times more expensive than [[heat pump]] costs.<ref name="Gabbatiss">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Carbon Brief |date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094515/https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602">{{cite journal |last1=Weidner |first1=Till |last2=Guillén-Gosálbez |first2=Gonzalo |title=Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=15 February 2023 |volume=278 |pages=116602 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602 |language=en |issn=0196-8904|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/599236 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A separate study indicates that replacing [[gas boiler]]s with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut [[Energy policy of Germany|German]]<!--first study of its kind and in Nature despite limited to Germany--> [[gas consumption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Pietro P. |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Brendel |first3=Heiko |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |last5=Gerhards |first5=Christoph |last6=Kemfert |first6=Claudia |authorlink6=Claudia Kemfert |last7=Weber |first7=Urban |last8=Wright |first8=Matthew |title=Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 March 2023 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=56 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7 |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...56A |language=en |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free}}</ref> despite "[[fossil fuel industry|gas-industry]] [[lobbyism|lobbyists]] and [...] politicians" at the time making "the case for hydrogen" amid some {{ill|heating transition|de|Wärmewende}} policy changes,<ref name="Gabbatiss"/> for which the former study revealed a need to "[[Climate justice|mitigate]] [[Economics of climate change|increased]] costs [[Consumer expenditure|for [many of the] consumers]]".<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Timeline of computing 2020–present]] |
* [[Timeline of computing 2020–present]] |
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* [[Timeline of transportation technology#21st century]] |
* [[Timeline of transportation technology#21st century]] |
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== References == |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020-present}} |
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[[Category:Sustainable energy|*]] |
[[Category:Sustainable energy|*]] |
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[[Category:Energy timelines|Sustainable]] |
[[Category:Energy timelines|Sustainable]] |
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Find sources: "Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020– documents increases in renewable energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Solar System.
Events currently not included in the timelines include:
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020)
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Ongoing research and development projects include SSPS-OMEGA,[33][34] SPS-ALPHA,[35][36] and the Solaris program.[37][38][39]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021)
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Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021)
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Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.
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IEA. CC BY 4.0.● Source for data through 2016: "Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023.
IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
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