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{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}} |
{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}} |
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'''Timeline of sustainable energy research |
'''Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–''' documents increases in [[renewable energy]], [[solar energy]], and [[fusion power|nuclear energy]], particularly for ways that are [[sustainable]] within the [[Solar System]]. |
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[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] power.<ref name=IEA_202306>Source for data beginning in 2017: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115355/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2023 |page=19 |date=June 2023 |quote=IEA. CC BY 4.0. |url-status=live}} ● Source for data through 2016: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325084025/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |page=8 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live |quote=IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 }}</ref>]] |
[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] power.<ref name=IEA_202306>Source for data beginning in 2017: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115355/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2023 |page=19 |date=June 2023 |quote=IEA. CC BY 4.0. |url-status=live}} ● Source for data through 2016: {{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325084025/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |page=8 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live |quote=IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 }}</ref>]] |
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===2023=== |
===2023=== |
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*First kWh by a [[tension leg platform|TLP]] [[offshore wind power|floating]] [[Airborne wind energy|airborne]] [[Airborne wind turbine|wind turbine]] system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky-high kites aim to tap unused wind power |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093953/https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |url-status=live }}</ref> in this area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayil |first1=Jijo |title=World's first floating wind prototype with TLP system produces first kWh |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151324/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |url-status=live }}</ref> |
*First kWh by a [[tension leg platform|TLP]] [[offshore wind power|floating]] [[Airborne wind energy|airborne]] [[Airborne wind turbine|wind turbine]] system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky-high kites aim to tap unused wind power |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093953/https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |url-status=live }}</ref> in this area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayil |first1=Jijo |title=World's first floating wind prototype with TLP system produces first kWh |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151324/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*Completion of the first functional 105 meters tall more-modular Modvion [[Environmental impact of wind power#Alternative building materials|wooden wind turbine]] is reported.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's tallest wooden wind turbine starts turning |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67718719 |work=BBC |date=28 December 2023}}</ref> |
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===2024=== |
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* [[Minesto#Faroe Islands|Minesto's]] Dragon 12 underwater [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]] are demonstrated successfully, connected to the [[Faroe Island]]'s power grid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blain |first1=Loz |title=28-ton, 1.2-megawatt tidal kite is now exporting power to the grid |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/minesto-tidal-kite/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=New Atlas |date=12 February 2024}}</ref> |
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== Hydrogen energy == |
== Hydrogen energy == |
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* A novel type of effective [[hydrogen storage]] using readily available salts is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=German researchers find a solution to the hydrogen storage problem: salts. |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117151613/https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Duo |last2=Shi |first2=Xinzhe |last3=Sponholz |first3=Peter |last4=Junge |first4=Henrik |last5=Beller |first5=Matthias |title=Manganese Promoted (Bi)carbonate Hydrogenation and Formate Dehydrogenation: Toward a Circular Carbon and Hydrogen Economy |journal=ACS Central Science |date=26 October 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1457–1463 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.2c00723 |pmid=36313168 |pmc=9615124 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2374-7943}}</ref> |
* A novel type of effective [[hydrogen storage]] using readily available salts is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=German researchers find a solution to the hydrogen storage problem: salts. |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117151613/https://interestingengineering.com/science/salts-solve-problem-hydrogen-storage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Duo |last2=Shi |first2=Xinzhe |last3=Sponholz |first3=Peter |last4=Junge |first4=Henrik |last5=Beller |first5=Matthias |title=Manganese Promoted (Bi)carbonate Hydrogenation and Formate Dehydrogenation: Toward a Circular Carbon and Hydrogen Economy |journal=ACS Central Science |date=26 October 2022 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1457–1463 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.2c00723 |pmid=36313168 |pmc=9615124 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2374-7943}}</ref> |
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*An [[electrolysis]] system for viable [[hydrogen economy|hydrogen production from seawater]] without requiring a pre-[[desalination]] process is reported, which could allow for more flexible and less costly hydrogen production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |title=New device can make hydrogen when dunked in salt water |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=30 November 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218104532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Heping |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Liu |first3=Tao |last4=Wu |first4=Yifan |last5=Lan |first5=Cheng |last6=Jiang |first6=Wenchuan |last7=Zhu |first7=Liangyu |last8=Wang |first8=Yunpeng |last9=Yang |first9=Dongsheng |last10=Shao |first10=Zongping |title=A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation |journal=Nature |date=30 November 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=673–678 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05379-5 |pmid=36450987 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..673X |s2cid=254123372 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890373|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
*An [[electrolysis]] system for viable [[hydrogen economy|hydrogen production from seawater]] without requiring a pre-[[desalination]] process is reported, which could allow for more flexible and less costly hydrogen production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |title=New device can make hydrogen when dunked in salt water |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=30 November 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218104532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/waterproof-clothing-concept-used-to-make-hydrogen-from-seawater/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Heping |last2=Zhao |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Liu |first3=Tao |last4=Wu |first4=Yifan |last5=Lan |first5=Cheng |last6=Jiang |first6=Wenchuan |last7=Zhu |first7=Liangyu |last8=Wang |first8=Yunpeng |last9=Yang |first9=Dongsheng |last10=Shao |first10=Zongping |title=A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation |journal=Nature |date=30 November 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=673–678 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05379-5 |pmid=36450987 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..673X |s2cid=254123372 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365890373|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |
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*Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of [[hydrogen production|green hydrogen production]] by using sound waves during [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Theresa |first1=Deena |title=Engineers use sound waves to boost green hydrogen production by 14 times |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |access-date=18 January 2023 |work= |
*Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of [[hydrogen production|green hydrogen production]] by using sound waves during [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Theresa |first1=Deena |title=Engineers use sound waves to boost green hydrogen production by 14 times |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Interesting Engineering |date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170608/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/sound-waves-boost-green-hydrogen-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ehrnst |first1=Yemima |last2=Sherrell |first2=Peter C. |last3=Rezk |first3=Amgad R. |last4=Yeo |first4=Leslie Y. |title=Acoustically‐Induced Water Frustration for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Neutral Electrolytes |journal=Advanced Energy Materials |date=4 December 2022 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=2203164 |doi=10.1002/aenm.202203164 |s2cid=254299691 |language=en |issn=1614-6832|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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===2023=== |
===2023=== |
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* |
* Separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to [[green hydrogen]] [[hydrogen production|production]] methods, enabling higher efficiencies<!--([[Photocatalytic water splitting#Indium gallium nitride|a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2%]])--> and durable use of untreated seawater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sun-powered water splitter produces unprecedented levels of green energy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224622/https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A way to produce hydrogen directly from untreated sea water |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224628/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Navid |first2=Ishtiaque Ahmed |last3=Ma |first3=Yongjin |last4=Xiao |first4=Yixin |last5=Wang |first5=Ping |last6=Ye |first6=Zhengwei |last7=Zhou |first7=Baowen |last8=Sun |first8=Kai |last9=Mi |first9=Zetian |title=Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 |pmid=36600066 |bibcode=2023Natur.613...66Z |s2cid=255474993 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080833/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Jiaxin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yao |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenpeng |last4=Zheng |first4=Caiyan |last5=Mao |first5=Jing |last6=Du |first6=Kun |last7=Jaroniec |first7=Mietek |last8=Qiao |first8=Shi-Zhang |last9=Ling |first9=Tao |title=Direct seawater electrolysis by adjusting the local reaction environment of a catalyst |journal=Nature Energy |date=30 January 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01195-x |s2cid=256493839 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367559005 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Chris |title=A new method converts seawater straight into green hydrogen |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403215516/https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomba |first1=Suraj |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Waqas |last3=Haris |first3=Muhammad |last4=Mousavi |first4=Seyed Mahdi |last5=Zavabeti |first5=Ali |last6=Xu |first6=Kai |last7=Tadich |first7=Anton |last8=Thomsen |first8=Lars |last9=McConville |first9=Christopher F. |last10=Li |first10=Yongxiang |last11=Walia |first11=Sumeet |last12=Mahmood |first12=Nasir |title=Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Sheets for Efficient Seawater Splitting |journal=Small |date=8 February 2023 |volume=19 |issue=18 |pages=2207310 |doi=10.1002/smll.202207310|pmid=36751959 |s2cid=256663170 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pornrungroj |first1=Chanon |last2=Mohamad Annuar |first2=Ariffin Bin |last3=Wang |first3=Qian |last4=Rahaman |first4=Motiar |last5=Bhattacharjee |first5=Subhajit |last6=Andrei |first6=Virgil |last7=Reisner |first7=Erwin |title=Hybrid photothermal–photocatalyst sheets for solar-driven overall water splitting coupled to water purification |journal=Nature Water |date=November 2023 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=952–960 |doi=10.1038/s44221-023-00139-9 |language=en |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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* A [[Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches|DVGW]] report suggests gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline infrastructures]] (in [[Energy in Germany|Germany]]) are suitable to be repurposed to transport [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], showing limited corrosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gasleitungen in Deutschland sind bereit für Wasserstoff |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/gasleitungen-in-deutschland-sind-bereit-fuer-wasserstoff-13377194 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DVGW: Germany's gas pipelines h2ready |url=https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |publisher=DVGW |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093014/https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* A [[Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches|DVGW]] report suggests gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline infrastructures]] (in [[Energy in Germany|Germany]]) are suitable to be repurposed to transport [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], showing limited corrosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gasleitungen in Deutschland sind bereit für Wasserstoff |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/gasleitungen-in-deutschland-sind-bereit-fuer-wasserstoff-13377194 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DVGW: Germany's gas pipelines h2ready |url=https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |publisher=DVGW |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093014/https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!--[[File:Overview of the solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device.webp |thumb]]--> |
<!--[[File:Overview of the solar hydrogen production system using a concentrated integrated photoelectrochemical device.webp |thumb]]--> |
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====2020==== |
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* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite |
* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=University of Leeds |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millward-Hopkins |first1=Joel |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=Rao |first3=Narasimha D. |last4=Oswald |first4=Yannick |title=Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2020 |volume=65 |pages=102168 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168 |s2cid=224977493 |language=en |issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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====2022==== |
====2022==== |
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* A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506083307/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=d’Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
* A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506083307/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=d’Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free |hdl=2434/922959 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Materials and recycling === |
=== Materials and recycling === |
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====2020==== |
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* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> |
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==== 2021 ==== |
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* [[Neodymium]], an essential [[rare-earth element]] (REE), plays a key role in making permanent magnets for wind turbines. Demand for REEs is expected to double by 2035 due to renewable energy growth, posing environmental risks, including [[radioactive waste]] from their extraction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare Earth Elements: A Resource Constraint of the Energy Transition |url=https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/rare-earth-elements-a-resource-constraint-of-the-energy-transition/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Kleinman Center for Energy Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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====2023==== |
====2023==== |
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* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |s2cid=212808129 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> |
* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |s2cid=212808129 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> |
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=====2021===== |
===== 2021 ===== |
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* A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. A. |last2=Brigden |first2=K. |last3=Santillo |first3=D. |last4=Currie |first4=D. |last5=Johnston |first5=P. |last6=Thompson |first6=K. F. |title=Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.706161 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free |hdl=10871/126732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025055311/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=University of Exeter |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153600/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amon |first1=Diva J. |last2=Gollner |first2=Sabine |last3=Morato |first3=Telmo |last4=Smith |first4=Craig R. |last5=Chen |first5=Chong |last6=Christiansen |first6=Sabine |last7=Currie |first7=Bronwen |last8=Drazen |first8=Jeffrey C. |last9=Fukushima |first9=Tomohiko |last10=Gianni |first10=Matthew |last11=Gjerde |first11=Kristina M. |last12=Gooday |first12=Andrew J. |last13=Grillo |first13=Georgina Guillen |last14=Haeckel |first14=Matthias |last15=Joyini |first15=Thembile |last16=Ju |first16=Se-Jong |last17=Levin |first17=Lisa A. |last18=Metaxas |first18=Anna |last19=Mianowicz |first19=Kamila |last20=Molodtsova |first20=Tina N. |last21=Narberhaus |first21=Ingo |last22=Orcutt |first22=Beth N. |last23=Swaddling |first23=Alison |last24=Tuhumwire |first24=Joshua |last25=Palacio |first25=Patricio Urueña |last26=Walker |first26=Michelle |last27=Weaver |first27=Phil |last28=Xu |first28=Xue-Wei |last29=Mulalap |first29=Clement Yow |last30=Edwards |first30=Peter E. T. |last31=Pickens |first31=Chris |title=Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2022 |volume=138 |pages=105006 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 |s2cid=247350879 |language=en |issn=0308-597X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |website=Fauna & Flora International |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016190424/https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |url-status=live |last1=Duthie |first1=Lizzie }}</ref> |
* A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. A. |last2=Brigden |first2=K. |last3=Santillo |first3=D. |last4=Currie |first4=D. |last5=Johnston |first5=P. |last6=Thompson |first6=K. F. |title=Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.706161 |issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free |hdl=10871/126732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025055311/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=University of Exeter |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808153600/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amon |first1=Diva J. |last2=Gollner |first2=Sabine |last3=Morato |first3=Telmo |last4=Smith |first4=Craig R. |last5=Chen |first5=Chong |last6=Christiansen |first6=Sabine |last7=Currie |first7=Bronwen |last8=Drazen |first8=Jeffrey C. |last9=Fukushima |first9=Tomohiko |last10=Gianni |first10=Matthew |last11=Gjerde |first11=Kristina M. |last12=Gooday |first12=Andrew J. |last13=Grillo |first13=Georgina Guillen |last14=Haeckel |first14=Matthias |last15=Joyini |first15=Thembile |last16=Ju |first16=Se-Jong |last17=Levin |first17=Lisa A. |last18=Metaxas |first18=Anna |last19=Mianowicz |first19=Kamila |last20=Molodtsova |first20=Tina N. |last21=Narberhaus |first21=Ingo |last22=Orcutt |first22=Beth N. |last23=Swaddling |first23=Alison |last24=Tuhumwire |first24=Joshua |last25=Palacio |first25=Patricio Urueña |last26=Walker |first26=Michelle |last27=Weaver |first27=Phil |last28=Xu |first28=Xue-Wei |last29=Mulalap |first29=Clement Yow |last30=Edwards |first30=Peter E. T. |last31=Pickens |first31=Chris |title=Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2022 |volume=138 |pages=105006 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 |s2cid=247350879 |language=en |issn=0308-597X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |website=Fauna & Flora International |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016190424/https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |url-status=live |last1=Duthie |first1=Lizzie }}</ref> |
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* Nauru requested the ISA to finalize rules so that The Metals Company be approved to begin work in 2023.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* China's COMRA tested its polymetallic nodules collection system at 4,200 feet of depth in the East and South China Seas. The Dayang Yihao was exploring the Clarion-Clipperton Zone for China Minmetals when it crossed into the U.S. [[exclusive economic zone]] near Hawaii, where for five days it looped south of [[Honolulu]] without having requested entry into US waters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kuo |first=Lily |date=October 19, 2023 |title=China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/china-deep-sea-mining-military-renewable-energy/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> |
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=====2022===== |
=====2022===== |
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* |
* Impossible Metals announces its first [[Autonomous underwater vehicle|underwater robotic vehicle]], 'Eureka 1', has completed its first trial of selectively harvesting [[polymetallic nodule]] rocks from the seabed to help address the [[climate change mitigation|rising global need]] for [[Technology-critical element|metals]] for [[renewable energy]] system components, mainly batteries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Impossible Metals demonstrates its super-careful seabed mining robot |url=https://newatlas.com/marine/seabed-mining-robot-impossible-metals/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=New Atlas |date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117120752/https://newatlas.com/marine/seabed-mining-robot-impossible-metals/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=These fearsome robots will bring mining to the deep ocean |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/these-fearsome-robots-will-bring-mining-deep-ocean-n724901 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115003027/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/these-fearsome-robots-will-bring-mining-deep-ocean-n724901 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Proposed deep-sea mining would kill animals not yet discovered |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/proposed-deep-sea-mining-would-kill-animals-not-yet-discovered |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=National Geographic |date=1 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170603/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/proposed-deep-sea-mining-would-kill-animals-not-yet-discovered |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining robot stranded on Pacific Ocean floor in deep-sea mining trial |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/mining-robot-stranded-pacific-ocean-floor-deep-sea-mining-trial-2021-04-28/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170602/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/mining-robot-stranded-pacific-ocean-floor-deep-sea-mining-trial-2021-04-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===== 2023 ===== |
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* Supporters of mining were led by Norway, Mexico, and the United Kingdom, and supported by [[The Metals Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=2023-08-04 |title=The Metals Company announces a controversial timeline for deep sea mining that worsens the divide in an already bitter battle |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/04/the-metals-company-puts-out-controversial-timeline-for-deep-sea-mining.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> |
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* Chinese prospecting ship Dayang Hao prospected in China-licensed areas in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.<ref name=":1" /> |
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===== 2024 ===== |
===== 2024 ===== |
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====2023==== |
====2023==== |
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[[File:Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU in the context of planetary boundaries.jpg|thumb|Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> ([[:Commons:Category:Heating transition|more]])]] |
[[File:Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU in the context of planetary boundaries.jpg|thumb|Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> ([[:Commons:Category:Heating transition|more]])]] |
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*A study indicates that in [[Central heating|building heating]] in the [[Energy policy of the EU|EU]], the [[Feasibility study|feasibility]] of staying within [[planetary boundaries]] is possible only {{tooltip|through [[electrification]]|relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"}}, with [[green hydrogen|green]] [[Hydrogen fuel#Energy|hydrogen heating]] being 2–3 times more expensive than [[heat pump]] costs.<ref name="Gabbatiss">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Carbon Brief |date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094515/https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602">{{cite journal |last1=Weidner |first1=Till |last2=Guillén-Gosálbez |first2=Gonzalo |title=Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=15 February 2023 |volume=278 |pages=116602 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602 |language=en |issn=0196-8904|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/599236 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A separate study indicates that replacing [[gas boiler]]s with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut [[Energy policy of Germany|German]]<!--first study of its kind and in Nature despite limited to Germany--> [[gas consumption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Pietro P. |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Brendel |first3=Heiko |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |last5=Gerhards |first5=Christoph |last6=Kemfert |first6=Claudia |authorlink6=Claudia Kemfert |last7=Weber |first7=Urban |last8=Wright |first8=Matthew |title=Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 March 2023 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=56 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7 |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...56A |language=en |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free}}</ref> despite |
*A study indicates that in [[Central heating|building heating]] in the [[Energy policy of the EU|EU]], the [[Feasibility study|feasibility]] of staying within [[planetary boundaries]] is possible only {{tooltip|through [[electrification]]|relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"}}, with [[green hydrogen|green]] [[Hydrogen fuel#Energy|hydrogen heating]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-03-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|reason= }} being 2–3 times more expensive than [[heat pump]] costs.<ref name="Gabbatiss">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Carbon Brief |date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094515/https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602">{{cite journal |last1=Weidner |first1=Till |last2=Guillén-Gosálbez |first2=Gonzalo |title=Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=15 February 2023 |volume=278 |pages=116602 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602 |language=en |issn=0196-8904|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/599236 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A separate study indicates that replacing [[gas boiler]]s with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut [[Energy policy of Germany|German]]<!--first study of its kind and in Nature despite limited to Germany--> [[gas consumption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Pietro P. |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Brendel |first3=Heiko |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |last5=Gerhards |first5=Christoph |last6=Kemfert |first6=Claudia |authorlink6=Claudia Kemfert |last7=Weber |first7=Urban |last8=Wright |first8=Matthew |title=Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 March 2023 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=56 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7 |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...56A |language=en |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free}}</ref> despite "[[fossil fuel industry|gas-industry]] [[lobbyism|lobbyists]] and [...] politicians" at the time making "the case for hydrogen" amid some {{ill|heating transition|de|Wärmewende}} policy changes,<ref name="Gabbatiss"/> for which the former study revealed a need to "[[Climate justice|mitigate]] [[Economics of climate change|increased]] costs [[Consumer expenditure|for [many of the] consumers]]".<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Timeline of computing 2020–present]] |
* [[Timeline of computing 2020–present]] |
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* [[Timeline of transportation technology#21st century]] |
* [[Timeline of transportation technology#21st century]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020-present}} |
{{Energy modeling|state=uncollapsed}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020-present}} |
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[[Category:Sustainable energy|*]] |
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[[Category:History of energy]] |
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[[Category:Technology timelines|Sustainable energy research |
[[Category:Technology timelines|Sustainable energy research 2020–present]] |
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[[Category:Energy research|*]] |
[[Category:Energy research|*]] |
2024 in science |
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Fields |
Technology |
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
Extraterrestrial environment |
Terrestrial environment |
Other/related |
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This article relies excessively on referencestoprimary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020– documents increases in renewable energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Solar System.
Events currently not included in the timelines include:
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Ongoing research and development projects include SSPS-OMEGA,[33][34] SPS-ALPHA,[35][36] and the Solaris program.[37][38][39]
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Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.
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Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.
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IEA. CC BY 4.0.● Source for data through 2016: "Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023.
IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
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Modernizing the electrical grid
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