updated with 2 items considered for inclusionin2023 in science
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updated with 8 items from 2023 in science
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* Researchers develop floating [[Artificial photosynthesis|artificial leaves]] for light-driven [[hydrogen]] and [[syngas]] fuel production. The lightweight, flexible perovskite devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridge University scientists create fuel from 'artificial leaves' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902233702/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Ucoski |first2=Geani M. |last3=Pornrungroj |first3=Chanon |last4=Uswachoke |first4=Chawit |last5=Wang |first5=Qian |last6=Achilleos |first6=Demetra S. |last7=Kasap |first7=Hatice |last8=Sokol |first8=Katarzyna P. |last9=Jagt |first9=Robert A. |last10=Lu |first10=Haijiao |last11=Lawson |first11=Takashi |last12=Wagner |first12=Andreas |last13=Pike |first13=Sebastian D. |last14=Wright |first14=Dominic S. |last15=Hoye |first15=Robert L. Z. |display-authors=10 |date=17 August 2022 |title=Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production |url=https://go.nature.com/3QYA7hX |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=608 |issue=7923 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04978-6 |pmid=35978127 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..518A |s2cid=251645379 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164926/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04978-6.epdf?sharing_token=zCD0q2mxHsD6Z9FikARzJtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MEOv-YoGFpe0FBwwZRBu0wVIecwvVZ2Ch9TnvHQ7brr16wS4nBH1LDurfmIDelKPPCu-A6ZZlN6jQz2iEmrT_YI8_nlu7R9pzLmvtv9KcqRxpufhBL0nlreqI0BBxvAYE%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* Researchers develop floating [[Artificial photosynthesis|artificial leaves]] for light-driven [[hydrogen]] and [[syngas]] fuel production. The lightweight, flexible perovskite devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridge University scientists create fuel from 'artificial leaves' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902233702/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-62609620 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Ucoski |first2=Geani M. |last3=Pornrungroj |first3=Chanon |last4=Uswachoke |first4=Chawit |last5=Wang |first5=Qian |last6=Achilleos |first6=Demetra S. |last7=Kasap |first7=Hatice |last8=Sokol |first8=Katarzyna P. |last9=Jagt |first9=Robert A. |last10=Lu |first10=Haijiao |last11=Lawson |first11=Takashi |last12=Wagner |first12=Andreas |last13=Pike |first13=Sebastian D. |last14=Wright |first14=Dominic S. |last15=Hoye |first15=Robert L. Z. |display-authors=10 |date=17 August 2022 |title=Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production |url=https://go.nature.com/3QYA7hX |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=608 |issue=7923 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04978-6 |pmid=35978127 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..518A |s2cid=251645379 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215164926/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04978-6.epdf?sharing_token=zCD0q2mxHsD6Z9FikARzJtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MEOv-YoGFpe0FBwwZRBu0wVIecwvVZ2Ch9TnvHQ7brr16wS4nBH1LDurfmIDelKPPCu-A6ZZlN6jQz2iEmrT_YI8_nlu7R9pzLmvtv9KcqRxpufhBL0nlreqI0BBxvAYE%3D |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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;2023 |
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*An analysis concludes there is large potential (~9,400 TWh/yr) for [[floating solar|floating solar photovoltaics]] on reservoirs,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Simon |first1=Matt |title=Solar Panels Floating in Reservoirs? We'll Drink to That |url=https://www.wired.com/story/solar-panels-floating-in-reservoirs-well-drink-to-that/ |access-date=20 April 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Yubin |last2=Hu |first2=Shijie |last3=Ziegler |first3=Alan D. |last4=Gibson |first4=Luke |last5=Campbell |first5=J. Elliott |last6=Xu |first6=Rongrong |last7=Chen |first7=Deliang |last8=Zhu |first8=Kai |last9=Zheng |first9=Yan |last10=Ye |first10=Bin |last11=Ye |first11=Fan |last12=Zeng |first12=Zhenzhong |title=Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=13 March 2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01089-6 |s2cid=257514885 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369201558 |language=en |issn=2398-9629}}</ref> at the upper range of the prior 2020 study (see above). |
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===Agrivoltaics=== |
===Agrivoltaics=== |
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* 2021 – A report reviews several studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pascaris |first1=Alexis S. |last2=Schelly |first2=Chelsea |last3=Pearce |first3=Joshua M. |title=A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics |journal=Agronomy |date=December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=1885 |doi=10.3390/agronomy10121885 |language=en |issn=2073-4395|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trommsdorff |first1=Max |last2=Kang |first2=Jinsuk |last3=Reise |first3=Christian |last4=Schindele |first4=Stephan |last5=Bopp |first5=Georg |last6=Ehmann |first6=Andrea |last7=Weselek |first7=Axel |last8=Högy |first8=Petra |last9=Obergfell |first9=Tabea |title=Combining food and energy production: Design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=1 April 2021 |volume=140 |pages=110694 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2020.110694 |s2cid=233561938 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032120309783 |language=en |issn=1364-0321 |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155514/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032120309783 |url-status=live }}</ref> about the potential of agrivoltaics, which partly suggest "high potential of agrivoltaics as a viable and efficient technology" and outline concerns for refinements to the technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transforming Farms and Food Production With Solar Panels |url=https://www.governing.com/next/transforming-farms-food-production-with-solar-panels.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Governing |date=9 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155527/https://www.governing.com/next/transforming-farms-food-production-with-solar-panels.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* 2021 – A report reviews several studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pascaris |first1=Alexis S. |last2=Schelly |first2=Chelsea |last3=Pearce |first3=Joshua M. |title=A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics |journal=Agronomy |date=December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=1885 |doi=10.3390/agronomy10121885 |language=en |issn=2073-4395|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trommsdorff |first1=Max |last2=Kang |first2=Jinsuk |last3=Reise |first3=Christian |last4=Schindele |first4=Stephan |last5=Bopp |first5=Georg |last6=Ehmann |first6=Andrea |last7=Weselek |first7=Axel |last8=Högy |first8=Petra |last9=Obergfell |first9=Tabea |title=Combining food and energy production: Design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=1 April 2021 |volume=140 |pages=110694 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2020.110694 |s2cid=233561938 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032120309783 |language=en |issn=1364-0321 |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155514/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032120309783 |url-status=live }}</ref> about the potential of agrivoltaics, which partly suggest "high potential of agrivoltaics as a viable and efficient technology" and outline concerns for refinements to the technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transforming Farms and Food Production With Solar Panels |url=https://www.governing.com/next/transforming-farms-food-production-with-solar-panels.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Governing |date=9 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923155527/https://www.governing.com/next/transforming-farms-food-production-with-solar-panels.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* 2022 – Researchers report the development of [[greenhouse]]s (or [[solar module]]s) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra [[agrivoltaics|that interior plants use]] to pass through.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kempkens |first1=Wolfgang |title=Strom aus dem Gewächshaus |url=https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Golem.de |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085502/https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carron |first1=Cécilia |title=With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171802/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* 2022 – Researchers report the development of [[greenhouse]]s (or [[solar module]]s) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra [[agrivoltaics|that interior plants use]] to pass through.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kempkens |first1=Wolfgang |title=Strom aus dem Gewächshaus |url=https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Golem.de |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085502/https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carron |first1=Cécilia |title=With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]] via techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171802/https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-solar-modules-greenhouses-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* 2023 – Demonstration of another [[agrivoltaic]] [[Greenhouse#Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules|greenhouse]] which outperforms a conventional glass-roof greenhouse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Organic solar cells help plants in greenhouses grow better, finds study |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/organic-components-to-make-solar-cells |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=6 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yepin |last2=Li |first2=Zongqi |last3=Deger |first3=Caner |last4=Wang |first4=Minhuan |last5=Peric |first5=Miroslav |last6=Yin |first6=Yanfeng |last7=Meng |first7=Dong |last8=Yang |first8=Wenxin |last9=Wang |first9=Xinyao |last10=Xing |first10=Qiyu |last11=Chang |first11=Bin |last12=Scott |first12=Elizabeth G. |last13=Zhou |first13=Yifan |last14=Zhang |first14=Elizabeth |last15=Zheng |first15=Ran |last16=Bian |first16=Jiming |last17=Shi |first17=Yantao |last18=Yavuz |first18=Ilhan |last19=Wei |first19=Kung-Hwa |last20=Houk |first20=K. N. |last21=Yang |first21=Yang |title=Achieving sustainability of greenhouses by integrating stable semi-transparent organic photovoltaics |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=6 March 2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01071-2 |s2cid=257388015 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01071-2 |language=en |issn=2398-9629|url-access=subscription}} |
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* University press release: {{cite news |title=Engineers design solar roofs to harvest energy for greenhouses |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-roofs-harvest-energy-greenhouses.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] via techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Solar-powered production === |
=== Solar-powered production === |
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* The world's first fully autonomous commercial "airborne wind energy" system (an [[airborne wind turbine]]) is launched by a company.<ref name="BBC-20220309">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Nicola |title=The kites seeking the world's surest winds |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220309-the-kites-flying-to-harness-the-worlds-strongest-winds |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815145710/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220309-the-kites-flying-to-harness-the-worlds-strongest-winds |url-status=live }}</ref> |
* The world's first fully autonomous commercial "airborne wind energy" system (an [[airborne wind turbine]]) is launched by a company.<ref name="BBC-20220309">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Nicola |title=The kites seeking the world's surest winds |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220309-the-kites-flying-to-harness-the-worlds-strongest-winds |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815145710/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220309-the-kites-flying-to-harness-the-worlds-strongest-winds |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".<ref name="BBC-20220309"/> |
* An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".<ref name="BBC-20220309"/> |
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;2023 |
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*First kWh by a [[tension leg platform|TLP]] [[offshore wind power|floating]] [[Airborne wind energy|airborne]] [[Airborne wind turbine|wind turbine]] system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky-high kites aim to tap unused wind power |url=https://www.dw.com/en/wind-power-renewable-energy-of-the-future/a-65021452 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> in this area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayil |first1=Jijo |title=World's first floating wind prototype with TLP system produces first kWh |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-first-floating-wind-prototype |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=7 March 2023}}</ref> |
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== Hydrogen energy == |
== Hydrogen energy == |
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;2023 |
;2023 |
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* In three largely [[paywall]]ed studies, separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to [[green hydrogen]] [[hydrogen production|production]] methods, enabling higher efficiencies<!--([[Photocatalytic water splitting#Indium gallium nitride|a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2%]])--> and durable use of untreated seawater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sun-powered water splitter produces unprecedented levels of green energy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224622/https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A way to produce hydrogen directly from untreated sea water |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224628/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Navid |first2=Ishtiaque Ahmed |last3=Ma |first3=Yongjin |last4=Xiao |first4=Yixin |last5=Wang |first5=Ping |last6=Ye |first6=Zhengwei |last7=Zhou |first7=Baowen |last8=Sun |first8=Kai |last9=Mi |first9=Zetian |title=Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 |pmid=36600066 |bibcode=2023Natur.613...66Z |s2cid=255474993 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080833/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Jiaxin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yao |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenpeng |last4=Zheng |first4=Caiyan |last5=Mao |first5=Jing |last6=Du |first6=Kun |last7=Jaroniec |first7=Mietek |last8=Qiao |first8=Shi-Zhang |last9=Ling |first9=Tao |title=Direct seawater electrolysis by adjusting the local reaction environment of a catalyst |journal=Nature Energy |date=30 January 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01195-x |s2cid=256493839 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367559005 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Chris |title=A new method converts seawater straight into green hydrogen |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomba |first1=Suraj |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Waqas |last3=Haris |first3=Muhammad |last4=Mousavi |first4=Seyed Mahdi |last5=Zavabeti |first5=Ali |last6=Xu |first6=Kai |last7=Tadich |first7=Anton |last8=Thomsen |first8=Lars |last9=McConville |first9=Christopher F. |last10=Li |first10=Yongxiang |last11=Walia |first11=Sumeet |last12=Mahmood |first12=Nasir |title=Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Sheets for Efficient Seawater Splitting |journal=Small |date=8 February 2023 |pages=2207310 |doi=10.1002/smll.202207310}}</ref> |
* In three largely [[paywall]]ed studies, separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to [[green hydrogen]] [[hydrogen production|production]] methods, enabling higher efficiencies<!--([[Photocatalytic water splitting#Indium gallium nitride|a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2%]])--> and durable use of untreated seawater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sun-powered water splitter produces unprecedented levels of green energy |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224622/https://www.science.org/content/article/sun-powered-water-splitter-produces-unprecedented-levels-green-energy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A way to produce hydrogen directly from untreated sea water |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224628/https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-hydrogen-untreated-sea.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Navid |first2=Ishtiaque Ahmed |last3=Ma |first3=Yongjin |last4=Xiao |first4=Yixin |last5=Wang |first5=Ping |last6=Ye |first6=Zhengwei |last7=Zhou |first7=Baowen |last8=Sun |first8=Kai |last9=Mi |first9=Zetian |title=Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 |pmid=36600066 |bibcode=2023Natur.613...66Z |s2cid=255474993 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080833/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05399-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Jiaxin |last2=Zheng |first2=Yao |last3=Hu |first3=Zhenpeng |last4=Zheng |first4=Caiyan |last5=Mao |first5=Jing |last6=Du |first6=Kun |last7=Jaroniec |first7=Mietek |last8=Qiao |first8=Shi-Zhang |last9=Ling |first9=Tao |title=Direct seawater electrolysis by adjusting the local reaction environment of a catalyst |journal=Nature Energy |date=30 January 2023 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01195-x |s2cid=256493839 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367559005 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Chris |title=A new method converts seawater straight into green hydrogen |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/seawater-straight-into-green-hydrogen |access-date=4 April 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loomba |first1=Suraj |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Waqas |last3=Haris |first3=Muhammad |last4=Mousavi |first4=Seyed Mahdi |last5=Zavabeti |first5=Ali |last6=Xu |first6=Kai |last7=Tadich |first7=Anton |last8=Thomsen |first8=Lars |last9=McConville |first9=Christopher F. |last10=Li |first10=Yongxiang |last11=Walia |first11=Sumeet |last12=Mahmood |first12=Nasir |title=Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Sheets for Efficient Seawater Splitting |journal=Small |date=8 February 2023 |pages=2207310 |doi=10.1002/smll.202207310}}</ref> |
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* A [[Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches|DVGW]] report suggests gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline infrastructures]] (in [[Energy in Germany|Germany]]) are suitable to be repurposed to transport [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], showing limited corrosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gasleitungen in Deutschland sind bereit für Wasserstoff |url=https://www.forschung-und-wissen.de/nachrichten/technik/gasleitungen-in-deutschland-sind-bereit-fuer-wasserstoff-13377194 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=www.forschung-und-wissen.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DVGW: Germany's gas pipelines h2ready |url=https://www.dvgw.de/english-pages/dvgw/news/germanys-gas-pipelines-h2ready |publisher=DVGW |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> |
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== Hydroelectricity and marine energy == |
== Hydroelectricity and marine energy == |
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*News outlets report about the development of [[Algae bioreactor#Microgeneration|algae biopanels]] by a company for [[Renewable energy#Algae fuels|sustainable energy generation]] with unclear viability<ref>{{cite news |title=Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2 |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192455/https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192603/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |url-status=live }}</ref> after other researchers built the self-powered [[Bionic architecture#Advantages|{{tooltip|2='Bio-Intelligent Quotient'|BIQ}} house prototype]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talaei |first1=Maryam |last2=Mahdavinejad |first2=Mohammadjavad |last3=Azari |first3=Rahman |title=Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |date=1 March 2020 |volume=28 |pages=101011 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 |s2cid=210245691 |language=en |issn=2352-7102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Sara |last2=Stoller |first2=Paul |last3=Ralph |first3=Peter |last4=Hamdorf |first4=Brenton |last5=Catana |first5=Laila Navarro |last6=Kuzava |first6=Gabriela Santana |title=Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW |journal=Procedia Engineering |date=1 January 2017 |volume=180 |pages=1121–1130 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 |language=en |issn=1877-7058|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*News outlets report about the development of [[Algae bioreactor#Microgeneration|algae biopanels]] by a company for [[Renewable energy#Algae fuels|sustainable energy generation]] with unclear viability<ref>{{cite news |title=Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2 |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192455/https://newatlas.com/energy/greenfluidics-algae-biopanels/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821192603/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/algae-filled-panels-generate-oxygen-electricity-absorbing-co2 |url-status=live }}</ref> after other researchers built the self-powered [[Bionic architecture#Advantages|{{tooltip|2='Bio-Intelligent Quotient'|BIQ}} house prototype]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talaei |first1=Maryam |last2=Mahdavinejad |first2=Mohammadjavad |last3=Azari |first3=Rahman |title=Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |date=1 March 2020 |volume=28 |pages=101011 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 |s2cid=210245691 |language=en |issn=2352-7102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Sara |last2=Stoller |first2=Paul |last3=Ralph |first3=Peter |last4=Hamdorf |first4=Brenton |last5=Catana |first5=Laila Navarro |last6=Kuzava |first6=Gabriela Santana |title=Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW |journal=Procedia Engineering |date=1 January 2017 |volume=180 |pages=1121–1130 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 |language=en |issn=1877-7058|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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;2023 |
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*A [[Mycobacterium smegmatis#Production of Electricity|bacterial]] [[hydrogenase]]<!--#[NiFe] hydrogenase--> [[enzyme]], Huc, for [[biohydrogen]] energy from the air is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yu |first1=Andi |title=Scientists have found an enzyme that can make electricity out of tiny amounts of hydrogen |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-09/monash-university-air-electricity-enzyme-soil/102071786 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=ABC News |date=9 March 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grinter |first1=Rhys |last2=Kropp |first2=Ashleigh |last3=Venugopal |first3=Hari |last4=Senger |first4=Moritz |last5=Badley |first5=Jack |last6=Cabotaje |first6=Princess R. |last7=Jia |first7=Ruyu |last8=Duan |first8=Zehui |last9=Huang |first9=Ping |last10=Stripp |first10=Sven T. |last11=Barlow |first11=Christopher K. |last12=Belousoff |first12=Matthew |last13=Shafaat |first13=Hannah S. |last14=Cook |first14=Gregory M. |last15=Schittenhelm |first15=Ralf B. |last16=Vincent |first16=Kylie A. |last17=Khalid |first17=Syma |last18=Berggren |first18=Gustav |last19=Greening |first19=Chris |title=Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen |journal=Nature |date=March 2023 |volume=615 |issue=7952 |pages=541–547 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7 |pmid=36890228 |pmc=10017518 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..541G |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== General == |
== General == |
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;2023 |
;2023 |
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*A study finds that the world has [[Technology-critical element|enough]] [[rare earths]] and other raw materials to [[Energy transition|switch]] from fossil fuels to [[renewable energy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Enough rare earth minerals to fuel green energy shift |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |date=27 January 2023 |work=AP |accessdate=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212928/https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Future demand for electricity generation materials under different climate mitigation scenarios |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |date=27 January 2023 |journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]] |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2023.01.001 |accessdate=31 January 2023 |last1=Wang |first1=Seaver |last2=Hausfather |first2=Zeke |last3=Davis |first3=Steven |last4=Lloyd |first4=Juzel |last5=Olson |first5=Erik B. |last6=Liebermann |first6=Lauren |last7=Núñez-Mujica |first7=Guido D. |last8=McBride |first8=Jameson |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=309–332 |s2cid=256347184 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131093410/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
*A study finds that the world has [[Technology-critical element|enough]] [[rare earths]] and other raw materials to [[Energy transition|switch]] from fossil fuels to [[renewable energy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Enough rare earth minerals to fuel green energy shift |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |date=27 January 2023 |work=AP |accessdate=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212928/https://apnews.com/article/science-green-technology-climate-and-environment-renewable-energy-141761657a8e7a5627a0e49e601dd48e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Future demand for electricity generation materials under different climate mitigation scenarios |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |date=27 January 2023 |journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]] |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2023.01.001 |accessdate=31 January 2023 |last1=Wang |first1=Seaver |last2=Hausfather |first2=Zeke |last3=Davis |first3=Steven |last4=Lloyd |first4=Juzel |last5=Olson |first5=Erik B. |last6=Liebermann |first6=Lauren |last7=Núñez-Mujica |first7=Guido D. |last8=McBride |first8=Jameson |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=309–332 |s2cid=256347184 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131093410/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2542435123000016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*A new viable [[Research in lithium-ion batteries|lithium-ion]] [[battery recycling]] method is reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=New lithium-ion battery recycling method is energy efficient, acid free and recovers 70% lithium |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-new/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=Cosmos Magazine |date=31 March 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolotko |first1=Oleksandr |last2=Gehrke |first2=Niclas |last3=Malliaridou |first3=Triantafillia |last4=Sieweck |first4=Raphael |last5=Herrmann |first5=Laura |last6=Hunzinger |first6=Bettina |last7=Knapp |first7=Michael |last8=Ehrenberg |first8=Helmut |title=Universal and efficient extraction of lithium for lithium-ion battery recycling using mechanochemistry |journal=Communications Chemistry |date=28 March 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1038/s42004-023-00844-2 |pmid=36977798 |pmc=10049983 |language=en |issn=2399-3669|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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[[File:Flow chart of possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels.jpg|thumb|Flow chart of proposed or possible product stewardship scheme for new solar PV panels<ref name="10.3934/energy.2023008"/>]] |
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*A study suggests incentives and regulations [[Renewable energy#Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements|are needed]] for producers to [[sustainable design|design]] solar panels [[solar panel recycling|that can be more easily recycled]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Amalyah |title=Researchers urge mandatory scheme to ensure solar panels are recycled |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/researchers-urge-mandatory-scheme-to-ensure-solar-panels-are-recycled/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=RenewEconomy |date=21 March 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name="10.3934/energy.2023008">{{cite journal |last1=Majewski |first1=Peter |last2=Deng |first2=Rong |last3=Dias |first3=Pablo R. |last4=Jones |first4=Megan |last5=Majewski |first5=Peter |last6=Deng |first6=Rong |last7=Dias |first7=Pablo R. |last8=Jones |first8=Megan |title=Product stewardship considerations for solar photovoltaic panels |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2023 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=140–155 |doi=10.3934/energy.2023008 |language=en |issn=2333-8334|doi-access=free}} |
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* University press release: {{cite news |title=Solar industry feeling the heat over disposal of 80 million panels |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2023-03-solar-industry-disposal-million-panels.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=[[University of South Australia]] via techxplore.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Seabed mining ==== |
==== Seabed mining ==== |
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*Researchers [[scientific review|review]] the scientific literature on [[100% renewable energy]], addressing various issues, [[research question#Aggregated research questions and coordination|outlining open research questions]], and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shakeel |first1=Fatima |title=The World Can Achieve A 100% Renewable Energy System By 2050, Researchers Say |url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Wonderful Engineering |date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823103237/https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breyer |first1=Christian |last2=Khalili |first2=Siavash |last3=Bogdanov |first3=Dmitrii |last4=Ram |first4=Manish |last5=Oyewo |first5=Ayobami Solomon |last6=Aghahosseini |first6=Arman |last7=Gulagi |first7=Ashish |last8=Solomon |first8=A. A. |last9=Keiner |first9=Dominik |last10=Lopez |first10=Gabriel |last11=Østergaard |first11=Poul Alberg |last12=Lund |first12=Henrik |last13=Mathiesen |first13=Brian V. |last14=Jacobson |first14=Mark Z. |last15=Victoria |first15=Marta |last16=Teske |first16=Sven |last17=Pregger |first17=Thomas |last18=Fthenakis |first18=Vasilis |last19=Raugei |first19=Marco |last20=Holttinen |first20=Hannele |last21=Bardi |first21=Ugo |last22=Hoekstra |first22=Auke |last23=Sovacool |first23=Benjamin K. |title=On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research |journal=IEEE Access |date=2022 |volume=10 |pages=78176–78218 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 |issn=2169-3536|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
*Researchers [[scientific review|review]] the scientific literature on [[100% renewable energy]], addressing various issues, [[research question#Aggregated research questions and coordination|outlining open research questions]], and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shakeel |first1=Fatima |title=The World Can Achieve A 100% Renewable Energy System By 2050, Researchers Say |url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Wonderful Engineering |date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823103237/https://wonderfulengineering.com/renewable-energy-systems-could-be-possible-by-2050/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breyer |first1=Christian |last2=Khalili |first2=Siavash |last3=Bogdanov |first3=Dmitrii |last4=Ram |first4=Manish |last5=Oyewo |first5=Ayobami Solomon |last6=Aghahosseini |first6=Arman |last7=Gulagi |first7=Ashish |last8=Solomon |first8=A. A. |last9=Keiner |first9=Dominik |last10=Lopez |first10=Gabriel |last11=Østergaard |first11=Poul Alberg |last12=Lund |first12=Henrik |last13=Mathiesen |first13=Brian V. |last14=Jacobson |first14=Mark Z. |last15=Victoria |first15=Marta |last16=Teske |first16=Sven |last17=Pregger |first17=Thomas |last18=Fthenakis |first18=Vasilis |last19=Raugei |first19=Marco |last20=Holttinen |first20=Hannele |last21=Bardi |first21=Ugo |last22=Hoekstra |first22=Auke |last23=Sovacool |first23=Benjamin K. |title=On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research |journal=IEEE Access |date=2022 |volume=10 |pages=78176–78218 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402 |issn=2169-3536|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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;2023 |
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[[File:Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU in the context of planetary boundaries.jpg|thumb|Assessment of pathways for building heating in the EU<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> ([[:Commons:Category:Heating transition|more]])]] |
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*A study indicates that in [[Central heating|building heating]] in the [[Energy policy of the EU|EU]], the [[Feasibility study|feasibility]] of staying within [[planetary boundaries]] is possible only {{tooltip|through [[electrification]]|relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"}}, with [[green hydrogen|green]] [[Hydrogen fuel#Energy|hydrogen heating]] being 2–3 times more expensive than [[heat pump]] costs.<ref name="Gabbatiss">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Heat pumps 'up to three times cheaper' than green hydrogen in Europe, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/heat-pumps-up-to-three-times-cheaper-than-green-hydrogen-in-europe-study-finds/ |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=Carbon Brief |date=23 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602">{{cite journal |last1=Weidner |first1=Till |last2=Guillén-Gosálbez |first2=Gonzalo |title=Planetary boundaries assessment of deep decarbonisation options for building heating in the European Union |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |date=15 February 2023 |volume=278 |pages=116602 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602 |language=en |issn=0196-8904|doi-access=free}}</ref> A separate study indicates that replacing [[gas boiler]]s with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut [[Energy policy of Germany|German]]<!--first study of its kind and in Nature despite limited to Germany--> [[gas consumption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Pietro P. |last2=Clausen |first2=Jens |last3=Brendel |first3=Heiko |last4=Breyer |first4=Christian |last5=Gerhards |first5=Christoph |last6=Kemfert |first6=Claudia |authorlink6=Claudia Kemfert |last7=Weber |first7=Urban |last8=Wright |first8=Matthew |title=Replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |date=3 March 2023 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=56 |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-00715-7 |bibcode=2023ComEE...4...56A |language=en |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free}}</ref> despite of "[[fossil fuel industry|gas-industry]] [[lobbyism|lobbyists]] and [...] politicians" at the time making "the case for hydrogen" amid some {{ill|heating transition|de|Wärmewende}} policy changes,<ref name="Gabbatiss"/> for which the former study revealed a need to "[[Climate justice|mitigate]] [[Economics of climate change|increased]] costs [[Consumer expenditure|for [many of the] consumers]]".<ref name="10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602"/> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Terrestrial environment |
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This article relies excessively on referencestoprimary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Timeline of notable events in the research and development of sustainable energy, including renewable energy, solar energy, and nuclear fusion energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Earth system.
Events currently not included in the timelines include:
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020)
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Ongoing research and development projects include SSPS-OMEGA,[33][34] SPS-ALPHA,[35][36] and the Solaris program.[37][38][39]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021)
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Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021)
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Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.
2024 in science |
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Fields |
Technology |
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
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Modernizing the electrical grid
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