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{{short description|1883 novel by Robert Louis Stevenson}}
{{about|the novel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = Treasure Island
| image = Treasure Island, first edition.png
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Adventure fiction]] [[Young adult literature]]
| release_date = [[1883 in literature|14 November 1883]]
| publisher = [[Cassell and Company]]
| pages = 292 (first edition)
| subjects = [[Pirate|Pirates]], [[Bildungsroman|coming-of-age]]
| title_orig = The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys {{no italic|by Captain George North}}
| oclc = 610014604
| wikisource = Treasure Island (1883)
}}
'''''Treasure Island''''' (originally titled '''''The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys'''''<ref name=":0">Hammond, J. R. 1984. "Treasure Island." In ''A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion'', Palgrave Macmillan Literary Companions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-06080-1_6}}.</ref>) is an [[adventure novel]] by Scottish author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], telling a story of "[[buccaneers]] and [[Buried treasure|buried gold]]". It is considered a [[Bildungsroman|coming-of-age story]] and is noted for its atmosphere, characters, and action.

The novel was originally serialised from 1881 to 1882 in the children's magazine ''[[Young Folks (magazine)|Young Folks]]'', under the title '''''Treasure Island or the Mutiny of the Hispaniola''''', credited to the pseudonym "Captain George North". It was first published as a book on 14 November 1883 by [[Cassell & Co.]] It has since become one of the most often dramatized and adapted novels.

Since its publication, ''Treasure Island'' has had significant influence on [[Pirates in the arts and popular culture|depictions of pirates in popular culture]], including elements such as [[Deserted island|deserted tropical islands]], [[treasure map]]s marked with an "X", and one-legged [[Sailor|seamen]] with [[parrot]]s perched on their shoulders.<ref name=Cordingly-overestimated>Cordingly, David (1995) ''Under the Black Flag: the romance and reality of life among the pirates''; p. 7</ref>

==Summary==
[[File:Treasure-island-map.jpg|thumb|upright|Stevenson's map of Treasure Island]]
[[File:Treasure-island01.png|upright|thumb|Jim Hawkins hiding in the apple-barrel, listening to the pirates]]
In the mid-18th century, an old sailor who identifies himself as "The Captain" starts to lodge at the rural Admiral Benbow Inn on England's [[Bristol Channel]]. He tells the innkeeper's son, [[Jim Hawkins (character)|Jim Hawkins]], to keep a lookout for "a one-legged seafaring man". Black Dog, a sailor, recognizes the captain as his former shipmate Billy Bones, and confronts him. They get into a sword fight; Black Dog flees, and Bones suffers a stroke. That night, Jim's father dies. Days later, Pew, a blind beggar, visits the inn, delivering a summons to Bones called "the black spot". Shortly thereafter, Bones suffers another stroke and dies. Pew and his accomplices attack the inn but are attacked and routed by mounted excise officers, and Pew is trampled to death by one of their horses. Jim and his mother escape with a packet from The Captain's sea chest, which is found to contain a map of the island on which the infamous pirate [[Captain Flint]] hid his treasure. Jim shows the map to the local physician [[Dr. Livesey (character)|Dr. Livesey]] and the [[squire]] [[Squire Trelawney|John Trelawney]], and they decide to make an expedition to the island, with Jim serving as a [[cabin boy]].

They set sail from Bristol on a [[schooner]] chartered by Trelawney, the ''Hispaniola'', under [[Captain Alexander Smollett|Captain Smollett]]. Jim forms a strong bond with the ship's one-legged cook, [[Long John Silver]]. The crew suffers a tragedy when first mate Mr. Arrow, a drunkard, is washed overboard during a storm. While hidden in an apple barrel, Jim overhears a conversation among the ''Hispaniola''{{'}}s crew which reveals that many of them are pirates who had served on Captain Flint's ship, the ''Walrus'', with Silver leading them. They plan to mutiny after the salvage of the treasure, and to murder the captain and the few remaining loyal crew. Jim secretly informs Captain Smollet, Trelawney, and Livesey.

Arriving at the island and going ashore, Jim flees into the woods after witnessing Silver murder a sailor. He meets a [[Marooning|marooned]] pirate named [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)|Ben Gunn]], who is also a former member of Flint's crew. The mutineers arm themselves and take the ship, while Jim and Smollett's loyal band take refuge in an abandoned stockade on the island. After a brief truce, the mutineers attack the stockade, with casualties on both sides of the battle. Jim makes his way to the ''Hispaniola'' and cuts the ship from its anchor, drifting it along the ebb tide. He boards the ship and encounters the pirate Israel Hands, who had been injured in a drunken dispute with one of his companions. Hands helps Jim beach the schooner in the northern bay, then attempts to kill Jim with a knife, but Jim shoots him dead with two pistols.

Jim goes ashore and returns to the stockade, where he is horrified to find only Silver and the pirates. Silver tells Jim that when everyone found the ship was gone, Captain Smollett's party had agreed to a truce whereby the pirates take the map and allow the besieged party to leave. In the morning, Livesey arrives to treat the wounded and sick pirates, and tells Silver to look out for trouble once he's found the site of the treasure. After a dispute over leadership, Silver and the others set out with the map, taking Jim along as a hostage. They find a skeleton with its arms oriented toward the treasure, unnerving the party. Ben Gunn shouts Captain Flint's last words from the forest, making the superstitious pirates believe that Flint's ghost is haunting the island. They eventually find a treasure cache, but it is empty. The pirates prepare to kill Silver and Jim, but they are driven off by the doctor's party, including Gunn. Livesey explains that Gunn had already found the bulk of the treasure and taken it to his cave, long ago. The expedition members load this portion of the treasure onto the ''Hispaniola'' and depart the island, with Silver as their only prisoner. At their first port, in [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]], Silver steals a bag of money and escapes. The remaining crew sail back to [[Bristol]] and divide up the treasure. Some treasure was never found, but Jim refuses to return to the "accursed" island to look for it.

==Inspiration==
[[File:Treasure Island by George Wylie Hutchinson.png|thumb|''Treasure Island'', illustrated by [[George Wylie Hutchinson]] (1894)]]
[[File:Stevenson - Treasure island, 1933.djvu|right|thumb|1934 edition]]
''Treasure Island'' was written by Stevenson after returning from his first trip to America where he was married. Still a relatively unknown author, inspiration came in summer of 1881 in [[Braemar, Scotland]] when bad weather kept the family inside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Works |url=https://stevensonmuseum.org/robert-louis-stevenson/the-works/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> To amuse his 12-year old stepson, [[Lloyd Osbourne]], he used the idea of a secret map as the basis of a story about hidden treasure.

He had clearly started work by 25 August, writing to a friend, "If this don't fetch the kids, why, they have gone rotten since my day. Will you be surprised to learn that it is about Buccaneers, that it begins in the Admiral Benbow public house on the Devon coast, that it's all about a map and a treasure and a mutiny and a derelict ship... It's quite silly and horrid fun – and what I want is the ''best'' book about Buccaneers that can be had."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Bradford A. |last1=Booth |first2= Ernest |last2= Mehew |title=The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson|page= iii. 225}}</ref>

Stevenson originally gave the book the title ''The Sea Cook''. One month after conceiving of the book, chapters began to appear in the pages of the ''[[Young Folks (magazine)|Young Folks]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Treasure Island {{!}} Characters, Summary, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treasure-Island |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> After completing several chapters rapidly, Stevenson was interrupted by illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasure Island Author Robert Louis Stevenson Was a Sickly Man with a Robus |url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/julyaugust/feature/treasure-island-author-robert-louis-stevenson-was-sickly-man-robu |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The National Endowment for the Humanities |language=en}}</ref> He left Scotland and continued working on the first draft near London, where he and his father discussed points of the tale, and his father suggested elements that he included. The novel eventually ran in seventeen weekly installments from October 1, 1881, to January 28, 1882. The book was later republished as the novel ''Treasure Island'' and proved to be Stevenson's first financial and critical success. The Liberal politician [[William Ewart Gladstone]], who served four terms as British Prime Minister between 1868 and 1894, was one of the book's biggest fans; it was said that he stayed up all night to read it.

The growth of the desert island genre can be traced back to 1719 when [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' was published. A century later, novels such as [[S. H. Burney]]'s ''The Shipwreck'' (1816), and [[Sir Walter Scott]]'s ''[[The Pirate (novel)|The Pirate]]'' (1822) continued to expand upon Defoe's classic. Other authors in the mid-19th century continued this trend, with works including [[James Fenimore Cooper]]'s ''[[The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea|The Pilot]]'' (1823). During the same period, [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote "[[MS Found in a Bottle]]" (1833) and "[[The Gold-Bug]]" (1843). All of these works influenced Stevenson's end product.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literary Network {{!}} Robert Louis Stevenson |url=https://robert-louis-stevenson.org/literary-network/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Stevenson also consciously borrowed material from previous authors. In a July 1884 letter to [[Sidney Colvin]], he wrote that『''Treasure Island'' came out of [[Charles Kingsley|Kingsley]]'s ''At Last'', where I got the Dead Man's Chest — and that was the seed — and out of the great [[Captain Charles Johnson|Captain Johnson]]'s ''[[A General History of the Pyrates|History of the Notorious Pirates]]''.』Stevenson also admits that he took the idea of Captain Flint's pointing skeleton from [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe's]] ''[[The Gold-Bug]]'' and he constructed [[Billy Bones]]'s history from the "Money-Diggers" section ("Golden Dreams" in particular<ref>{{cite web|title=Capitalism and the Romance in R. L. Stevenson's Treasure Island|author=Sergeant, D.R.C.|publisher=University of Plymouth|url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/8074/Capitalism%20and%20Romance%20in%20Treasure%20Island%20preppedfile.pdf;jsessionid=2580EE07A2EA6629E28D5CCA929965BE?sequence=1|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>) of ''[[Tales of a Traveller]]'' by [[Washington Irving]], one of his favorite writers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Louis|first=Stevenson, Robert|date=1986|title=My First Book – Treasure Island|journal=The Courier|url=http://surface.syr.edu/libassoc/206/|language=en}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Main===
* '''[[Jim Hawkins (character)|Jim Hawkins]]''': The narrator of most of the novel. Jim is the son of an innkeeper on the north [[Devon]] coast of England and appears to be in his mid-teens. He is eager to go to sea and hunt for treasure. Jim consistently displays courage and heroism, but is also sometimes impulsive and impetuous. He exhibits increasing sensitivity and wisdom as the journey progresses.
* '''[[Long John Silver]]''': The one-legged cook aboard the ''Hispaniola''. Silver is the secret leader of the pirates. He is deceitful, mean, and greedy, but also charismatic, and his physical and mental strength are impressive. He is kind toward Jim and appears genuinely fond of him. Silver was based in part on Stevenson's friend and mentor [[William Ernest Henley]].
* '''[[Dr. Livesey|Dr. David Livesey]]''': A doctor and [[Magistrate (England and Wales)|magistrate]]; he narrates a few chapters of the novel. He exhibits common sense and rationality, and is fair-minded, treating wounded pirates just as he does his own comrades. But he does not hesitate to express his opinions and dislikes openly towards the pirates. Some years prior to the events of the novel, he had participated in the [[Battle of Fontenoy]], during which he was [[wounded in action]].<ref>Stevenson, Chapter 16: "I was not new to violent death—I have served his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, and got a wound myself at Fontenoy—but I know my pulse went dot and carry one."</ref>
* '''[[Captain Alexander Smollett]]''': The captain of the ''Hispaniola''. He is savvy and is rightly suspicious of the crew that Trelawney hires. Smollett is a real professional, taking his job seriously and displaying skill as a negotiator. Smollett believes in rules and does not like Jim's disobedience, but later in the novel states that he and Jim shouldn't go to sea together again as Jim was too much of the born favourite for him.
* '''[[Squire John Trelawney]]''': A wealthy landowner who arranges the voyage to the island. He is too trusting and is duped by Silver into hiring pirates as the ship's crew.
* '''[[Billy Bones]]''': An old seaman who resides at the Admiral Benbow Inn. He used to be Flint's first mate, and is surly and rude. He exhorts Jim to be on the lookout for a one-legged man. A treasure map in his possession set the events of the novel in motion.
* '''[[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)|Ben Gunn]]''': A former member of Captain Flint's crew who was found on Treasure Island, having been marooned there by another ship's crew three years earlier when they couldn't find Flint's treasure. He is described as being "insane", at least partially, and has a craving for [[cheese]]. He helps Silver escape and in England receives £1,000 which he spends/loses in 20 days. He becomes a Lodge [[gamekeeper]] and also sings in a church choir.
** In the semi-official prequel story ''[[Porto Bello Gold]]'' by [[Arthur D. Howden Smith]], Ben Gunn was the servant of captain Andrew "Rip-Rap" Murray, Flint's associate and the mastermind behind the capture of the treasure ship ''Santissima Trinidad'', whence the buried treasure was taken. Murray described Ben Gunn as a "half-wit" whom he kept as servant specifically because he considered him intellectually incapable of treachery. After Flint's crew killed Murray and overpowered his crew, Ben Gunn went to serve Flint and fled the ''Walrus'' in Savannah after Flint's death.
** According to ''[[R. F. Delderfield#Other works|The Adventures of Ben Gunn]]'', he was Nic Allardyce's servant and friend from back home.

===Minor===
{{redirect|Blind Pew|the golf hole|Spyglass Hill Golf Course}}
* '''Alan''': An honest sailor who is killed by the mutineers during the landing on the island and whose death scream is heard across the isle. The incident occurs just before Long John murders Tom.
* '''Allardyce''': One of the six members of Flint's Crew who, after burying the treasure and silver and building the blockhouse on Treasure Island, are all killed by Flint, who returns to his ship alone. Allardyce's body is lined up by Flint as a compass marker to the cache.
** In ''[[Porto Bello Gold]]'', one sailor on Flint's ship is named "Tom Allardyce". A lanky fellow with rather long, yellow hair, he is an antagonistic ringleader of sailors opposing Flint in at least two "fo'c'sle councils". Flint thinks they may present him with the [[Black Spot (Treasure Island)|Black Spot]]; he eventually challenges Allardyce to bring six friends and bury the treasure together.
** According to ''[[R. F. Delderfield#Other works|The Adventures of Ben Gunn]]'', his first name was "Nic", he was surgeon on Flint's crew, and Ben Gunn was his servant and friend from back home.
* '''Job Anderson''': The ship's boatswain and one of the leaders of the mutiny. He participates in the storming of the blockhouse and is killed by Gray while attacking Jim. He is probably one of Flint's old pirate hands, though this is never stated. Along with Hands and Merry, he tipped a Black Spot on Silver and forced Silver to start the mutiny before the treasure was found.
* '''Mr. Arrow''': The [[first mate]] of the ''Hispaniola''. He is an alcoholic and is useless as a first mate. He disappears before they get to the island and his position is filled by Job Anderson. Silver had secretly given Mr. Arrow alcohol and he fell drunkenly overboard on a stormy night. In his BBC adaptation of 1977, John Lucarotti gives him the first name "Joshua". His first name was not stated in the novel.
* '''Black Dog''': Formerly a member of Flint's pirate crew, later one of Pew's companions who visits the Admiral Benbow to confront Billy Bones. He is spotted by Jim in Silver's tavern and slips out to be chased by two of Silver's men (in order to maintain the ruse that Silver and his men are not associated with him). Two fingers are missing from his left hand, and from his first appearance at the Admiral Benbow Inn, it appears Billy Bones may have previously attacked and caused the injury.
* '''Pew''': A vicious, deadly, and sinister blind beggar who served as a member of Flint's crew. Despite his blindness, he proves to be a dangerous adversary and can even be considered a ringleader amongst his fellow crewmen. He is the second messenger to approach Billy Bones and the one to deliver the Black Spot. He is trampled to death by the horses of revenue officers riding to assist Jim and his mother after the raid on their inn. Silver claims Pew spent his share of Flint's treasure at a rate of £1,200 per year, and that for two years until his accident at the "Admiral Benbow", he begged, stole, and murdered. Stevenson avoided predictability by making the two most fearsome characters a blind man and an amputee. In the play ''Admiral Guinea'' (1892), Stevenson gives him the full name "'''David Pew'''". Stevenson's novel ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]'' (1886) also features a dangerous blind man.
** In ''Porto Bello Gold'', it is Pew who fatally stabs captain Murray, working in concert with Long John Silver. From the context, it seems that Silver means Pew when he addresses one man as "Ezra" just prior.
* '''Mr. Dance''': Chief revenue officer (titled Supervisor) who ascends with his men upon the Admiral Benbow, driving out the pirates, and saving Jim Hawkins and his mother. He then takes Hawkins to see the squire and the doctor.
* '''Dogger''': One of Mr. Dance's associates, who doubles Hawkins on his horse to the squire's house.
* '''[[Captain Flint|Captain J. Flint]]''': A pirate who was captain of a ship called the ''Walrus'', and who is dead before the events of the novel begin. In life he was the leader of the pirates and they refer to him often. He was the original possessor of the treasure, and buried it on the island. Long John Silver's parrot is named after him.
* '''Abraham Gray''': A ship's [[Carpentry|carpenter]]'s mate on the ''Hispaniola''. He is almost incited to mutiny but remains loyal to the Squire's side when asked to do so by Captain Smollett. He saves Hawkins' life by killing Job Anderson during an attack on the stockade, and he helps shoot the mutineers at the rifled treasure cache. He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins, Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, Captain Smollett, Long John Silver, and Ben Gunn. He spends his part of the treasure on his education, marries, and becomes part owner of a full-rigged ship.
* '''Israel Hands''': The ship's coxswain and Flint's old gunner. He tries to murder Jim Hawkins, who shoots him in self-defence.
* '''Harry''': He is probably one of Flint's old pirate hands; one of those who "ran after Black Dog" at the Spyglass Inn.
* '''Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins''': The parents of Jim Hawkins. Mr. Hawkins dies early in the story.
* '''John Hunter''': A manservant of Squire Trelawney. Dr. Livesey considers him to be the most steady and capable of Livesey's servants to have in a fight. He accompanies Trelawney to the island but is later knocked unconscious in an attack on the stockade. He dies of his injuries while unconscious.
* '''John''': A mutineer who is injured while trying to storm the blockhouse. Throughout the latter narrative he is primarily referred to by Hawkins as 'the man with the bandaged head' and ends up being killed at the rifled treasure cache. He is probably one of Flint's old pirate hands, as his name is called by Blind Pew before Pew was killed at the Inn.
* '''Dick Johnson''': The youngest of the mutineers, who has a Bible. The pirates use one of its pages to make a Black Spot for Silver, only to have him predict bad luck on Dick for sacrilege. Soon becoming mortally ill with [[malaria]], Dick ends up being marooned on the island after the deaths of George Merry and John.
* '''Dirk''': One of Flint's old pirate hands, he was a lookout for the ex-pirates in Pew's attack on the Inn
* '''Richard Joyce''': One of the manservants of Squire Trelawney who accompany the squire to the island, a mild-mannered valet inexperienced in firearms. He is shot through the head and killed by a mutineer during an attack on the stockade.
* '''George Merry''': A mutinous and hostile member of Silver's crew, who disobeys orders and occasionally challenges Silver's authority. With Anderson and Hands he launches the mutiny prematurely; he forces Silver to attack the blockhouse instead of waiting for the treasure to be found. He almost overthrew Silver rule's and forced Long John to take Jim as a hostage.  Later killed at the empty cache just as he is about to kill both Silver and Hawkins.
* '''Tom Morgan''': An ex-pirate from Flint's old crew. He ends up marooned on the island with Dick and one other mutineer.
* '''O'Brien''': A mutineer who survives the attack on the blockhouse and escapes. He is later killed by Israel Hands in a drunken fight on the ''Hispaniola''. He is referred to by Hawkins as the pirate 'with the red nightcap' throughout most of the narrative, until Hands reveals to Hawkins that the fellow was an Irishman named O'Brien.
* '''Tom Redruth''': The gamekeeper of Squire Trelawney. He accompanies the Squire to the island but is shot and mortally wounded by the mutineers as the captain's party are relocating from the ship to the stockade.
* '''Tom''': An honest sailor who is killed by Silver for refusing to join the mutiny.

Among other minor characters whose names are not revealed are the four pirates who were killed in an attack on the stockade along with Job Anderson; the pirate killed by the honest men minus Jim Hawkins the day before the attack on the stockade; the pirate killed by Ben Gunn the night before the attack; the pirate shot by Squire Trelawney when aiming at Israel Hands, who later died of his injuries; and the pirate marooned on the island along with Tom Morgan and Dick Johnson.

==Historical allusions==

===Real pirates and piracy===
Historian Luis Junco suggests that ''Treasure Island'' is a combination of the story of the murder of Captain [[George Glas]] on board the ''Earl of Sandwich'' in 1765 and the taking of the ship ''Walrus'' off the island of [[Graciosa, Canary Islands|La Graciosa]] near [[Tenerife]]. The pirates of La Graciosa buried their treasure there, and all were subsequently killed in a bloody battle with the British navy; the treasure was never recovered.

In his book ''Pirates of the Carraigin'', David Kelly deals with the piracy and murder of Captain Glas and others by the Ship's Cook and his gang on board a ship travelling from Tenerife to London. The perpetrators of this crime also buried the considerable treasure they had stolen but most of it was later recovered. They were all executed in Dublin in 1766. In his research, Kelly showed that Stevenson was a neighbour of the named victim in Edinburgh, and so was aware from an early age of these events, which had been a scandal at the time. Stevenson and his family were members of a church congregation set up by the victim's father. Although he never visited Ireland, Stevenson based at least two other books, ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]'' and ''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' on real crimes that were perpetrated in Dublin; these crimes were all reported in detail in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', published in Dublin and Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyscotland.com/history/the-murder-of-captain-geoge-glas-the-original-inspiration-for/|title=The murder of Captain Geoge Glas – the original inspiration for Treasure Island?|date=2018-08-20|website=History Scotland|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>

Other allusions to real piracy include:
* Five real-life pirates mentioned are [[William Kidd]] (active 1696–1699), [[Blackbeard]] (1716–1718), [[Edward England]] (1717–1720), [[Howell Davis]] (1718–1719), and [[Bartholomew Roberts]] (1719–1722). Kidd buried treasure on [[Gardiners Island]], though the booty was recovered by authorities soon afterwards.<ref name="Ref_o">Adams, Cecil ''The Straight Dope'': [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2728/did-pirates-bury-their-treasure Did pirates bury their treasure? Did pirates really make maps where "X marks the spot"?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504213546/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2728/did-pirates-bury-their-treasure |date=4 May 2016 }} 5 October 2007</ref>
* The name "[[Israel Hands]]" was taken from that of a real pirate in [[Blackbeard]]'s crew, whom Blackbeard maimed (by shooting him in the knee) simply to ensure that his crew remained in terror of him. Allegedly, Hands was taken ashore to be treated for his injury and was not at Blackbeard's last fight (the incident is depicted in [[Tim Powers]]' novel ''[[On Stranger Tides]]''), and this alone saved him from the gallows. Supposedly, he later became a beggar in England.
* Silver refers to "three hundred and fifty thousand" [[Spanish dollar|pieces of eight]] at the "fishing up of the wrecked plate ships". This remark conflates two related events: first, the salvage of treasure from the [[1715 Treasure Fleet]] which was wrecked off the coast of Florida in a hurricane; second, the seizure of 350,000 salvaged pieces of eight the following year (out of several million) by privateer [[Henry Jennings]]. This event is mentioned in the introduction to [[Captain Charles Johnson|Johnson's]] ''[[A General History of the Pyrates|General History of the Pyrates]]''.
* Silver refers to a ship's surgeon from Roberts' crew who amputated his leg and was later hanged at [[Cape Coast Castle]], a British fortification on the Gold Coast of Africa. The records of the trial of Roberts' men list Peter Scudamore as the chief surgeon of Roberts' ship ''Royal Fortune''. Scudamore was found guilty of willingly serving with Roberts' pirates and various related criminal acts, as well as attempting to lead a rebellion to escape once he had been apprehended. He was, as Silver relates, hanged, in 1722.
* Stevenson refers to the ''Viceroy of the Indies'', a ship sailing from [[Goa]], India (then a [[Portuguese Goa|Portuguese colony]]), which was taken by [[Edward England]] off Malabar while John Silver was serving aboard England's ship the ''Cassandra''. No such exploit of England's is known, nor any ship by the name of the ''Viceroy of the Indies''. However, in April 1721, the captain of the ''Cassandra'', [[John Taylor (pirate)|John Taylor]] (originally England's second in command who had marooned him for being insufficiently ruthless), together with his pirate partner, Olivier Levasseur, captured the vessel ''Nostra Senhora do Cabo'' near [[Réunion]] island in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese galleon was returning from Goa to [[Lisbon]] with the Conde da Ericeira, the recently retired Viceroy of Portuguese India, aboard. The viceroy had much of his treasure with him, making this capture one of the richest pirate hauls ever. This is possibly the event that Stevenson referred to, though his (or Silver's) memory of the event seems to be slightly confused. The ''Cassandra'' was last heard of in 1723 at [[Portobelo, Panama]], a place that also briefly figures in ''Treasure Island'' as "Portobello".
* The preceding two references are inconsistent, as the ''Cassandra'' (and presumably Silver) was in the Indian Ocean during the time that Scudamore was surgeon on board the ''Royal Fortune'', in the Gulf of Guinea.
* A real life 1800's smuggling gang, the ''"Benbow Brandy Men"'', operated out of the Benbow pub in [[Penzance]], smuggling gin, brandy, and tobacco to avoid paying the massive import taxes imposed by [[the Crown]] to fund its foreign wars.<ref name="Brandy Men">{{cite news |last1=Gainey |first1=Tom |title=Cornwall's smuggling past – a look at six pubs at the heart of a 'golden age' of criminality |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/history/cornwalls-smuggling-past-look-six-888128 |publisher=The Cornishman |date=10 December 2017}}</ref>

===Other allusions===
[[File:Rsl1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Robert Louis Stevenson]]
* 1689: A pirate whistles "[[Lillibullero]]".
* 1702: The Admiral Benbow Inn on the Devon coast, where Jim and his mother live, is named after the real life Admiral [[John Benbow]] (1653–1702).
* 1733: Foundation of [[Savannah, Georgia]], where [[Captain Flint]] died in 1754.
* 1745: Doctor Livesey was at the [[Battle of Fontenoy]] (1745).
* 1747: Squire Trelawney and Long John Silver both mention "Admiral Hawke", i.e. [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke]] (1705–81), promoted to rear admiral in 1747.
* 1749: The novel refers to the [[Bow Street Runners]] (1749).
* ''Treasure Island'' was in part inspired by [[R. M. Ballantyne]]'s ''[[The Coral Island]]'',<ref>Brantlinger, Patrick (2009), Victorian Literature and Postcolonial Studies, Edinburgh University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7486-3304-3}}, p. 33</ref> which Stevenson admired for its "better qualities."<ref>"The Coral Island", ''Children's Literature Review'', January 2009.</ref> Stevenson alludes to Ballantyne in the [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] at the beginning of ''Treasure Island'', "To the Hesitating Purchaser", "... If studious youth no longer crave, His ancient appetites forgot, [[William Henry Giles Kingston|Kingston]], or Ballantyne the brave, Or [[James Fenimore Cooper|Cooper]] of the wood and wave ..."

===Possible allusions===

====Characters====
* [[Squire Trelawney]] may have been named for [[Edward Trelawney]], Governor of [[Jamaica]] 1738–52.
* Dr. Livesey may have been named for [[Joseph Livesey]] (1794–1884), a famous 19th-century temperance advocate, founder of the tee-total "Preston Pledge". In the novel, Dr. Livesey warns the drunkard Billy Bones that "the name of rum for you is death."<ref name="Ref_p">Reed, Thomas L. 2006. ''The Transforming Draught: Jekyll and Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson, and the Victorian Alcohol Debate mustache.'' pp. 71–73.</ref><ref name="Hothersall">{{cite web |url=http://www.fulwood.org.uk/magazine/fmcmag/2003/harvest/livesey/joseph_livesey.php |title=Joseph Livesey |last=Hothersall |first=Barbara |access-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722120634/http://www.fulwood.org.uk/magazine/fmcmag/2003/harvest/livesey/joseph_livesey.php |archive-date=22 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

====Treasure Island====
[[File:Norman Island 01.jpg|thumb|right|Norman Island]]
[[File:DeadchestPeterIsland BVI 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dead Chest Island, British Virgin Islands|Dead Chest Island]] as viewed from Deadman's Bay, [[Peter Island]]]]
[[File:Ycraigs 2.jpg|thumb|right|View of Fidra from Yellowcraigs]]
Various claims have been made that one island or another inspired Treasure Island:
* [[Isla de la Juventud|Isla de Pinos]] near [[Cuba]], which served as a supply base for pirates for about 300 years, is believed to have inspired Treasure Island.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/nov/29/cuba-isla-de-la-juventud-diving|title=Cuba's hidden treasure: La Isla de la Juventud|first=Claire|last=Boobbyer|newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 November 2013|access-date=22 August 2019|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecareergamer.com/treasure-island/|title=Treasure Island|website=thecareergamer.com|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Norman Island]] in the [[British Virgin Islands]] was supposedly mentioned to Stevenson by a sailor uncle, and also possesses a "Spyglass Hill" like the fictional Treasure Island.<ref name="Ref_g">"Where's Where" (1974) (Eyre Methuen, London) {{ISBN|0-413-32290-4}}</ref>
* [[Cocos Island]] off Costa Rica has many similarities with the fictional treasure island. British trader Captain William Thompson buried the stolen treasury of Peru there in 1820; an original inventory showed 113 gold religious statues (one a life-sized Virgin Mary), 200 chests of jewels, 273 swords with jewelled hilts, 1,000 diamonds, solid-gold crowns, 150 chalices, and hundreds of gold and silver bars. The real treasure has never been found, despite more than 300 expeditions to the island. Stevenson mentions the buried treasure and Captain Thompson in an 1881 letter to W.&nbsp;E. Henley, where he also provides the earliest known title for the book: "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys".{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* [[Dead Chest Island, British Virgin Islands|Dead Chest Island]], a barren rock in the British Virgin Islands, which Stevenson found mentioned in [[Charles Kingsley]]'s ''At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10669|title=At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies|date=1871}}</ref> and which he said "was the seed" for the phrase "Dead Man's Chest".<ref name="Ref_h">David Cordingly. ''Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates''. {{ISBN|0-679-42560-8}}.</ref><ref name="Ref_i">Robert Louis Stevenson. "To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884", in ''Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160207043933/https://books.google.com/books?id=pa7Ewcv49NkC&pg=PA263 p. 263].</ref>
* Small pond in [[New Town, Edinburgh|Queen Street Gardens]] in [[Edinburgh]], said to have been visible from Stevenson's bedroom window in Heriot Row.<ref name="Ref_j">[http://news.scotsman.com/arts.cfm?id=2118042005 "Brilliance of 'World's Child' will come alive at storytelling event"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523014850/http://news.scotsman.com/arts.cfm?id=2118042005 |date=23 May 2007 }}, (''[[The Scotsman]]'', 20 October 2005).</ref>
* The [[Napa Valley]], [[California]], where Stevenson spent his honeymoon in 1880, as narrated in his ''[[The Silverado Squatters]]'' (1883).
* Osborn Island (now Nienstedt Island) in the [[Manasquan River]] in [[Brielle, New Jersey]]. Stevenson supposedly visited there in May 1888 (five years after writing ''Treasure Island'') and christened it "Treasure Island"<ref name="Ref_m">[[Richard Harding Davis]] (1916). [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/405 ''Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis''], p. 5. From Project Gutenberg.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Brielle|url=https://www.briellenj.com/history/pages/history-brielle|access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Fidra]] in the [[Firth of Forth]], visible from [[North Berwick]] where Stevenson had spent many childhood holidays.<ref name=ScotGaz>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1599.html |title=Fidra |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref>
* [[Unst]], one of the [[Shetland]] Islands, to which the map of Treasure Island bears a very vague resemblance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visit-unst.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422062819/http://www.unst.org/|url-status=dead|title=Visit Unst &#124; The Shetland Islands|archive-date=22 April 2016|website=Visit Unst &#124; An Unparalleled Island Adventure|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[R. F. Delderfield]], in ''[[R. F. Delderfield#Other works|The Adventures of Ben Gunn]]'', suggests that its real name is Kidd's Island, and identifies it as an outlying island of the [[Leeward Islands]] and [[Windward Islands]], south-south-west of [[Tobago]] (pp.&nbsp;119–120).

==Suggested links to the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey near Liverpool==
In August 2022, the British Member of Parliament for Birkenhead, Mick Whitley, supported the findings of local historian John Lamb, that Robert Louis Stevenson had set his classic novel ''Treasure Island'' in the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey on the Wirral Peninsula lying opposite Liverpool. This followed a previous announcement by Alan Evans of Wirral Borough Council that the French science fiction writer Jules Verne had also set his 1874 novel ''The Mysterious Island'' in Birkenhead. Their letters of support for Mr Lamb's claims were posted on the ''Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead'' website in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Statement from Birkenhead Member of Parliament Mick Whitley Concerning Jules Verne's Mysterious Island and Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island. |url=https://julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/38.-A-Statement-from-Birkenhead-Member-of-Parliament-Mick-Whitley..pdf |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-teacher-makes-one-greatest-24709257 | title=Teacher makes 'one of the great discoveries of world literature' | date=9 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead. |url=https://julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/6.-Jules-Verne-Sets-His-Classic-Novel-The-Mysterious-Island-in-Birkenhead.pdf |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk}}</ref>

=== Other places ===
[[File:Admiral Benbow. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|The Admiral Benbow in Penzance, reportedly an inspiration for Stevenson's Inn]]
* Both the [[Llandoger Trow]] in [[Bristol]], and the Admiral Benbow in [[Penzance]], have claimed to be an inspiration for the Admiral Benbow Inn. Stevenson visited Cornwall and Penzance in August 1877, and as the inn is described in the book as being in a rural area and it was necessary to travel to Bristol, Penzance's ''"Benbow Brandy Men"'' may have inspired him to feature the Penzance Benbow in Treasure Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitbristol.co.uk/inspire/all-about-bristol/history |title=Bristol's history |publisher=Visit Bristol |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Brandy Men"/>
* The Hole in the Wall, in Bristol, is claimed to be the Spyglass Tavern.<ref>{{cite web|author=Townsend|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/brizzlebornandbred/2097076313/ |title=Hole in the Wall Queen Square Bristol |publisher=Flickr |date=9 December 2007|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>
* ''The Pirate's House'' in [[Savannah, Georgia]], is where Captain Flint is claimed to have spent his last days,<ref name="Ref_k">{{cite web |url=http://www.thepirateshouse.com/history.html |title=The Pirates House history |publisher=Thepirateshouse.com |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517091316/http://www.thepirateshouse.com/history.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and his ghost is claimed to haunt the property.<ref name="Ref_l">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/10/30/sprj.ft03.hauntedsavannah/ |title=Ghost of Captain Flint |publisher=CNN |date=31 October 2003|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>

==Sequels, prequels, and worldbuilding==

=== Literature ===
Stevenson's ''Treasure Island'' has spawned an enormous amount of literature based upon the original novel:
* ''[[Porto Bello Gold]]'' (1924), a [[prequel]] by [[A. D. Howden Smith]] that was written with explicit permission from Stevenson's executor, tells the origin of the buried treasure and recasts many of Stevenson's pirates in their younger years, giving the hidden treasure some [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] antecedents not mentioned in the original.
* ''[[Back to Treasure Island]]'' (1935) is a sequel by [[H. A. Calahan]], the introduction of which argues that [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] wanted to write a continuation of the story.
* ''The Return of Long John Silver'' (1949), a sequel written by John Connell with illustrations by Ley Kenyon.
* ''[[The Adventures of Ben Gunn]]'' (1956), by [[R. F. Delderfield]], follows Ben Gunn from parson's son to pirate and is narrated by Jim Hawkins in Gunn's words.
* ''Flint's Island'' (1972), a sequel by [[Leonard Wibberley]], who notes in the introduction that it had long been a dream of his to do so.
* ''Long John Silver – Den äventyrliga och sannfärdiga berättelsen om mitt liv och leverne som lyckoriddare och mänsklighetens fiende'' (1998) is a prequel by the Swedish author Björn Larsson, who tells the fictional story of the pirate Long John Silver, told in first person by Silver himself in a manuscript in his last days of life.
* ''[[Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island]]'' (2001) is a sequel by [[Frank Delaney]] under the pseudonym "Francis Bryan".
* ''Before'' (2001) is a prequel by [[Michael Kernan]], published in the Netherlands as ''Vóór Schateiland''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conserve.nl/fonds/voor-schateiland-167/|title=Uitgeverij Conserve – Vóór Schateiland|website=www.conserve.nl|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
* ''Sept Pirates'' (2007) is a comic-book sequel by Pascal Bertho and artist Tom McBurnie.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
* ''[[Long John Silver (comics)|Long John Silver]]'' (2007) is a four-volume French graphic novel by Xavier Dorison and artist Mathieu Lauffray.
* ''Flint & Silver'' (2008) is a prequel by John Drake, who followed with two additional books: ''Pieces of Eight'' (2009) and ''Skull and Bones'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au:Drake,+John|title=Results for 'au:Drake, John' [WorldCat.org]|date=16 October 2015|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016230042/http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au:Drake,+John|archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
* ''Return to Treasure Island'' (2010) is a sequel by John O'Melveny Woodswrote.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Return to Treasure Island: the lost journals of Sir James Hawkins|first=John O'Melveny|last=Woods|date=22 August 2010|publisher=Intellect Pub.|oclc = 449250770}}</ref>
* ''Treasure Island: The Untold Story'' (2011) is a true-life prequel by John Amrhein, Jr.<ref>{{cite book|title=Treasure Island: The Untold Story or The Real Treasure Island |publisher=New Maritima Press |oclc = 795019447}}</ref>
* ''[[Silver (Motion novel)|Silver: Return to Treasure Island]]'' (2012) is a sequel by former [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom]] [[Andrew Motion]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/30/silver-return-treasure-island-andrew-motion-review Silver: Return to Treasure Island by Andrew Motion] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429204746/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/30/silver-return-treasure-island-andrew-motion-review |date=29 April 2016 }} – review by Ian Sansom in ''The Guardian'', 30 March 2012</ref>
* ''Treasure Island!!!'' (2012) is a novel by Sara Levine about an American woman who becomes obsessed with ''Treasure Island'' (Europa Editions, 2012).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bevis|first=Matthew|date=2012-10-25|title=Matthew Bevis · Kids Gone Rotten: 'Treasure Island' · LRB 25 October 2012|url=https://blog.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v34/n20/matthew-bevis/kids-gone-rotten|access-date=2021-09-21|website=London Review of Books|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005627/https://blog.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v34/n20/matthew-bevis/kids-gone-rotten|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Tread Carefully on the Sea'' (2014), by David K. Bryant, merges all the references to Captain Flint into a prequel covering the burial of the treasure.
* ''Skulduggery'' (1991/2014), a prequel written by [[Tony Robinson]] which features Ben Gunn attending a school for pirates and meeting junior counterparts of Blind Pew and Long John Silver. Originally published as part of the Silvery Jackanory compilation in 1991. ({{ISBN|9781781124086}})
* ''Treasure Island Comprehension Guide'' (2009) is a guide for understanding this book from Veritas Press. This is written by [[Ned Bustard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasure Island Comprehension Guide {{!}} Veritas Press |url=https://veritaspress.com/store/treasure-island-comprehension-guide.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=veritaspress.com}}</ref>

=== Film and television ===
A number of [[sequels]] have also been produced in film and television, including:
* ''[[Return to Treasure Island (1954 film)|Return to Treasure Island]]'' (1954), a film by [[E. A. Dupont]]
* ''[[Return to Treasure Island (TV series)|Return to Treasure Island]]'' (1986), written by Ivor Dean, Robert S. Baker and John Goldsmith, is a HTV television series that features Silver, Hawkins and Gunn.
* ''[[Black Sails (TV series)|Black Sails]]'' (2014–2017), a prequel drama series by Robert Levine and [[Jonathan E. Steinberg]], tells the story of Captain Flint and John Silver leading up to the ''Treasure Island'' story. The series is said to take place 20 years before the events of the book, in 1715; however this is actually 40 years before the dates given by Stevenson. The series consists of four seasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Sails|website = [[IMDb]]|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2375692/?ref_=fn_al_tt_0|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>

===Worldbuilding===
{{refimprove|section|date=July 2023}}
{{trivia|section|date=July 2023}}
In worldbuilding, there are:
* ''Admiral Guinea'' (publ. 1892), a play written by [[Robert Louis Stevenson|R. L. Stevenson]] with [[William Ernest Henley|W. E. Henley]], features the blind ex-pirate Pew as a character under the name of "David Pew".
* In his collection ''Fables'' (1896), Stevenson wrote a [[Vignette (literature)|vignette]] called "The Persons of the Tale", in which puppets Captain Smollet and Long John Silver discuss authorship.<ref name="Ref_q">Stevenson, Robert Louis. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/343/343-h/343-h.htm ''Fables''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224320/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/343/343-h/343-h.htm|date=3 March 2016}}.</ref>
* In the novel ''[[Peter and Wendy]]'' (1911) by [[J. M. Barrie]], it is said that [[Captain Hook]] is the only man ever feared by the Old Sea Cook (i.e., Long John Silver); Captain Flint and the ''Walrus'' are also referenced, among others.
* In the film ''[[The Pagemaster]]'' (1994), the hero is confronted by [[Long John Silver]], who surrenders and leaves after he is threatened with a sword
* In the animated series [[Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates|''Fox's Peter Pan and the Pirates'']] (based, in part, on the original Peter Pan stories), Captain Flint is referenced in the episode "Peter on Trial", as Captain Hook is stated as being the only man that a pirate named Barbecue is stated to fear, with the following statement being that, "even Flint feared Barbecue," referring to Captain Flint from ''Treasure Island''. Barbecue is the crew's nickname for Long John Silver in the novel. In the same episode, Flint is referenced as being the pirate who supposedly conceived of the idea of pirates putting members of their crew or their prisoners as the case might be, on trial in an event called 'Captain's Mast'.
* ''Treasure Island'' made an appearance in ''[[Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island]]'', the 2018 entry of the popular ''[[Doraemon]]'' movie series which is also a loose adaptation of the book.

==Adaptations==
There have been over 50 film and TV adaptations of ''Treasure Island''.[[File:Poster - Treasure Island (1934) 01 colour edit.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster for the [[Treasure Island (1934 film)|1934 film version]], the first talkie adaptation of the novel]]

===Film===

Film adaptations include:<ref name="Ref_s">Dury, Richard. [http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/richard-dury-archive/films-rls-treasure-island.html Film adaptations of ''Treasure Island''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402060904/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/richard-dury-archive/films-rls-treasure-island.html |date=2 April 2016 }}.</ref>

====English-language====
* ''[[Treasure Island (1918 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1918) — a silent film released by [[Fox Film Corporation]] and directed by [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]] and [[Chester Franklin]].<ref name="Ref_t">{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/T/TreasureIsland1918.html |title=SilentEra entry |publisher=Silentera.com |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>
* ''[[Treasure Island (1920 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1920) — a silent film notably starring a woman, [[Shirley Mason (actress)|Shirley Mason]], as Jim Hawkins, along with [[Charles Stanton Ogle|Charles Ogle]], who had played [[Frankenstein's monster]] a decade earlier in the [[Thomas Alva Edison|Edison version]] of ''[[Frankenstein (1910 film)|Frankenstein]]'', as Long John Silver. Said to be a lost film,<ref>Leggett, Steve. 29 December 2016.『
[https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/Lost%20silent.updated_122916.pdf List of 7200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films 1912-29].』''[[National Film Preservation Board]]''. US: Library of Congress.</ref> it was directed by [[Maurice Tourneur]] and released by [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{IMDb title|id=tt0011785|title=Treasure Island |description=(1920)}}</ref>
* ''[[Treasure Island (1934 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1934) — the first sound film version remains a lavish and energetic thriller starring [[Wallace Beery]], [[Jackie Cooper]] and [[Lionel Barrymore]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1950) — starring [[Bobby Driscoll]] and [[Robert Newton]], notable for being the first version in colour and the [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]]' first completely live-action film. A sequel to this version was made (but not by Disney) in 1954, entitled ''[[Long John Silver (film)|Long John Silver]]'', which also starred Newton in the titular role.
* ''[[Treasure Island (1972 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1972) — starring [[Orson Welles]], was produced by [[National General Pictures]], and directed by [[John Hough (director)|John Hough]], Andrew White, and John Salway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/john_hough|title=John Hough|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>
* ''[[Treasure Island (1973 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1973) — a [[Filmation]] animated film released by [[Warner Bros.]] directed by Hal Sutherland, written by Ben Starr, starring Richard Dawson as Long John Silver, Davy Jones as Jim Hawkins, and Dal McKennon as Captain Flint & Ben Gunn.
* ''Treasure Island'' (1987) — another animated adaptation, this film produced by [[Burbank Animation Studios|Burbank Films Australia]] and directed by Warwick Gilbert.
* ''[[Treasure Island]]'' (1989) - film staring [[Christian Bale]] as [[Jim Hawkings]], [[Charlton Heston]] as [[Long John Silver]] and [[Christopher Lee]] as [[Blind man Pew]]. This version follows the book rather well.
* ''[[Muppet Treasure Island]]'' (1996) — a film produced by [[The Jim Henson Company]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]], starring [[the Muppets]]. The human performers include [[Tim Curry]] as [[Long John Silver]], [[Billy Connolly]] as [[Billy Bones]], [[Jennifer Saunders]] as Mrs. Bluberidge, and newcomer [[Kevin Bishop]] as Jim Hawkins.
* ''[[Treasure Island (1999 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1999) — starring [[Jack Palance]] as Long John Silver, [[Patrick Bergin]] as Billy Bones, [[Christopher Benjamin (actor)|Christopher Benjamin]] as Squire Trelawney and [[Kevin Zegers]] as Jim Hawkins.
* ''[[Treasure Planet]]'' (2002) — a reimagined adaptation from [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] set in space, with Long John Silver as a cyborg and many of the original characters re-imagined as aliens and robots, except for Jim, his mother and his father, who are human.
* ''[[Pirates of Treasure Island]]'' (2006) — a [[direct-to-DVD]] mockbuster by [[The Asylum]] to cash in on ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]''.

====Foreign-language====
* ''Treasure Island'' (1937) — a loose [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet adaptation]] starring [[Osip Abdulov]] and [[Nikolay Konstantinovich Cherkasov|Nikolai Cherkasov]], with a score by [[Nikita Bogoslovsky]].
* ''[[Between God, the Devil and a Winchester]]'' (1968), a [[Spaghetti Western|spaghetti western]] version starring [[Richard Harrison (actor)|Richard Harrison]] and [[Gilbert Roland]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1971 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1971) — a Soviet (Lithuanian) film starring [[Boris Andreyev (actor)|Boris Andreyev]] as Long John Silver, with a score by [[Alexei Rybnikov]].
* ''[[Doubutsu Takarajima|Animal Treasure Island]]'' (1971) — an [[anime]] film directed by [[Hiroshi Ikeda (director)|Hiroshi Ikeda]], written by Takeshi Iijima and [[Hiroshi Ikeda (director)|Hiroshi Ikeda]], with story consultation by famous animator [[Hayao Miyazaki]]. This version replaces several of the human characters with animal counterparts.
* ''[[Treasure Planet (1982 film)|Treasure Planet]]'' (1982), a Bulgarian animated science fiction adaptation directed by [[Rumen Petkov (artist)|Rumen Petkov]]. Petkov's idea of moving the action of the novel into space influenced Antonio Margherit, who in 1987 directed the television series Treasure Island in Space. In the English dub, Philip (Jimmy Hawkins in the original) is voiced by [[Bryan Cranston]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1982 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1982) — a Soviet film in three parts; almost entirely faithful to the text of the novel. Featuring [[Oleg Borisov]] as Long John Silver.
* ''[[Treasure Island (1985 film)|L'Île au trésor]]'' (1985) — a Chilean-French adaptation starring [[Vic Tayback]] as Long John Silver.
* ''[[Treasure Island in Outer Space|Il Pianeta del Tesoro – Treasure Planet]]'' (1987; aka ''Treasure Island in Outer Space'') — Italian/German science-fiction adaptation starring [[Anthony Quinn]] as Long John Silver.
* ''[[Treasure Island (1988 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1988) — a critically acclaimed Soviet animation film in two parts, released in the United States (1992) as ''Return to Treasure Island''.
* ''L'Île aux trésors'' (2007) — a French-British-Hungarian film directed by [[Alain Berbérian]], starring [[Gérard Jugnot]], [[Alice Taglioni]], [[Vincent Rottiers]] and [[Jean-Paul Rouve]].

===TV films===
* ''Shin Takarajima'' (1965) — a 52-minute [[anime]] TV special directed by [[Osamu Tezuka]] and animated by [[Mushi Productions]] with the characters replaced as animals. Originally planned as a 26-episode TV series for a bi-weekly program, only one episode was produced before the idea was scrapped and it was aired as a one-off special.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tezukaosamu.net/jp/anime/52.html|title=新宝島｜アニメ｜手塚治虫 TEZUKA OSAMU OFFICIAL|language=ja|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> It is not an adaptation of Tezuka's [[Shin Takarajima (manga)|manga of the same name]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1990 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1990) — a made-for-TV film for [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]], starring [[Charlton Heston]], [[Christian Bale]], [[Oliver Reed]], [[Christopher Lee]] and [[Pete Postlethwaite]]; written, produced and directed by Heston's son, [[Fraser C. Heston]].
* ''Treasure Island Pirate'' (1991)
* ''Treasure Island'' (1995) — a made-for-TV movie directed by [[Ken Russell]] and starring [[Hetty Baynes]] as Long Jane Silver.

=== Television ===
* ''Treasure Island'' (1951) — a seven-part BBC series starring [[Bernard Miles]] as Long John Silver.
* ''[[The Adventures of Long John Silver (TV series)|The Adventures of Long John Silver]]'' (1955) — 26 episodes shot at Pagewood Studios, [[Sydney, Australia]] filmed in full colour and starring [[Robert Newton]].
* ''L'isola del tesoro'' (1959 Italian television miniseries) produced by RAI with Alvaro Piccardi, Ivo Garrani and Arnoldo Foà.
* "Mr. Magoo's Treasure Island" (1964) — a two-part episode of the cartoon series ''[[The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo]]'', was based on the novel, with [[Mr. Magoo]] in the role of Long John Silver.
* ''[[Treasure Island (1966 miniseries)|Treasure Island]]'' (1966) — a German-French co-production for German television station [[ZDF]].
* ''Treasure Island'' (1968) — a BBC series of nine 25-minute episodes starring [[Peter Vaughan]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1977 TV series)|Treasure Island]]'' (1977) — a BBC adaptation Starring [[Ashley Knight]] and [[Alfred Burke]].
* ''[[Treasure Island (1978 TV series)|Treasure Island]]'' (''Takarajima''; 1978) — a [[anime|Japanese animated series]] adapted from the novel.
* "Treasure Island" (1988) — an episode of ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]'' starring Alvin as Jim Hawkins, Dave as Long John Silver, Simon as Dr. Livesey, Theodore as Squire Trelawney, and Brittany as Mrs. Hawkins.
* ''[[The Legends of Treasure Island]]'' (1993–1995) — an animated series loosely based on the novel, with the characters as animals.
* "Salty Dog" — an episode of ''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' in which the eponymous character explores the story in a children's adapted version.
* ''Treasure Island: The Adventure Begins'' (1994) — a TV movie special promoting the [[Treasure Island Hotel and Casino]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegastripping.com/news/blog/5432/the-steve-wynn-show-treasure-island-the-adventure-begins/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921215840/http://www.vegastripping.com/news/blog/5432/the-steve-wynn-show-treasure-island-the-adventure-begins/ |archive-date=21 September 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* ''[[Treasure Island (2012 TV series)|Treasure Island]]'' (2012) — two-part serial starring [[Eddie Izzard]], shown on [[Sky One|Sky1]] (United Kingdom) from 1–2 January.
* ''[[Black Sails (TV series)|Black Sails]]'' – a 2014 television drama that serves as a prequel to the story, detailing the origins of Captain Flint, Billy Bones, and John Silver during the Golden Age of Piracy.
* ''Treasure Island'' (''L'isola del tesoro''; 2015) — an Italian CGI animated series by Rai Fiction and Mondo TV. It mixes the original work with new characters and mythical elements such as voodoo.

===Theatre===
There have been over 24 major stage adaptations made, though the number of minor adaptations remains countless.<ref name="Ref_u">Dury, Richard. [http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/derivative-works Stage and Radio adaptations of ''Treasure Island''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026091528/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/derivative-works|date=26 October 2016}}</ref> The story is also a popular plot and setting for a traditional [[pantomime]] wherein Mrs. Hawkins, Jim's mother is the [[Pantomime dame|dame]].
* In 1947, a production was mounted at the [[St. James's Theatre]] in London, starring [[Harry Welchman]] as Long John Silver and [[John Clark (English actor)|John Clark]] as Jim Hawkins.
* For a time, in London, there was an annual production of the musical Treasure Island, based on a [[Libretto|book]] by [[Bernard Miles]] and [[Josephine Wilson]]. The music was composed by [[Cyril Ornadel]] and the lyrics by [[Hal Shaper]]. The musical was performed at the [[Mermaid Theatre]], originally under the direction of Bernard Miles, who played [[Long John Silver]], a part he also played in a television version. Comedian [[Spike Milligan]] would often play Ben Gunn in these productions, and in 1981, [[Tom Baker]] played [[Long John Silver]].
* ''[[Pieces of Eight (1985 musical)|Pieces of Eight]]'' (1985), premiered in [[Edmonton]], Alberta, is a musical adaptation by [[Jule Styne]].
* In 1986, a Danish language musical adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' named ''Skatteøen'' premiered at [[Folketeatret, Copenhagen]], written by singer-songwriter [[Sebastian (singer)|Sebastian]]. Since its premiere, it has been put to stage frequently by several Danish theatre companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sebastianfan.dk/page4.html |title=Musicals/filmmusik |work=Sebastian |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>
* In 2007, an adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' by [[Ken Ludwig]] premiered at the Alley Theatre, Houston; played at the [[Theatre Royal, Haymarket]] on London's [[West End theatre|West End]] in 2008; and won the AATE Distinguished Play Award for Best Adaptation of the Year.
* An adaptation in August 2009 was run by [[Henegar Center|the Henegar Center for the Arts]] in downtown historic Melbourne, Florida.
* ''Treasure Island: the Curse of the Pearl Necklace'' (2014–15), by Jon Bradfield and Martin Hooper, is an alternative [[pantomime]] that included gay, lesbian, and trans characters, and played a sold-out run at London's [[Above The Stag Theatre]].
* In 2011, [[Tom Hewitt (actor)|Tom Hewitt]] starred in [[B.H. Barry]] and [[Vernon Morris]]'s stage adaptation of the novel, which officially opened 5 March at the Irondale Center in [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/148302-Tom-Hewitt-Is-Long-John-Silver-in-Treasure-Island-Opening-March-5-in-Brooklyn |title=Tom Hewitt Is Long John Silver in Treasure Island, Opening March 5 in Brooklyn |work=Playbill |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629162415/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/148302-Tom-Hewitt-Is-Long-John-Silver-in-Treasure-Island-Opening-March-5-in-Brooklyn |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* In July 2011, [[Bristol Old Vic]] staged a large-scale outdoor production of ''Treasure Island'' outside the theatre on [[King Street, Bristol]] directed by [[Sally Cookson]], with music by Benji Bower.
* From October 2013 to 2014, [[Mind the Gap Theatre|Mind the Gap Theatre Company]], a leading UK theatre company in working with actors with learning disabilities, embarked on a national tour of ''Treasure Island'', retold with a twist by Olivier award-winning writer [[Mike Kenny (writer)|Mike Kenny]].
* In 2013, YouthPlays published ''Long Joan Silver'' by [[Arthur M. Jolly]], an adaptation in which all of the pirates are women.
* A version by [[Bryony Lavery]] and directed by [[Polly Findlay]] was produced at London's [[Royal National Theatre]] from December 2014 to April 2015. In this version of the play, Jim is a girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/treasure-island-tickets |title=Treasure Island |work=London Box Office |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> This production starred rising actor [[Patsy Ferran]] as Jim and [[Arthur Darvill]] as Silver.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/11287625/Treasure-Island-National-Theatre-review-yo-ho-hum.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/11287625/Treasure-Island-National-Theatre-review-yo-ho-hum.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Treasure Island, National Theatre, review: 'yo-ho-hum'| date=2014-12-11| last1=Cavendish| first1=Dominic}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* As part of their 2017 Season, the [[Stratford Festival of Canada]] premiered an adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' by Canadian playwright [[Nicolas Billon]].
* In 2018 the newly reopened [[Leicester Haymarket Theatre]] staged a new version of ''Treasure Island'', adapted by [[Sandi Toksvig]], as their first Christmas show in 10 years.

===Audio===

==== Radio ====
* [[Orson Welles]] broadcast a radio adaptation via ''[[The Mercury Theatre on the Air]]'' in July 1938, with its setting being half in England and half on the Island. The broadcast, which omits "My Sea Adventure", included music by [[Bernard Herrmann]].<ref>"[http://www.mercurytheatre.info/ Treasure Island (July 18, 1938)]." ''The Mercury Theatre on the Air'', edited by K. Scarborough.</ref>
* [[William Redfield (actor)|William Redfield]] played Silver on the May 14, 1948 ''Your Playhouse of Favorites'' adaptation.
* [[Ronald Colman]] hosted an adaptation of the novel on the April 27, 1948, broadcast of ''[[Favorite Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Favorite-Story.html|title=The Definitive Favorite Story Radio Log with Ronald Colman|website=www.digitaldeliftp.com|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224325/http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/DigitalDeliToo/dd2jb-Favorite-Story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[James Mason]] played Silver opposite [[Bobby Driscoll]]'s "Jim Hawkins" on the ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'''s adaptation on January 29, 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logl1008.htm |title=Lux Radio Theater .. Episodic log |access-date=2008-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205234841/http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logl1008.htm |archive-date=5 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* There have been two BBC Radio adaptations of ''Treasure Island'', with Silver being played by [[Peter Jeffrey]] in 1989,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007jwxp | title=BBC Radio 4 Extra – RL Stevenson – Treasure Island}}</ref> and [[Jack Shepherd (actor)|Jack Shepherd]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://soundcloud.com/puffin-books-uk/treasure-island-bbc-audiobook-extract-bbc-radio-4-full-cast-dramatisation | title=Treasure Island (BBC Audiobook Extract) BBC Radio 4 Full-Cast Dramatisation}}</ref>
* Author [[John le Carré]] performed an abridged reading of the novel in five parts as part of [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''Afternoon Reading''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008kf0m | publisher=BBC Radio 4 |title=Afternoon Reading, Treasure Island, the Old Sea Dog}}</ref>
* ''Treasure Island 2020'' (November 12, 2018 – January 12, 2020) is a 10-part [[BYU Radio]] radio adaptation broadcast via ''The Apple Seed''. The audio adventure places the main trio of kids in 2019 and turns it into a time-traveling adventure that involves both them going to the past to look for treasures and Long John Silver, Billy Bones, and others coming to the present through the time vortex. The series is now available as a free podcast.

====Other audio recordings====
* [[Basil Rathbone]] starred as both The Narrator and Silver, with [[Dix Davis]] as Jim Hawkins, in a 1944 audio recording for [[Columbia Masterworks Records]].<ref>Dunn, Dewey (November 26, 1944). [https://www.newspapers.com/image/518344057/?clipping_id=140455642 "On the Records"]. ''The Capital Times''. p.&nbsp;10. Retrieved February 10, 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/RobertLewisStevensonTREASUREISLAND | title=Robert Lewis Stevenson: Treasure Island| year=1944}}</ref>
* [[James Kenney (actor)|James Kenney]] played Jim Hawkins and [[Anthony Woodruff]] played Long John Silver in the ''[[Tale Spinners for Children]]'' audio adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' (United Artists Records, UAC 11013).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artsreformation.com/talespinners |title=Tale Spinners for Children |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813045512/http://www.artsreformation.com/talespinners/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* A 2013 [[Big Finish Productions]] audiobook adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' was written and directed by [[Barnaby Edwards]] and starred [[Tom Baker]] as [[Long John Silver]], [[Nicholas Farrell]] as the Narrator, and [[Edward Holtom]] as [[Jim Hawkins (character)|Jim Hawkins]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/treasure-island-838 | title=2. Treasure Island – Big Finish Classics – Big Finish}}</ref>
* The King Arthur/Treasure Island album features a 15 minutes long adaptation of the novel with Captain Flint replacing Billy Bones as the holder of the map.
* There's also a 30 minute recording of the novel with a more expanded version of the plot. Both these albums feature different orchestration of the song "Fifteen men on a Dead man's chest," and the 30 minute version features a song about Long John Silver's parrot, Captain Flint.

===Books and comics===
* ''Famous Stories #1'' (1942, [[Dell Comics]]) — sixty pages, drawn by Robert Bugg<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicbookplus.com/?dlid=16829|title=Famous Stories 1 – Treasure Island|website=comicbookplus.com|accessdate=23 October 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[Shin Takarajima (manga)|Shin Takarajima]]'' (1947) — a loose adaptation of ''Treasure Island'' by Sakai Shichima and [[Osamu Tezuka]]
* ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' #64 (Oct. 1949, [[Gilberton (publisher)|Gilberton]]) — adapted by Ken Fitch and [[Alex Blum|Alex A. Blum]]
* "Walt Disney's Treasure Island", ''[[Four Color]]'' #624 (April 1955, [[Dell Comics]]) — adapted by John Ushler from [[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Disney's 1950 film adaptation]]
* "La isla del tesoro", ''Joyas Literarias Juveniles'' #2 (1970, [[Editorial Bruguera]]) — adapted by José Antonio Vidal Sales and Alfonso Cerón Nuñez; translated and reprinted as "Treasure Island", ''King Classics'' #7 (1977, [[King Features]])
* ''[[Pendulum Illustrated Classics]]'' (1973, Pendulum Press) — adapted by John Norwood Fago and Nardo Cruz
* ''[[Marvel Classics Comics]]'' #15 (1976, [[Marvel Comics]]) — adapted by [[Bill Mantlo]] and Dino Castrillo; re-issued by [[Fisher-Price]] in 1984
* ''[[Godspeed (Sheffield novel)|Godspeed]]'' (1993) — a science-fictional novel by [[Charles Sheffield]] that recasts the search for pirate treasure as the search for lost faster-than-light drive technology
* ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island: The Graphic Novel'' (2005, [[Penguin Books]]) — adapted by Tim Hamilton
* ''Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island'' (2007, [[Capstone Publishers]]) — adapted by Greg Rebis
* ''Treasure Island'' #1–6, ''[[Marvel Illustrated]]'' (Aug. 2007–Jan. 2008, Marvel Comics) — adapted by [[Roy Thomas]], [[Mario Gully]], and Pat Davidson
* ''L'Île au trésor, de Robert Louis Stevenson'' (2007–2009, [[Delcourt (publisher)|Delcourt]]) — adapted by David Chauvel and Fred Simon; translated and reprinted as ''Papercutz Classics Illustrated Series'' #5 (2010, [[Papercutz (publisher)|Papercutz]])
* ''Disney Treasure Island, Starring Mickey Mouse'' (Oct. 2018, [[Dark Horse Comics]]) — adapted by Teresa Radice, Erin Brady (translation), and Stefano Turconi

=== Music ===
* The self-titled Ben Gunn Society album released in 2003 presents the story centred on the character of [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)|Ben Gunn]], based primarily on Chapter XV, "Man of the Island", and other relevant parts of the book.
* "Treasure Island" (1992) is a song by [[Running Wild (band)|Running Wild]], from their ''[[Pile of Skulls]]'' album, that tells the novel's story.
* Scottish [[glam rock]] artists [[The Sensational Alex Harvey Band]] paid tribute to the book with their 1974 song "The Tomahawk Kid." The song names many of ''Treasure Island'''s characters in its lyrics, and was often dedicated to Robert Louis Stevenson in live performance.
* "[[I'm Still Here (Jim's Theme)]]" and "Always Know Where You Are" are songs performed by [[Goo Goo Dolls]] [[frontman]] [[John Rzeznik]] for [[Disney]]'s animated retelling.
* ''The Cursed Island'' (2014) is an album by [[Skull & Bones (band)|Skull & Bones]] that is based on ''Treasure Island''.
* 'Dead Man's Sea Shanty', a song written by Chonny Jash, is a retelling of the story of Treasure Island, told as a sea shanty, utilising a rearrangement of '[[Dead Man's Chest]]' heavily.

=== Video games ===
* ''[[Treasure Island (1984 video game)|Treasure Island]]'' (1984) is a graphical adventure computer game based loosely on the novel. It was written by Greg Duddle, published by Mr. Micro (and often rebranded by Commodore) on the [[Commodore 16]], [[Commodore Plus/4]], [[Commodore 64]], and [[ZX Spectrum]]. In the game, the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver.
* ''Treasure Island'' (1985) is an adventure game based upon the novel published by [[Windham Classics]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guber |first=Sol |date=May 1986 |title=Treasure Island |magazine=Antic |page=81 }}</ref>
* ''La Isla del Tesoro de R. L. Stevenson'' (1999) is a point-and-click adventure game based upon the novel developed, edited, and published by Barcelona Multimedia.<ref name="AbandonSocios">{{cite web |title=La Isla del Tesoro de R. L. Stevenson |url=http://www.abandonsocios.org/wiki/La_Isla_del_Tesoro_de_R._L._Stevenson |website=Abandon Socios |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Monkey Island (series)|Monkey Island]]'', a [[LucasArts adventure games|LucasArts adventure game]], is partly based on ''Treasure Island'', lending many of its plot points and characters and using many humorous references to the book.
* ''[[Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon]]'' is one of the various video games released by Disney based on their animated film ''Treasure Planet''.
* ''Treasure Island'' (2010) is a [[hidden objects game]] launched by French publisher [[Anuman Interactive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvuk.com/press-releases/read/anuman-interactive-announces-the-signing-of-a-distribution-agreement-with-nobilis/087169 |title=Anuman Interactive announces the signing of a distribution agreement with Nobilis &#124; games industry &#124; MCV |access-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317103410/http://www.mcvuk.com/press-releases/read/anuman-interactive-announces-the-signing-of-a-distribution-agreement-with-nobilis/087169 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* ''[[Captain Silver]]'' is an arcade game that follows its protagonist, Jim Aykroyd, in his quest to find Captain Silver's hidden treasure, for which he must battle an undead Captain Silver in order to find.

== References in popular culture ==
* The [[Strong Winds series]] of children's adventures by [[Julia Jones (writer)|Julia Jones]] draws freely from events and names in ''Treasure Island''.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 2011|title=Strong Winds Trilogy: The Salt-Stained Book by Julia Jones and Claudia Myatt|url=http://www.thebookbag.co.uk/reviews/index.php?title=Strong_Winds_Trilogy:_The_Salt-Stained_Book_by_Julia_Jones_and_Claudia_Myatt|access-date=13 December 2012|website=The Bookbag}}</ref><ref name="odt">{{cite news|date=18 February 2012|title=Characters develop nicely in book two|newspaper=Otago Daily Times|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/books/198215/characters-develop-nicely-book-two|access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
* In the [[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]] by [[Arthur Ransome]], the Blacketts' Uncle Jim has the nickname of Captain Flint and a parrot.
* A 1960 episode of [[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]] is centered around the pursuit of buried treasure, inspired by Mr. Wilson reading his childhood copy of ''Treasure Island'' to Dennis and his friends.
* In 1988, The Soviet Director [[David Cherkassky]] released the [[Treasure Island (1988 film)|1988 Soviet film Treasure Island]] which relates to the book
* ''[[Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan]]'' (2000) is a parody by [[Spike Milligan]]
* At the beginning of a fifth-season episode of ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' titled "[[You Are Arthur]]" (2000), the titular character is seen reading ''Treasure Island''.* In an episode of ''[[Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains]]'', titled "Jumping Ship" (2010), the castaways Amanda, Colby and Danielle win an overnight trip to the former home of Robert Louis Stevenson and a screening of the 1934 version of ''Treasure Island''.
* In ''[[The Way Back (2010 film)|The Way Back]]'' (2010), one of the prisoners in the Russian [[gulag]] briefly narrates some of ''Treasure Island'' to his fellow inmates. He mentions the characters Jim and Long John Silver.
* In the teen fiction novel ''One for Sorrow'' (2015, Fledgling Press) by [[Philip Caveney]], the main character, Tom Afflick, is reading ''Treasure Island'' which serves as the catalyst for his adventure.
* In ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'' (2017), [[Rick Deckard]] makes a continued allusion to ''Treasure Island'' upon first meeting the protagonist; in the scene, he explicitly references Ben Gunn's craving for cheese.
* In ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]'', [[Woody Harrelson]]'s character [[Tobias Beckett]] was based on [[Long John Silver]] from ''Treasure Island'' by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breznican |first1=Anthony |title=Rogue's Gallery: A lineup of three outlaws from Solo: A Star Wars Story |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/02/09/solo-a-star-wars-story-woody-harrelson-thandie-newton-paul-bettany/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 9, 2018|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413235841/https://ew.com/movies/2018/02/09/solo-a-star-wars-story-woody-harrelson-thandie-newton-paul-bettany/|archive-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref>
* In the finale of Season 3 of ''[[The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)|The Handmaid's Tale]]'' (2019), Commander Lawrence reads an excerpt of ''Treasure Island'' to a group of runaway children.

===''Pirates of the Caribbean''===
{{copyedit|section|date=March 2024}}
Disney's ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' franchise references ''Treasure Island'' many times. In the 2006 revamp of the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|original attraction]], the island port was officially named Isla Tesoro, with the Spanish translation of Treasure Island is ''La isla del tesoro''. In making ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'', ''Treasure Island'' was one of many inspirations behind making the film, noted by the filmmakers like producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]], who regarded the 1950 Walt Disney Studio feature.<ref name="CotBPProdnotes">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713142425/http://www.keeptothecode.com/pdf/POTCprodnotes1.pdf Pirates of the Caribbean production notes], accessed Dec 9, 2006</ref> It was also noted that history has a strange way of turning full circle as 53 years later, it took the very same studio's first ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' movie to spectacularly reinvent and reinvigorate a moribund genre which once again delighted millions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adisney.go.com/disneypictures/pirates/downloads/POTC2_PressKit_Final.pdf |title=POTC2 PressKit |access-date=2 September 2006 |archive-date=2 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902043515/http://adisney.go.com/disneypictures/pirates/downloads/POTC2_PressKit_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One thing screenwriters [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] and [[Terry Rossio]] took from their experience on ''[[Treasure Planet]]'', was the simple premise of, "Is Long John Silver a delightful [[Wikipedia:John Falstaff|Falstaffian]] character or a contemptible villain?" That idea was something they carried into [[Captain]] [[Jack Sparrow]].<ref name="DVDizzy 2006">[https://www.dvdizzy.com/pirates-tedandterry-interview.html An Interview with Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, writers of Pirates of the Caribbean – DVDizzy.com]</ref> [[Hector Barbossa]]'s pet [[monkey]], named "Jack" after Jack Sparrow, is a reference to Long John Silver's pet [[parrot]] Captain Flint. Both animals are named after their owner's former captain.<ref>''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl|The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' Audio Commentary with Screenwriters [[Stuart Beattie]], [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] & [[Terry Rossio]] and [[Jay Wolpert]]</ref> ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest|Dead Man's Chest]]'' features the most references, beginning with [[Joshamee Gibbs]] singing [[Dead Man's Chest (song)|Dead Man's Chest]], a song from the novel, which served as the original opening of until it changed into the second scene of the film.<ref>''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest|Dead Man's Chest]]'' – Audio Commentary with Screenwriters [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] & [[Terry Rossio]]</ref><ref>[http://www.wordplayer.com/archives/rossio08.Nine.Pieces.html WORDPLAY/Archives/"Nine Pieces of Eight" by Terry Rossio]</ref> [[Jack Sparrow]] is given the [[Black Spot (Treasure Island)|Black Spot]] by [[Bootstrap Bill Turner]] as a marker that the [[Kraken]] can track. [[Governor]] [[Weatherby Swann]] witnesses [[Ian Mercer|Mercer]] kill the captain, who was intended to be called "Captain Hawkins", as revealed by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio on the film's DVD commentary. Hawkins' backstory was intended to relate to that of Jim Hawkins' father in ''Treasure Island'', explaining the circumstances of his father's disappearance at sea and why he never returned to the Admiral Benbow Inn.<ref>''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' Audio Commentary with Screenwriters [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] & [[Terry Rossio]]</ref> The merchant ship the ''Edinburgh Trader'' was played by the ''[[HMS Bounty|Bounty]]'', a ship replica which played the ''Hispaniola'' in the [[Wikipedia:Treasure Island (1990 film)|1990 movie adaptation of the novel]]. ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]'' has Hector Barbossa begin wearing a [[wooden peg leg]] where a real one used to be, revealed to have been lost in an off-screen encounter with [[Blackbeard]]. Barbossa is feared as an omen of death and referred to as "the one legged man" by Blackbeard and his daughter [[Angelica]], which is a parallel to Billy Bones having feared John Silver and ominously referred to him by the same moniker. Regarding this change in Barbossa, actor [[Geoffrey Rush]] noted Robert Newton playing Long John Silver in ''Treasure Island''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120131161944/http://media-file.net/7/onstrangertides/images/PIRATES%204%20PRESS%20KIT%20FINAL.pdf POTC4 Presskit]</ref><ref name="JHM 2011">[http://jimhillmedia.com/columnists1/b/nancy_stadler/archive/2011/05/20/geoffrey-rush-isn-t-rushing-to-exit-disney-s-quot-pirates-of-the-caribbean-quot-film-franchise.aspx JHM: Geoffrey Rush isn't rushing to exit Disney's "Pirates of the Caribbean" film franchise] – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220701160251/https://jimhillmedia.com/geoffrey-rush-isnt-rushing-to-exit-disneys-pirates-of-the-caribbean-film-franchise/ Archived]</ref> Terry Rossio references ''Treasure Island'' and ''Treasure Planet'' in the annotations for his screenplay draft for ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'', which features a character named Captain (later Admiral) John Benbow as a reference to the Admiral Benbow Inn.<ref name="Terry Rossio Dead Men Tell No Tales">[http://www.wordplayer.com/archives/PIRATES5.cover.html PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES by Terry Rossio – Wordplayer.com]</ref> One of Chris Schweizer's early ideas for the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' comic book series was to have [[Will Turner]] and [[Elizabeth Swann]]'s [[Henry Turner (Pirates of the Caribbean)|12-or-13-year old son]] be involved in Jack Sparrow's search for [[Anamaria (Pirates of the Caribbean)|Anamaria]] who had disappeared while searching for a mystical treasure, with the boy eventually growing up and becoming [[Billy Bones]], a character from ''Treasure Island''.{{cn|date=March 2024}} A phantom pirate named [[Black Dog Briar]] appears in the [[video game]] expansion.

== See also ==
* [[Elenore Abbott]], illustrator

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources===
* Barker-Benfield, Simon (2014). ''The Annotated Treasure Island''. {{ISBN|978-1-937075-01-9}}
* Cordingly, David (1995). ''Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates''. {{ISBN|0-679-42560-8}}.
* Letley, Emma, ed. (1998). ''Treasure Island (Oxford World's Classics)''. {{ISBN|0-19-283380-4}}.
* Pietsch, Roland (2010). ''The Real Jim Hawkins: Ships' Boys in the Georgian Navy''. {{ISBN|978-1-84832-036-9}}.
* Reed, Thomas L. (2006). ''The Transforming Draught: Jekyll and Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson, and the Victorian Alcohol Debate''. {{ISBN|0-7864-2648-9}}.
* Watson, Harold (1969). ''Coasts of Treasure Island: A Study of the Backgrounds and Sources for Robert Louis Stevenson's Romance of the Sea''. {{ISBN|0-8111-0282-3}}.

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|display=''Treasure Island''|d=Q185118|c=Category:Treasure Island (novel)|q=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|v=no|b=no|species=no|n=no}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/robert-louis-stevenson/treasure-island}}
* {{gutenberg|no=120|name=Treasure Island}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3Atreasure%20island%20creator%3Astevenson%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts ''Treasure Island''], scanned and illustrated books at [[Internet Archive]]. Notable editions include:
** [https://archive.org/details/treasureisland00steviala ''Treasure Island''], 1911 ''Scribner''{{'}}s, illustrated by [[N. C. Wyeth]]. See also [https://archive.org/details/treasureisland00stev alternate edition] (better quality scan, some images missing).
** [https://archive.org/details/treasureisland00stev2 ''Treasure Island''], 1915 ''[[Harper (publisher)|Harpers]]'', illustrated by [[Louis Rhead]].
** [https://archive.org/details/treasureislan00stevuoft ''Treasure Island''], 1912 ''Scribner''{{'}}s "Biographical Edition", includes essays by Mr and Mrs Stevenson.
** [https://archive.org/details/stevensonstreasu00stevrich ''Treasure Island''], 1911 Ginn and Company, lengthy introduction and notes by Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey (Harvard University).
* [http://www.kellscraft.com/treasureislandcontent.html ''Treasure Island''], with an introduction and notes by Franklin T Baker (Columbia University, 1909). Fully annotated online.
* {{librivox book | title=Treasure Island | author=Robert Louis Stevenson}}
* [http://www.ciffciaff.org/en/content/treasure-island ''Treasure Island''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928083821/http://www.ciffciaff.org/en/content/treasure-island |date=28 September 2015 }} – Full text and audio website.
* [http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/HistChldBks&CISOPTR=50852&REC=57 ''Treasure Island''], [[A. L. Burt]] Company, 1890.
* [https://archive.org/details/OTRCFR-TreasureIsand ''Treasure Island''] on [[The Mercury Theater on the Air]]: July 18, 1938
* [https://archive.org/details/RobertLewisStevensonTREASUREISLAND ''Treasure Island''], Columbia Masterworks, 1944
* [https://archive.org/details/LuxRadioTheatre_201606 ''Treasure Island''] on [[Lux Radio Theater]]: January 29, 1951
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130813045512/http://www.artsreformation.com/talespinners/ Download ''Treasure Island''] on [[Tale Spinners for Children]]
* [https://archive.org/details/TreasureIsland_251289 The 1989 BBC Radio ''Treasure Island''] on Archive.org
* [https://www.vpark.io/space/plxcmwe3874jxc ''Treasure Island'' Public video panorama room] on vPark.io

[[Category:Treasure Island| ]]
[[Category:1883 British novels]]
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[[Category:Novels by Robert Louis Stevenson]]
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[[Category:Children's books set on ships]]
[[Category:Children's books set in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Works about treasure hunting]]
[[category:British bildungsromans]]
[[category:Novels set in Gloucestershire]]

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literary work: Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence)
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