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{{Short description|Library of the Holy See in Vatican City}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox library
| native_name        = Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana
| native_name_lang   = la 
| name               = Vatican Apostolic Library
| library_logo       = [[Image:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|70px]]
| image              = Melozzo da Forlì 001.jpg
| caption            = ''[[Pope Sixtus IV Appoints Bartolomeo Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library]]'', fresco by [[Melozzo da Forlì]], 1477, now in the [[Vatican Museums]]
| country            = {{flag|Vatican City}}
| type               = [[Research library]]
| scope              = 
| established        = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1475|paren=yes}}
| ref_legal_mandate  = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|41|54|17|N|12|27|16|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-zoom      = 14
| branch_of          = 
| num_branches       = 
| items_collected    = 
| collection_size    = {{Plainlist|
* 75,000 codices
* 1.1 million printed books
}}
| criteria           = 
| legal_deposit      = 
| req_to_access      = 
| annual_circulation = 
| pop_served         = 
| members            = 
| budget             = 
| director           = [[Angelo Vincenzo Zani]]
| num_employees      = 
| website            = {{URL|www.vaticanlibrary.va}}
| references         = 
| location_map       = Vatican 
| map_caption        = Location on a map of Vatican City
}}
{{Vatican City sidebar}}

The '''Vatican Apostolic Library''' ({{lang-la|Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana}}, {{lang-it|Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana}}), more commonly known as the '''Vatican Library''' or informally as the '''Vat''',<ref name="God's Librarians">{{Cite magazine
| issn = 0028-792X
| volume = 86
| issue = 42
| pages = 24
| last = Mendelsohn
| first = Daniel
| title   =God's Librarians
| magazine = [[The New Yorker]]
| access-date = 3 August 2014
| date = 3 January 2011
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/01/03/gods-librarians
}}</ref> is the [[library]] of the [[Holy See]], located in [[Vatican City]], and is the city-state's [[national library]]. It was formally established in 1475, although it is much older—it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. It has 75,000 [[codex|codices]] from throughout history, as well as 1.1&nbsp;million printed books, which include some 8,500 [[Incunabulum|incunabula]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.openculture.com/2020/01/the-vatican-library-goes-online-and-digitizes-tens-of-thousands-of-manuscripts-books-coins-and-more.html |title=The Vatican Library Goes Online and Digitizes Tens of Thousands of Manuscripts, Books, Coins, and More |date=January 6, 2020 |website=Open Culture |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>

The Vatican Library is a [[research library]] for [[history]], [[law]], [[philosophy]], [[science]], and [[theology]]. The Vatican Library is open to anyone who can document their qualifications and research needs. Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail.

[[Pope Nicholas V]] (1447–1455) envisioned a new Rome with extensive public works to lure pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its transformation. Nicolas wanted to create a "public library" for Rome that was meant to be seen as an institution for humanist scholarship. His death prevented him from carrying out his plan, but his successor [[Pope Sixtus IV]] (1471–1484) established what is now known as the Vatican Library.

In March 2014, the Vatican Library began an initial four-year project of [[digitising]] its collection of manuscripts, to be made available online.

The [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]] was separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century; it contains another 150,000 items.

==Historical periods==
Scholars have traditionally divided the history of the library into five periods, Pre-Lateran, Lateran, Avignon, Pre-Vatican and Vatican.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Strayer|editor1-first=Joseph|title=Dictionary of the Middle Ages|date=1989|publisher=Scribner|isbn=0684190737|title-link=Dictionary of the Middle Ages}}</ref>

===Pre-Lateran===
The Pre-Lateran period, comprising the initial days of the library, dating from the earliest days of the [[Catholic Church|Church]]. Only a handful of volumes survive from this period, though some are very significant.

===At the Lateran===
The Lateran era began when the library moved to the [[Lateran Palace]] and lasted until the end of the 13th century and the reign of [[Pope Boniface VIII]], who died in 1303, by which time he possessed one of the most notable collections of [[illuminated manuscript]]s in Europe. However, in that year, the Lateran Palace was burnt and the collection plundered by [[Philip IV of France]].<ref name=Wiegand>{{cite book|editor-last1=Wiegand|editor-first1=Wayne A.|editor-last2=Davis|editor-first2=Donald G.|title=Encyclopedia of Library History|date=1994|publisher=Garland|location=New York|isbn=0824057872|page=653}}</ref>

===At Avignon===
The Avignon period was during the [[Avignon Papacy]], when seven successive popes resided in [[Avignon]], [[France]]. This period saw great growth in book collection and record-keeping by the popes in Avignon, between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the papacy returned to [[Rome]].

===Prior to establishment at the Vatican===
The Pre-Vatican period ranged from about 1370 to 1447. The library was scattered during this time, with parts in Rome, Avignon, and elsewhere. Pope Eugenius IV possessed 340 books by the time of his death.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mycue|first1=David|title=Founder of the Vatican Library: Nicholas V or Sixtus IV?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541179 |journal=The Journal of Library History |year=1981|volume=16|issue=1|pages=121–133|publisher=University of Texas Press|jstor=25541179|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

===At the Vatican===
In 1451, [[bibliophile]] [[Pope Nicholas V]] sought to establish a public library at the Vatican, in part to re-establish Rome as a destination for scholarship.<ref name=ibiblio/><ref name="UofA">{{cite web |last1=Meert |first1=Deborah |title=A History of the Vatican Library |url=http://capping.slis.ualberta.ca/cap05/debbie/history.html |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=capping.slis.ualberta.ca |publisher=University of Alberta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208232256/http://capping.slis.ualberta.ca/cap05/debbie/history.html |archive-date=December 8, 2013}}</ref> Nicholas combined some 350 Greek, Latin and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial [[Library of Constantinople]]. Pope Nicholas also expanded his collection by employing Italian and Byzantine scholars to translate the [[Greek classics]] into Latin for his library.<ref name=UofA/> The knowledgeable pope already encouraged the inclusion of [[pagan]] classics.<ref name="God's Librarians" /> Nicolas was important in saving many of the Greek works and writings during this time period that he had collected while traveling and acquired from others.

In 1455, the collection had grown to 1200 books, of which 400 were in Greek.<ref name=Loc>{{Cite web
| title = The Library of Congress: ''Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture - The Vatican Library - The City Reborn: How the City Came Back to Life''
| website = [[Library of Congress]]
| access-date = 2 August 2014
| url = https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/vatican.htmll#tcrhtccbtl
}}</ref>

Nicholas died in 1455. In 1475 his successor [[Pope Sixtus IV]] founded the ''Palatine Library''.<ref name=UofA/> During his papacy, acquisitions were made in "theology, philosophy and artistic literature".<ref name=Wiegand/> The number of [[manuscript]]s is variously counted as 3,500 in 1475<ref name=Wiegand/> or 2,527 in 1481, when [[librarian]] [[Bartolomeo Platina]] produced a signed listing.<ref name=Clark1899>{{Cite book| last = Clark| first = John Willis| title = On the Vatican Library of Sixtus IV.| date = 1899}}</ref> At the time it was the largest collection of books in the Western world.<ref name=Loc/>

[[Pope Julius II]] commissioned the expansion of the building.<ref name=UofA/> Around 1587, [[Pope Sixtus V]] commissioned the architect [[Domenico Fontana]] to construct a new building for the library, which is still used today. After this, it became known as the Vatican Library.<ref name=UofA/>

During the [[Counter-Reformation]], access to the library's collections was limited following the introduction of the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index of banned books]]. Scholars' access to the library was restricted, particularly [[Protestant]] scholars. Restrictions were lifted during the course of the 17th century, and [[Pope Leo XIII]] was to formally reopen the library to scholars in 1883.<ref name=ibiblio>{{cite web|last1=Bloom|first1=Ocker|title=The Vatican Library and its History|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/History.html|website=Ibiblio|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=UofA/>

In 1756, the priest [[Antonio Piaggio]], curator of ancient manuscripts at the Library used a machine he had invented<ref name="GG1856">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/tesoroletterario00cast#page/n27/mode/2up|author=Giacomo Castrucci|year=1856|title=Tesoro letterario di Ercolano, ossia, La reale officina dei papiri ercolanesi}}</ref> to unroll the first [[Herculaneum papyri]], an operation which took him months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thephraser.com/2015/03/30/herculaneum-papyri-in-the-national-library-in-naples|year=2015|title=Herculaneum Papyri in the National Library in Naples|work=The Phraser}}</ref>

In 1809, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] arrested [[Pope Pius VII]] and had the contents of the library seized and removed to [[Paris]]. They were returned in 1817, three years after Napoleon's defeat and abdication.<ref name=UofA/>

The library's first major revitalization project took place in the period between the two World Wars at the instigation of [[Pope Pius XI]], himself a scholar and former librarian, with the cooperation of librarians from around the world. Until this point in time, while it had drawn on the expertise of numerous experts, the Vatican Library was dangerously lacking in organization and its junior librarians were undertrained.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Vincenti |first=Raffaella |date=2020 |title=The Vatican Library and the IFLA between 1928 and 1929 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jelis.61.3.2020-0019 |journal=Journal of Education for Library and Information Science |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=308–318 |doi=10.3138/jelis.61.3.2020-0019 |s2cid=225396835 |issn=0748-5786}}</ref> Foreign researchers, particularly Americans, noticed how inadequate the facilities were for such an important collection. Several American organizations, including the [[American Library Association]] and the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], offered to assist in implementing a modern cataloguing system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patrick Valentine |date=2010 |title=&lt;i&gt;The Vatican Library and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: The History, Impact, and Influence of Their Collaboration (1927–1947)&lt;/i&gt; (review) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lac.2010.0025 |journal=Libraries & the Cultural Record |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=503–504 |doi=10.1353/lac.2010.0025 |s2cid=162118890 |issn=1932-9555}}</ref> Along with this, librarians from the Vatican Library were invited to visit several libraries in the United States to receive training on the functioning of a modern library. They visited the [[Library of Congress]], and libraries in Princeton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Chicago, Champaign, Toronto, and Ann Arbor. Once back in Rome, a reorganization plan was implemented. The main goals were to create a summary index by author of each manuscript, and likewise a catalogue for the incunabula. Once the project was completed, the Vatican Library was one of the most modern in all of Europe. This joint effort highlighted the importance of international relationships in the  field of librarianship and led to the founding in 1929 of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|International Federation of Library Associations]], still at work.<ref name=":0" />

In 1992 the library had almost 2&nbsp;million [[Library catalogue|catalogued]] items.<ref name=ibiblio/>

Among a number of thefts from the Library committed in modern times, in 1995 art history teacher Anthony Melnikas from [[Ohio State University]] stole three [[Leaf (books)|leaves]] from a medieval manuscript once owned by [[Francesco Petrarch]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=HONAN|first1=WILLIAM H.|author-link=William H. Honan|title=Teacher Tied to Stolen Manuscript Pages Faced Prior Ethics Questions, Colleagues Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/us/teacher-tied-stolen-manuscript-pages-faced-prior-ethics-questions-colleagues-say.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=1 August 2014|date=30 May 1995}}</ref><ref name="Montalbano1995">{{cite web|last1=MONTALBANO|first1=WILLIAM D.|title=U.S. Scholar Suspected in Theft of Manuscript Pages|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-25/news/mn-5895_1_medieval-manuscripts |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=1 August 2014|date=25 May 1995}}</ref> One of the stolen leaves contains an exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. A fourth leaf from an unknown source was also discovered in his possession by U.S. Customs agents. Melnikas was trying to sell the pages to an art dealer, who then alerted the librarian director.<ref name=Montalbano1995/>

==Location and building==
[[File:HippolytusStatue.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Ancient Roman sculpture, maybe of [[Saint Hippolytus]] of Rome, found in 1551 at Via Tiburtina, Rome, and now at the Vatican Library]]

The library is located inside the [[Vatican Palace]], and the entrance is through the [[Belvedere Courtyard]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/altre-istituzioni/biblioteca-apostolica-vaticana.html | title=Vatican Apostolic Library | publisher=Vaticanstate.va | access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> When [[Pope Sixtus V]] (1585-1590) commissioned the expansion and the new building of the Vatican Library, he had a three-story wing built right across Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere, thus bisecting it and changing Bramante's work significantly.<ref name="God's Librarians" /> At the bottom of a grand staircase a large statue of [[Saint Hippolytus|Hippolytus]] decorates the La Galea entrance hall.<ref name="osservatoreromano.va">{{cite web |url=http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/the-popes-visit-to-the-vatican-library#.U9h5zm9X-uY |title=The Pope's Visit to the Vatican Library |date=19 December 2010 |website=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |access-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055316/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/the-popes-visit-to-the-vatican-library#.U-Rl0-fP1D8 |archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>

In the first semi-basement there is a [[papyrus]] room and a storage area for manuscripts.<ref name="osservatoreromano.va"/> The first floor houses the [[Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera|restoration]] laboratory, and the photographic archives are on the second floor.<ref name="osservatoreromano.va"/>

The library has {{convert|42|km}} of shelving.<ref name="itworld">{{cite web|last1=Del Nibletto|first1=Paolo|title=The Vatican Library CIO's sacred mission: To digitize everything|url=http://www.itworldcanada.com/article/the-vatican-library-cios-sacred-mission-to-digitize-everything/92826|website=itworldcanada.com|date=6 May 2014 |publisher=IT World Canada|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

The library closed for renovations on 17 July 2007<ref name=bbc>{{cite news
  | last =Willey
  | first =David
  | title = Vatican Library closure irks scholars
  | work = BBC News
  | date = 17 July 2007
  | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6901606.stm
  | access-date   =17 July 2007}}</ref> and reopened on 20 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/home.php?ling=eng&res=1366x768 |title=Vatican Library Homepage |access-date=13 September 2010}}</ref> The three year, 9&nbsp;million euro renovation involved the complete shut down of the library to install climate controlled rooms.<ref name="nbcnews">{{cite news|last1=Winfield|first1=Nicole|title=Vatican library reopens after 3-year restoration|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39193265/ns/travel-destination_travel/t/vatican-library-reopens-after--year-restoration/#.U9aubW9X-uY|access-date=28 July 2014|publisher=NBC News|date=15 November 2010}}</ref>

===Architecture and art===
In the ''Sala di Consultazione'' or main reference room of the Vatican Library looms a statue of [[St Thomas Aquinas]] ({{Circa|1910}}), sculpted by [[Cesare Aureli]]. A second version of this statue ({{Circa|1930}}) stands under the entrance [[portico]] of the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']].{{efn|This sculpture is described in the following words: "S. Tommaso seduto, nella sinistra tiene il libro della ''Summa theologica'', mentre stende la destra in atto di proteggere la scienza cristiana. Quindi non siede sulla cattedra di dottore, ma sul trono di sovrano protettore; stende il braccio a rassicurare, non a dimostrare.  Ha in testa il dottorale berretto, e conservando il suo tipo tradizionale, rivela nel volto e nell'atteggiamento l'uomo profondamente dotto. L'autore non ha avuto da ispirarsi in altr'opera che esistesse sul soggetto, quindi ha dovuto, può dirsi, creare questo tipo, ed è riuscito originale e felice nella sua creazione."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sfGuQOM2EC&q=%22Vatican&pg=PA85 |title=History and culture in Italy |first=John |last=Hendrix |publisher=University Press of America |access-date=9 September 2012|isbn=9780761826286 |year=2003 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_No_AAAAYAAJ&q=%22S.+Tommaso+seduto&pg=RA1-PA75 |title=Nel giubileo episcopale di Leone XIII. omaggio della Biblioteca vaticana XIX febbraio anno MDCCCXCIII |access-date=9 September 2012|last1=Vaticana |first1=Biblioteca Apostolica |year=1893 }}</ref>

<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="200px" heights="170px">
File:The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library (2994335291).jpg|The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library.
File:Golden rose Biblioteca apostolica.jpg|Golden Rose stored in the Vatican Library.
File:Plafond_Sale_Sistine_-_Salle_des_Archives_pontificales_(<span class="ltr">2</span>).jpg|Ceiling fresco of the Sistine Hall, photograph by Jean-Pol Grandmont
</gallery>

==Library organization==

===Catalogue===
The collection was originally organized through notebooks used to index the manuscripts. As the collection grew to more than a few thousand, shelf lists were used.<ref name=UofA/> The first modern catalogue system was put in place under Father [[Franz Ehrle]] between 1927 and 1939, using the [[Library of Congress]] [[card catalogue]] system. Ehrle also set up the first program to take photographs of important works or rare works.<ref name=UofA/> The library catalogue was further updated by Rev. [[Leonard Boyle|Leonard E. Boyle]] when it was computerized in the early 1990s.<ref name=UofA/>

===Reading and lending===
[[File:Milkau Biblioteca Vaticana - Bücherschrank 279-2.jpg|thumb|[[Bookcase]] in the Vatican Library]]

Historically, during the [[Renaissance era]], most books were not shelved but stored in wooden benches, which had tables attached to them. Each bench was dedicated to a specific topic. The books were [[chained library|chained to these benches]], and if a reader took out a book, the chain remained attached to it. Until the early 17th century, academics were also allowed to borrow books. For important books, the pope himself would issue a reminder slip.<ref name=UofA/> Privileges to use the library could be withdrawn for breaking the house rules, for instance by climbing over the tables. Most famously [[Pico Della Mirandola]] lost the right to use the library when he published a book on theology that the [[Papal curia]] did not approve of.<ref name=LocShape>{{Cite web
| title = The Library of Congress: ''Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture - The Vatican Library - A Library Takes Shape: Books, Benches, and Borrowers''
| website = [[Library of Congress]]
| access-date = 2 August 2014
| url = https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/vatican.htmlll#altsbbab
}}</ref> In the 1760s, a bill issued by [[Clement XIII]] heavily restricted access to the library's holdings.<ref name="God's Librarians" />

The Vatican Library can be accessed by 200 scholars at a time,<ref name="digitize">{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Lesley Ciarula|title=Digitizing history: 82,000-manuscript collection Vatican Library goes online |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/05/02/digitizing_history_82000manuscript_collection_vatican_library_goes_online.html|access-date=28 July 2014|work=Toronto Star|date=2 May 2013}}</ref> and it sees 4,000 to 5,000 scholars a year, mostly academics doing [[post-graduate]] research.<ref name=nbcnews/>

==Collections==
[[File:Fortymartyrs.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the Syriac Gospel Lectionary (Vat. Syr. 559), created ca. 1220 near [[Mosul]] and exhibiting a strong Islamic influence.]]
While the Vatican Library has always included Bibles, canon law texts, and theological works, it specialized from the beginning in secular books. Its collection of Greek and Latin classics was at the center of the revival of classical culture during the [[Renaissance]] age.<ref name=Loc/> The oldest documents in the library date back to the first century.<ref name=itworld/>

The library was founded primarily as a manuscript library, a fact reflected in the comparatively high ratio of manuscripts to printed works in its collection. Such printed books as have made their way into the collection are intended solely to facilitate the study of the much larger collection of manuscripts.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=The Vatican Palace, as a Scientific Institute|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15286a.htm|website=Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=New Advent|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

The collection also includes 330,000 Greek, Roman, and papal coins and medals.<ref name=ibiblio/>

Every year about 6,000 new books are acquired.<ref name=ibiblio/>

The library was enriched by several bequests and acquisitions over the centuries.

In 1623, in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of [[Pope Gregory XV]] that had sustained him in his contests with Protestant candidates for the post of Electort, the hereditary [[Palatine Library]] of [[Heidelberg]], containing about 3,500 manuscripts was given to the [[Holy See]] by [[Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]]. He had just acquired it as loot in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. A token 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts were sent to [[Paris]] in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Peace of Paris]] in 1815. A gift of 852 others was made in 1816 by [[Pope Pius VII]] to the [[University of Heidelberg]], including the [[Codex Manesse]]. Aside from these cases, the Palatine Library remains in the Vatican Library to this day.

In 1657, the manuscripts of the Dukes of [[Urbino]] were acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar [[Leo Allatius]] was made librarian.

Queen [[Christina of Sweden]]'s important library (mostly amassed by her generals as loot from Habsburg [[Prague]] and German cities during the [[Thirty Years War]]) was purchased on her death in 1689 by [[Pope Alexander VIII]]. It represented, for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at the time. Had it remained where it was in [[Stockholm]], it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in 1697.

Among the most famous holdings of the library is the [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]], the oldest known nearly complete manuscript of the [[Bible]]. The ''Secret History'' of [[Procopius]] was discovered in the library and published in 1623.

[[Pope Clement XI]] sent scholars into [[the Orient]] to bring back manuscripts, and is generally regarded as the founder of the library's Oriental section.<ref name=UofA/>

A School of [[library science]] is associated with the Vatican Library.

In 1959, a Film Library was established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statute of the Vatican Film Library|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_16111959_statute-film-library_en.html|website=vatican.va|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> This is not to be confused with the [[Vatican Film Library]], which was established in 1953 at [[Saint Louis University]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].

The library has a large collection of texts related to Hinduism, with the oldest editions dating to 1819.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican Library carries extensive collection of ancient Hindu scriptures|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/29062014-vatican-library-carries-extensive-collection-ancient-hindu-scriptures/|access-date=28 July 2014|work=eurasia review|date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728211440/http://www.eurasiareview.com/29062014-vatican-library-carries-extensive-collection-ancient-hindu-scriptures/|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the library's restoration between 2007 and 2010, all of the 70,000 volumes in the library were tagged with [[Radio-frequency identification|electronic chips]] to prevent theft.<ref name=nbcnews/>

===Manuscripts===
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - The Abyss of Hell - WGA02853.jpg|thumb|''The Abyss of Hell'', coloured drawing on parchment by [[Sandro Botticelli]] (1480s)]]
[[File:Wandalbert von Prüm, July, Martyrologium.jpg|thumb|Wandalbert von Prüm, July, Martyrologium (c860)]]

{{Main|Category:Manuscripts of the Vatican Library}}

Notable manuscripts in the library include:
[[Illuminated manuscript]]s:

====Manuscripts relating to Christianity====
*[[Barberini Gospels]]
*[[Gelasian Sacramentary]], one of the oldest books on Christian [[liturgy]]
*[[Joshua Roll]]
*[[Lorsch Gospels]], an illuminated gospel book written and illustrated from 778 to 820, which is spread up between various museums. The carved ivory rear cover and the Gospels of Luke and John are kept in the Vatican Library.
*''[[Menologion of Basil II]]''<ref>{{cite book|author=John W. Wohlfarth|title=Elysium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85mXFf_BbiUC&pg=PA128|date=1 September 2001|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-0-7596-5406-8|page=128}}</ref>
*[[Vatican Croatian Prayer Book]]
*[[Vergilius Vaticanus]]

====Classic Greek and Latin texts====
*[[Vergilius Romanus]], Virgil's ''Aeneid''
*[[Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829]], an important 14th-century manuscript of Catullus' poems
*[[Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868]], a 9th-century [[facsimile]] of [[Terence]]'s comedies<ref>{{cite book|author=C. R. Dodwell |author-link=Charles Reginald Dodwell |title=Anglo-Saxon Gestures and the Roman Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKJZVOkeAoUC&pg=PA3|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66188-1|page=3}}</ref>
*Parts of [[Euclid's elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']], most notable Book I, Proposition 47, one of the oldest Greek texts on the [[Pythagorean Theorem]]<ref name="God's Librarians" />

====Alternative====

*[[Codex Borgia]], an extensive [[Mesoamerica]]n manuscript that depicts mythology and foundational rituals in the hieroglyphic texts and iconography made of animal skins.
*Codex Vat. Arabo 368, the sole manuscript of the ''[[Hadith Bayad wa Riyad]]'', an Arabic love story<ref>{{cite journal |last=D’Ottone |first=Arianna |year=2010 |title=Il manoscritto Vaticano arabo 368: Hadith Bayad wa Riyad. Il codice, il testo, le immagini |url=https://www.academia.edu/430197 |journal=Rivista di Storia della Miniatura |publisher=Centro Di |volume=14 |page=55 |access-date=25 July 2014 |language=it|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*[[Codex Vaticanus 3738]], the Codex Ríos,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/vaticanus3738/|title=FAMSI - Akademische Druck - u. Verlagsanstalt - Graz - Codex Vaticanus 3738| website=Akademische Druck - u. Verlagsanstalt - Graz CODICES |publisher=[[FAMSI]]|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> an accordion folded Italian translation of a Spanish colonial-era manuscript, with copies of the [[Aztec]] paintings from the original [[Codex Telleriano-Remensis]], believed to be written by the Dominican friar Ríos in 1566.
*''[[De arte venandi cum avibus]]'', a [[Latin]] treatise on [[falconry]] in the format of a two-column parchment codex of 111 folios written in the 1240s.
*Borgiani Siriaci 175, a manuscript scroll of the ''[[Diwan Abatur]]'', a [[Mandaean text]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van Rompay |first=Sandi |date=2010 |title=The Tree Šatrin and its Place in Mandaean Art |url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=6088397bf191a |journal=ARAM Periodical |volume=22 |pages=183–207 |doi=10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131037}}</ref>

Texts:

*Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3256, four [[Leaf (books)|leaves]] of the [[Vergilius Augusteus]]<ref>{{cite book| url=http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm03166470 |title=Vergilius Augusteus : vollst. Faks.-Ausg. im Originalformat : Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3256 d. Biblioteca apostolica vaticana u. Codex Latinus fol. 416 d. Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz| website=Catalog - UW-Madison Libraries| publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Madison]] Libraries| access-date=29 July 2014|year=1976}}</ref>
*Codex Vaticano Rossi 215, fragments of the [[Rossi Codex]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Kleinhenz|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|date=8 January 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|page=136}}</ref>
*[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]], one of the oldest extant Bibles in Greek language
*''[[Libri Carolini]]''
*Vaticanus Graecus 1001, the original manuscript of the ''[[Procopius#Secret History|Secret History]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/secrethistoryofart/2011/11/16/vatican-mysteries-whats-so-secret-about-procopius-secret-history-2/|title=Vatican Mysteries: What's So Secret about Procopius' "Secret History?"|last=Charney|first=Noah|author-link=Noah Charney|website=Blouinartinfo|publisher=[[Louise Blouin Media]]|date=16 November 2011|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070232/http://blogs.artinfo.com/secrethistoryofart/2011/11/16/vatican-mysteries-whats-so-secret-about-procopius-secret-history-2/|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*One [[Literary fragment|fragment]] of ''[[Heliand]]'' and three fragments of the [[Old Saxon Genesis|Old Saxon ''Genesis'']] comprise the ''Palatinus Latinus'' 1447.<ref>{{cite book|author=John M. Jeep|title=Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4uHav3mZLsC&pg=PA57|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8240-7644-3|page=57}}</ref>

====Qurans====
The library contains over 100 Quran manuscripts from various collections, cataloged by the Italian Jewish linguist [[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]]: ''Vaticani arabi'' 73; ''Borgiani arabi'' 25; ''Barberiniani orientali'' 11; ''Rossiani'' 2. The largest manuscript in the library, ''Vat. Ar. 1484'', measures 540x420mm. The smallest, ''Vat. Ar. 924,'' is a circle of 45mm diameter preserved in an octagonal case.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/374780 |first=Ezra |last=Gozeler |title=A Study on Qurʾān Manuscripts in the Vatican Library in terms of Physical and Content Features |date=2017 |volume=21 |issue=3 |journal=Cumhuriyet Flahiyat Dergisi-Cumhuriyet Theology Journal |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>

===Digitization projects===

In 2012, plans were announced to digitize, in collaboration with the [[Bodleian Library]], a million pages of material from the Vatican Library.

On 20 March 2014, the Holy See announced that [[NTT Data|NTT Data Corporation]] and the library had concluded an agreement to digitize approximately 3,000 of the library's manuscripts within four years.<ref>{{cite news | last=McKenna | first=Josephine | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/10712906/Vatican-library-plans-to-digitise-82000-of-its-most-valuable-manuscripts.html | title=Vatican library plans to digitise 82,000 of its most valuable manuscripts | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=20 March 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015700/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/10712906/Vatican-library-plans-to-digitise-82000-of-its-most-valuable-manuscripts.html | archive-date=24 March 2014| access-date=23 March 2014 }}</ref> NTT is donating the equipment and technicians, estimated to be worth 18&nbsp;million Euros.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-digital-idUSBREA2J1ML20140320 | title=Vatican library will digitize its archives and put them online | work=Reuters | date=20 March 2014 | access-date=28 July 2014 | author=Denti, Antonio}}</ref> It noted that there is the possibility of subsequently digitizing another 79,000 of the library's holdings. These will be high-definition images available on the library's Internet site. Storage for the holdings will be on a three petabyte server provided by [[EMC Corporation|EMC]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2014/07/23/storage-giant-emc-looks-to-ease-concerns-about-flash-technology/?__lsa=a4be-3315 | title=Storage giant EMC looks to ease concerns about Flash technology | publisher=Financial Post.com | date=23 July 2014 | access-date=28 July 2014 | author=Greiner, Lynn}}</ref> It is expected that the initial phase will take four years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Denti|first1=Antonio|title=Vatican library will digitize its archives and put them online|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-digital-idUSBREA2J1ML20140320|access-date=1 August 2014|work=Reuters|date=20 March 2014}}</ref>

DigiVatLib is the name of the Vatican Library's digital library service. It provides free access to the Vatican Library's digitized collections of manuscripts and incunabula.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digi.vatlib.it/about|title=DigiVatLib|website=digi.vatlib.it|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

The scanning of documents is impacted by the material used to produce the texts. Books using gold and silver in the illuminations require special scanning equipment.<ref name=digitize/> Digital copies are being served using the [[CIFS]] protocol, from network-attached storage hardware by [[Dell EMC]].<ref name=itworld/>

===Gallery of holdings===
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="170px">
File:Bible Persian Manuscript (14th century).jpg|[[Gospel of Matthew]] in [[Persian language|Persian]], the first Persian manuscript to enter the Vatican Library
File:Barbireau illum.jpg|Manuscript page with the five-voice "Kyrie" of the Missa Virgo Parens Christi by [[Jacques Barbireau]]
File:Tavola di Velletri.jpg|[[Borgia map|Mappamondo Borgiano]], also known as "Tavola di Velletri", consisting of two copper tablets (1430)
File:Chronography of 354 Mensis Maius.png|Month of May from in the ''Chronography of 354'' by the 4th century calligrapher [[Filocalus]]
File:Anton Raphael Mengs, The Triumph of History over Time (Allegory of the Museum Clementinum), ceiling fresco in the Camera dei Papiri, Vatican Library, 1772 - M0tty.jpg|[[Anton Raphael Mengs]], ''The Triumph of History over Time (Allegory of the Museum Clementinum)'', ceiling fresco in the Camera dei Papiri, Vatican Library
File:Szent Imre legenda02.jpg|Illumination from the legend of Sain Emerich of Hungary's, c. 1335
File:DavidGoliathBAVVatGr752Fol448v.jpg|Battle between David and Goliath, Book of Psalms, c. 1059
File:Codexaureus 02.jpg |The ivory panels from the back cover of [[Codex Aureus of Lorsch]]
</gallery>

==Related libraries==

===Vatican Apostolic Archive===
{{main|Vatican Apostolic Archive}}
The [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]], located in [[Vatican City]], is the central archive for all of the acts [[promulgated]] by the [[Holy See]], as well as the [[state paper]]s, correspondence, [[pope|papal]] account books,<ref>{{cite book|last1=von Pastor|first1=Ludwig Freiherr|title=The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages. Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources, Volume 3|date=1906|publisher=Trübner & Company Ltd.|page=[https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01pastgoog/page/n88 31]|url=https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01pastgoog|quote=papal account books.|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In the 17th century, under the orders of [[Pope Paul V]], the Archives were separated from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed to outsiders until 1881, when [[Pope Leo XIII]] opened them to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine its documents each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asv.vatican.va/en/fond/ammiss.htm |title=Table of Admittances to the Vatican Secret Archives in the Last Years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506021633/http://asv.vatican.va/en/fond/ammiss.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011}}</ref>

===Vatican Film Library===
{{main|Vatican Film Library}}
The [[Vatican Film Library]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] is the only collection, outside the Vatican itself, of microfilms of more than 37,000 works from the ''Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana'', the Vatican Library in Europe. It is located in the Pius XII Library on the campus of [[Saint Louis University]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/vfl/
|title=Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library - Home Page
|publisher=slu.edu
|access-date=13 November 2007
}}
</ref> The library was created by Lowrie J. Daly (1914–2000), with funding from the [[Knights of Columbus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LOWRIE J. DALY, S.J., MEMORIAL LECTURE ON MANUSCRIPT STUDIES|url=http://libraries.slu.edu/special_collections/lowrie_daly|website=Libraries at [[Saint Louis University]]|publisher=[[Saint Louis University]]|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730010807/http://libraries.slu.edu/special_collections/lowrie_daly|archive-date=30 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The goal was to make Vatican and other documents more available to researchers in North America.<ref name=MLEC>{{cite journal|last1=C. Krohn|first1=Ernst|title=Notes Second Series, Vol. 14, No. 3|journal=Notes|volume=14|issue=3|pages=317–324|date=June 1957|publisher=[[Music Library Association]]|jstor=891821|doi=10.2307/891821}}</ref>

Microfilming of Vatican manuscripts began in 1951, and according to the library's website, was the largest microfilming project that had been undertaken up to that date.<ref name=KNE>{{cite news|title=Kentucky New Era - Aug 14, 1954|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19540814&id=GOQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3874,6783861|access-date=30 July 2014|work=[[Kentucky New Era]]|date=14 August 1954}}</ref> The library opened in 1953, and moved to the St. Louis University campus, in the Pius XII Memorial Library, in 1959. The first librarian was Charles J. Ermatinger, who served until 2000. {{As of|2007}}, the library has microfilmed versions of over 37,000 manuscripts, with material in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Arabic]], [[Hebrew]] and [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], as well as several more common Western European languages. There are reproductions of many works from the Biblioteca Palatina and Biblioteca Cicognara at the Vatican, as well as [[Papal]] letter registers from the ''Archivio Segreto Vaticano'' ([[Vatican Secret Archives]]) from the 9th to 16th centuries, in the series ''Registra Vaticana'' and ''Registra Supplicationium''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slu.edu/library/special-collections/vatican-film-library/papal-letter-registers.php |title=Vatican Archives Papal Library Registers |website=Saint Louis University |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>

==Staff==
The nominal head of the library has often over the centuries been made a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] and hence given the title Cardinal Librarian.<ref name=UofA/> The effective directors, often distinguished scholars, were in an earlier period called "Custodians.<ref name=UofA/> After the reopening of the library in 1883, Pope Leo XIII changed the title to Prefect.<ref name=UofA/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/en/archivio/direzione/ |title=Government &#124; Sito ufficiale dell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano – Città del Vaticano |publisher=Archiviosegretovaticano.va |access-date=7 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108230702/http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/en/archivio/direzione/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/home.php?pag=governo |title=BAV - Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana |publisher=Vaticanlibrary.va |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

The library currently has some 80 staff who work in five departments: manuscripts and archival collections, printed books/drawings, acquisitions/cataloguing, coin collections/museums and restoration/photography.<ref name=ibiblio/>

===List of librarians===
(<span class="ltr">P</span>) Indicates time spent as pro-librarian. this is the role of acting librarian, often a librarian who is not a cardinal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Guruge|first1=Anura|title=Replacement For Cardinal Farina As The Archivist; Cardinal Antonelli's Replacement, Vincenzo Paglia, Immediately A Cardinalabili|url=http://popes-and-papacy.com/wordpress/replacement-for-cardinal-farina-as-the-archivist-cardinal-antonellis-replacement-vincenzo-paglia-immediately-a-cardinalabili/|website=Popes and Papacy|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:200px;"| Name
! style="width:100px;"| Lifetime
! style="width:200px;"| Title
! style="width:100px;"| Duration as librarian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/home.php?pag=storia |title=Vatican Library History |publisher=Vaticanlibrary.va |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/romancuria/d91.htm |title=Vatican Apostolic Library - Institute Connected with the Holy See |publisher=GCatholic.org |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marcello Cervini]]
|1501–1555
|Bibliothecarius I
|{{dts|format=dmy|1550|5|24}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1555|4|9}}
|-
|[[Roberto de' Nobili (1541–1559)|Roberto de' Nobili]]
|1541–1559
|Bibliothecarius II
|1555–{{dts|format=dmy|1559|1|18}}
|-
|[[Alfonso Carafa]]
|1540–1565
|Bibliothecarius III
|1559–{{dts|format=dmy|1565|08|29}}
|-
|[[Marcantonio da Mula]]
|1506–1572
|Bibliothecarius IV
|1565–{{dts|format=dmy|1572|3|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1561.htm |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of February 26, 1561 (<span class="ltr">II</span>) |date=5 August 2006 |access-date=2013-07-10}}</ref>
|-
|[[Guglielmo Sirleto]]
|1514–1585
|Bibliothecarius V
|{{dts|format=dmy|1572|3|18}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1585|10|16}}
|-
|[[Antonio Carafa (cardinal)|Antonio Carafa]]
|1538–1591
|Bibliothecarius VI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1585|10|16}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1591|1|13}}

|-
|[[Marco Antonio Colonna]]
|1523 ca.–1597
|Bibliothecarius VII
|1591–{{dts|format=dmy|1597|3|13}}
|-
|[[Cesare Baronio]]
|1538–1607
|Bibliothecarius VIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1597|5}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1607|6|30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1596.htm |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of September June 5, 1596 (<span class="ltr">II</span>) |date=15 April 2007 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ludovico de Torres (cardinal)|Ludovico de Torres]]
|1552–1609
|Bibliothecarius IX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1607|7|4}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1609|7|8}}
|-
|[[Scipione Borghese|Scipione Borghese Caffarelli]]
|1576–1633
|Bibliothecarius X
|{{dts|format=dmy|1609|6|11}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1618|2|17}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1605.htm |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of July 18, 1605 (<span class="ltr">I</span>) |access-date=7 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170523102136/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1605.htm%23Caffarelli |archive-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|[[Scipione Cobelluzzi]]
|1564–1626
|Bibliothecarius XI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1618|2|17}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1626|6|29}}
|-
|[[Francesco Barberini (1597–1679)|Francesco Barberini]]
|1597–1679
|Bibliothecarius XII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1626|7|1}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1633|12|13}}
|-
|[[Antonio Marcello Barberini|Antonio Barberini]]
|1569–1646
|Bibliothecarius XIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1633|12|13}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1646|9|11}}
|-
|[[Orazio Giustiniani]]
|1580–1649
|Bibliothecarius XIV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1646|9|25}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1649|7|25}}
|-
|[[Luigi Capponi]]
|1583–1659
|Bibliothecarius XV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1649|8|4}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1659|4|6}}
|-
|[[Flavio Chigi (1631-1693)|Flavio Chigi]]
|1631–1693
|Bibliothecarius XVI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1659|6|21}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1681|9|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1657.htm#Chigi |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of April 9, 1657 (<span class="ltr">I</span>) |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria|Lorenzo Brancati]]
|1612–1693
|Bibliothecarius XVII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1681|9|19}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1693|11|30}}
|-
|[[Girolamo Casanate]]
|1620–1700
|Bibliothecarius XVIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1693|12|2}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1700|3|3}}
|-
|[[Henry Noris|Enrico Noris]]
|1631–1704
|Bibliothecarius XIX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1700|3|26}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1704|2|23}}
|-
|[[Benedetto Pamphili]]
|1653–1730
|Bibliothecarius XX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1704|2|26}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1730|3|22}}
|-
|[[Angelo Maria Querini]]
|1680–1755
|Bibliothecarius XXI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1730|9|4}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1755|1|6}}
|-
|[[Domenico Passionei]]
|1682–1761
|Bibliothecarius XXII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1741|7|10}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1755|1|12}}(<span class="ltr">P</span>)<br />{{dts|format=dmy|1755|1|12}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1761|7|5}}
|-
|[[Alessandro Albani]]
|1692–1779
|Bibliothecarius XXIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1761|8|12}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1779|12|11}}
|-
|[[Francesco Saverio de Zelada]]
|1717–1801
|Bibliothecarius XXIV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1779|12|15}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1801|12|29}}
|-
|[[Luigi Valenti Gonzaga]]
|1725–1808
|Bibliothecarius XXV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1802|1|12}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1808|12|29}}
|-
|[[Giulio Maria della Somaglia]]
|1744–1830
|Bibliothecarius XXVI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1827|1|26}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1830|4|2}}
|-
|[[Giuseppe Albani]]
|1750–1834
|Bibliothecarius XXVII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1830|4|23}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1834|12|3}}
|-
|[[Luigi Lambruschini]]
|1776–1854
|Bibliothecarius XXVIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1834|12|11}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1853|6|27}}
|-
|[[Angelo Mai]]
|1782–1854
|Bibliothecarius XXIX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1853|6|27}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1854|9|9}}
|-
|[[Antonio Tosti]]
|1776–1866
|Bibliothecarius XXX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1860|1|13}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1866|3|20}}
|-
|[[Jean Baptiste François Pitra]]
|1812–1889
|Bibliothecarius XXXI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1869|1|19}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1889|2|9}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1863.htm |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of March 16, 1863 (XIII) |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Placido Maria Schiaffino]]
|1829–1889
|Bibliothecarius XXXII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1889|2|20}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1889|9|23}}
|-
|[[Alfonso Capecelatro]]
|1824–1912
|Bibliothecarius XXXIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1890|8|29}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1912|11|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1885.htm#Capecelatro |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of July 27, 1885 (VIII) |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]]
|1843–1913
|Bibliothecarius XXXIV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1912|11|26}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1913|12|16}}
|-
|[[Francesco di Paola Cassetta]]
|1841–1919
|Bibliothecarius XXXV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1914|1|3}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1919|3|23}}
|-
|[[Francis Aidan Gasquet|Aidan <nowiki>[</nowiki>Francis Neil<nowiki>]</nowiki> Gasquet]]
|1845–1929
|Bibliothecarius XXXVI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1919|5|9}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1929|4|5}}
|-
|[[Franz Ehrle]]
|1845–1934
|Bibliothecarius XXXVII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1929|4|17}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1934|3|31}}
|-
|[[Giovanni Mercati]]
|1866–1957
|Bibliothecarius XXXVIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1936|6|18}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1957|8|23}}
|-
|[[Eugène Tisserant]]
|1884–1972
|Bibliothecarius XXXIX
|{{dts|format=dmy|1957|9|14}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1971|3|27}}
|-
|[[Antonio Samoré]]
|1905–1983
|Bibliothecarius XL
|{{dts|format=dmy|1974|1|25}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1983|2|3}}
|-
|[[Alfons Maria Stickler]]
|1910–2007
|Bibliothecarius XLI
|{{dts|format=dmy|1983|9|7}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1985|5|27}}(<span class="ltr">P</span>)<br />{{dts|format=dmy|1985|5|27}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1988|7|1}}
|-
|[[Antonio María Javierre Ortas]]
|1921–2007
|Bibliothecarius XLII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1988|7|1}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1992|1|24}}
|-
|[[Luigi Poggi]]
|1917–2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-p.htm#Poggi |title=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Luigi Poggi |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|Bibliothecarius XLIII
|{{dts|format=dmy|1992|4|9}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1994|11|29}}(<span class="ltr">P</span>)<br />{{dts|format=dmy|1994|11|29}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1997|11|25}}
|-
|[[Jorge María Mejía]]
|1923–2014
|Bibliothecarius XLIV
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|3|7}}–{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|24}}
|-
|[[Jean-Louis Tauran]]
|1943–2018
|Bibliothecarius XLV
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|24}}–{{dts|format=dmy|2007|6|25}}
|-
|[[Raffaele Farina]]
|1933–
|Bibliothecarius XLVI
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|6|25}}–{{dts|format=dmy|2012|6|9}}
|-
|[[Jean-Louis Bruguès]]
|1943–
|Bibliothecarius XLVII
|{{dts|format=dmy|2012|6|26}}–{{dts|format=dmy|2018|9|1}}
|-
|[[José Tolentino de Mendonça]]
|1965–
|Bibliothecarius XLVIII 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2018|9|1}}–{{dts|format=dmy|2022|9|26}}
|-
|[[Angelo Vincenzo Zani]]
|1950–
|Bibliothecarius XLIX 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|9|26}}–
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Vatican City|Catholicism}}
* [[Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
* [[The Vatican Splendors]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - {{cite web|last1=Miranda|first1=Salvador|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm|publisher=Florida International University Libraries}}

==Further reading==
*Hanson, James Christian Meinich. “Cataloguing Rules of the Vatican Library.” ''Library Quarterly'' 1 (January 3, 1931): 340–46.
*[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/ Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture], an online exhibition from the [[Library of Congress]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529170056/http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,106485,00.asp Vatican to digitize Apostolic Library of 1.6 million volumes for general perusal, ''PCWorld.com'', 29 October 2002]. A joint effort between the Vatican and [[Hewlett-Packard]].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana}}
* [http://www.vaticanlibrary.va/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040202105927/http://bav.vatican.va/en/v_home_bav/home_bav.shtml Vatican Library old home page], with online catalog search
* [http://www.vatlib.it/home.php?pag=storia History of the Vatican Library, from the Library's site]
* [http://search.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/en/libraryTreasures.html?libraryid=47 Treasures of the Vatican Library] Exposed via [[The European Library]]
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/402/mintzer.html Toward On-line, worldwide access to Vatican Library materials (1996)]. A collaborative effort (pioneered by Fr. [[Leonard Boyle]] OP Prefect of the Vatican Library) between the Vatican Library and [[IBM]], the primary goal of which is to "provide access via the Internet to some of the Library's most valuable manuscripts, printed books, and other sources to a scholarly community around the world."
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113051059/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/vfl/about.html Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library]. [[Saint Louis University]] library that focuses on the collection of the Vatican Library.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070232/http://blogs.artinfo.com/secrethistoryofart/2011/11/16/vatican-mysteries-whats-so-secret-about-procopius-secret-history-2/ The Secret History of Art by Noah Charney on the Vatican Library and Procopius]. An article by art historian [[Noah Charney]] about the Vatican Library and its famous manuscript, ''Historia Arcana'' by [[Procopius]].
*[http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497 ''The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome''], a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the library (p.&nbsp;280-290)

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[[Category:Vatican Library| ]]
[[Category:1448 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Libraries established in the 15th century]]
[[Category:Vatican City culture]]

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