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{{Short description|Scottish novelist (1771–1832)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name             = Walter Scott
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|Bt}}
| image            = Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) - RCIN 400644 - Royal Collection.jpg
| caption          = ,''[[Portrait of Sir Walter Scott]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]], {{circa|1826}}
| birth_date       = 15 August 1771
| birth_place      = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1832|9|21|1771|8|15}}
| death_place      = [[Abbotsford House|Abbotsford]], [[Roxburghshire]], Scotland
| occupation       = {{unbulleted list |Historical novelist|Poet|[[Faculty of Advocates|Advocate]]|[[Sheriff-Depute]]|[[Clerk of Session]]}}
| period           = 19th century
| genre            = 
| subject          = 
| movement         = [[Romanticism]]
| spouse           = Charlotte Carpenter (Charpentier)
| children         = 5
| alma_mater       = [[University of Edinburgh]]
{{Infobox military person
   |embed        = yes
   |embed_title  = Military Service
   |allegiance   = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
   |branch       = British Militia
   |serviceyears = 1797–1802
   |unit         = [[British Volunteer Corps|Royal Edinburgh Volunteer Light Dragoons]]
   |rank         = Quartermaster
   |battles      = [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
}}
| signature        = Sir Walter Scott Signature.svg
}}

'''Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSE}} {{post-nominals|list=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland#Fellowship|FSAScot]]}} (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet and historian. Many of his works remain classics of [[European literature|European]] and [[Scottish literature]], notably the novels ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' (1819), ''[[Rob Roy (novel)|Rob Roy]]'' (1817), ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]'' (1814), ''[[Old Mortality]]'' (1816), ''[[The Heart of Mid-Lothian]]'' (1818), and ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' (1819), along with the narrative poems ''[[Marmion (poem)|Marmion]]'' (1808) and ''[[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|The Lady of the Lake]]'' (1810). He had a major impact on European and [[American literature|American]] literature.

As an advocate, judge, and legal administrator by profession, he combined writing and editing with his daily work as [[Clerk of Session]] and [[Sheriff court|Sheriff-Depute]] of [[Selkirkshire]]. He was prominent in Edinburgh's [[Tory (political faction)|Tory establishment]], active in the [[Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland|Highland Society]], long time a president of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (1820–1832), and a vice president of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] (1827–1829).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.socantscot.org/resources/famous-fellows/ |title=Famous Fellows |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> His knowledge of history and literary facility equipped him to establish the [[Historical fiction|historical novel]] [[Genre fiction|genre]] as an exemplar of European [[Romanticism]]. He became a [[baronet]] of [[Abbotsford House|Abbotsford]] in the [[County of Roxburgh]], Scotland, on 22 April 1820; the title became extinct upon his son's death in 1847.

==Early life==
Walter Scott was born on 15 August 1771, in a third-floor apartment on College Wynd in the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]], Edinburgh, a narrow alleyway leading from the [[Cowgate]] to the gates of the old [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="homes">{{Cite web |last=Edinburgh University Library |title=Homes of Sir Walter Scott |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/homes.html |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Library]] |date=22 October 2004 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> He was the ninth child (six having died in infancy) of Walter Scott (1729–1799), a member of a cadet branch of the [[Clan Scott]] and a [[Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet|Writer to the Signet]], and his wife Anne Rutherford, a sister of [[Daniel Rutherford]] and a descendant both of the [[Clan Swinton]] and of the [[William Hersey Otis Haliburton|Haliburton family]] (descent from which granted Walter's family the hereditary right of burial in [[Dryburgh Abbey]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/origins.html |title=Family Background |website=Walter Scott |publisher=Edinburgh University Library |date=24 October 2003}}</ref>

Walter was, through the Haliburtons, a cousin of the [[James Burton (property developer)|London property developer James Burton]] (d. 1837), who was born with the surname 'Haliburton', and of the same's son the architect [[Decimus Burton]].<ref name="BSLS">{{Cite web |title=Who were the Burtons |url=http://www.burtonsstleonardssociety.co.uk/history_-_the_burtons.html |website=The Burtons' St Leonards Society |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908112908/http://www.burtonsstleonardssociety.co.uk/history_-_the_burtons.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Walter became a member of the [[Clarence Club]], of which the Burtons were members.<ref name="Life and Letters p. 55">{{Cite book |last=Beattie |first=William |title=Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell, In Three Volumes, Volume II |year=1849 |publisher=Edward Moxon, Dover Street, London |page=55}}</ref><ref name="Athenaeum">{{Cite book |title=The Athenaeum, Volume 3, Issues 115–165 |year=1830 |publisher=J. Lection, London |page=170}}</ref>
[[File:Smailholm Tower 001.jpg|alt=|thumb|Scott's childhood at Sandyknowes, in the shadow of [[Smailholm Tower]], introduced him to the tales and folklore of the [[Scottish Borders]]]]
[[File:The Scott's family home in George Square, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|The Scott family's home in [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]], Edinburgh, from about 1778]]
A childhood bout of [[polio]] in 1773 left Scott lame,<ref name="T E Cone">{{Cite journal |last=Cone |first=T E |title=Was Sir Walter Scott's Lameness Caused by Poliomyelitis? |journal=Pediatrics |date=1973 |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=33 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/51/1/35.abstract}}</ref> a condition that would greatly affect his life and writing.<ref name=Robertson>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Fiona |title=Disfigurement and Disability: Walter Scott's Bodies |url=http://www.otranto.co.uk/index.php/publication/view/54#_ftn3 |work=Otranto.co.uk |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213344/http://www.otranto.co.uk/index.php/publication/view/54#_ftn3 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

To improve his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural [[Scottish Borders]], at his paternal grandparents' farm at Sandyknowe, by the ruin of [[Smailholm Tower]], the earlier family home.<ref name="Sandy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/sandy.html |title=Sandyknowe and Early Childhood |website=Walter Scott |publisher=Edinburgh University Library |date=24 October 2003}}</ref> Here, he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny Scott and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that later marked much of his work. In January 1775, he returned to Edinburgh, and that summer with his aunt Jenny took spa treatment at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in Somerset, southern England, where they lived at 6 [[South Parade, Bath|South Parade]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443617 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531061957/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443617 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2012 |title=No 1 Nos 2 and 3 (Farrell's Hotel) Nos 4 to 8 (consec) (Pratt's Hotel) |work=Images of England |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> In the winter of 1776, he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a water cure at [[Prestonpans]] the following summer.<ref name="Sandy"/>

In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to prepare him for school and joined his family in their new house, one of the first to be built in [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]].<ref name="homes"/> In October 1779, he began at the [[Royal High School (Edinburgh)|Royal High School]] in Edinburgh (in High School Yards). He was by then well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books. He was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the [[Church of Scotland]] with emphasis on the [[Covenanters]].

In 1783, his parents, believing he had outgrown his strength, sent him to stay for six months with his aunt Jenny at [[Kelso, Scottish Borders|Kelso]] in the Scottish Borders: there he attended [[Kelso High School (Scotland)|Kelso Grammar School]], where he met [[James Ballantyne]] and his brother [[John Ballantyne (publisher)|John]], who later became his business partners and printers.<ref name=uni>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/education.html |title=School and University |publisher=Walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk |date=24 October 2003 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>

===Appearance===
As a result of his early polio infection, Scott had a pronounced limp. He was described in 1820 as "tall, well formed (except for one ankle and foot which made him walk lamely), neither fat nor thin, with forehead very high, nose short, upper lip long and face rather fleshy, complexion fresh and clear, eyes very blue, shrewd and penetrating, with hair now silvery white".<ref>C. R. Leslie, 1855. "Letter to Miss C Leslie dated 26 June 1820" in [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125007592757 ''Autobiographical recollections'']. ed. Tom Taylor, Ticknor & Fields, Boston.</ref> Although a determined walker, he experienced greater freedom of movement on horseback.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Student==
[[File:Portrait of Sir Walter Scott (4673840).jpg|thumb|150px|upright|left|Sketch of Scott c.1800 by an unknown artist]]
Scott began studying classics at the [[University of Edinburgh]] in November 1783, at the age of 12, a year or so younger than most fellow students. In March 1786, aged 14, he began an apprenticeship in his father's office to become a [[Writer to the Signet]]. At school and university Scott had become a friend of [[Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)|Adam Ferguson]], whose father Professor [[Adam Ferguson]] hosted literary salons.<ref>[[#CITEREFLockhart1852|Lockhart]], pp. 378–379.</ref> Scott met the blind poet [[Thomas Blacklock]], who lent him books and introduced him to the [[Ossian]] cycle of poems by [[James Macpherson]]. During the winter of 1786–1787, a 15-year-old Scott met the Scots poet [[Robert Burns]] at one of these salons, their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem "The Justice of the Peace" and asked who had written it, Scott alone named the author as [[John Langhorne (poet)|John Langhorne]] and was thanked by Burns. Scott describes the event in his memoirs, where he whispers the answer to his friend [[Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)|Adam]], who tells Burns;<ref>[[#CITEREFLockhart1852|Lockhart]], p. 38.</ref> another version of the event appears in ''Literary Beginnings''.<ref name=lit>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/beginning.html |title=Literary Beginnings |publisher=Walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>

When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in moral philosophy (under [[Dugald Stewart]]) and universal history (under [[Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee|Alexander Fraser Tytler]]) in 1789–1790.<ref name=uni/> During this second university spell Scott became prominent in student intellectual activities: he co-founded the Literary Society in 1789 and was elected to the Speculative Society the following year, becoming librarian and secretary-treasurer a year after.<ref name=hewitt>Hewitt, David (2004) "Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/24928}}</ref>

After completing his law studies, Scott took up law in Edinburgh. He made his first visit as a lawyer's clerk to the Scottish Highlands, directing an eviction. He was admitted to the [[Faculty of Advocates]] in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, who married Scott's friend [[William Forbes, 7th Baronet|Sir William Forbes, 7th Baronet]]. In February 1797, the threat of a French invasion persuaded Scott and many of his friends to join the [[British Volunteer Corps|Royal Edinburgh Volunteer Light Dragoons]], where he served into the early 1800s,<ref>J. G. Lockhart, 1872. [https://archive.org/details/lockhartslifeofs00lock/page/n11/mode/2up The Life Of Scott]. Ch. 2.</ref> and was appointed [[quartermaster]] and secretary. The daily drill practices that year, starting at 5 a.m., indicate the determination with which the role was undertaken.<ref>J. G. Lockhart, 1872. The Life Of Scott. Ch. 2 p.49</ref>

==Literary career, marriage and family==
[[File:Scott's Minstrelsy Of The Scottish Border.JPG|thumb|A copy of Scott's ''Minstrelsy'', in the National Museum of Scotland]]
Scott was prompted to take up a literary career by enthusiasm in Edinburgh in the 1790s for modern German literature. Recalling the period in 1827, Scott said that he "was German-mad."<ref>''The Letters of Sir Walter Scott': 1826‒1828'', ed. H. J. C. Grierson (London, 1936), p. 331: Scott to Mrs Hughes.</ref> In 1796, he produced English versions of two poems by [[Gottfried August Bürger]], ''Der wilde Jäger'' and ''Lenore'', published as ''The Chase, and William and Helen''. Scott responded to the German interest at the time in national identity, folk culture and medieval literature,<ref name="hewitt"/> which linked with his own developing passion for traditional balladry. A favourite book since childhood had been [[Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]]'s ''[[Reliques of Ancient English Poetry]]''. During the 1790s he would search in manuscript collections and on Border "raids" for ballads from oral performance. With help from [[John Leyden]], he produced a two-volume ''Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border'' in 1802, containing 48 traditional ballads and two imitations apiece by Leyden and himself. Of the 48 traditionals, 26 were published for the first time. An enlarged edition appeared in three volumes the following year. With many of the ballads, Scott fused different versions into more coherent texts, a practice he later repudiated.<ref name="hewitt"/> The ''Minstrelsy'' was the first and most important of a series of editorial projects over the next two decades, including the medieval romance ''[[Sir Tristrem]]'' (which Scott attributed to [[Thomas the Rhymer]]) in 1804, the works of [[John Dryden]] (18 vols, 1808), and the works of [[Jonathan Swift]] (19 vols, 1814).

On a trip to the English [[Lake District]] with old college friends, he met Charlotte Charpentier (Anglicised to "Carpenter"), a daughter of Jean Charpentier of [[Lyon]] in France and a [[wardship|ward]] of Lord Downshire in [[Cumberland]], an Anglican. After three weeks' courtship, Scott proposed and they were married on Christmas Eve 1797 in St Mary's Church, Carlisle (now the nave of [[Carlisle Cathedral]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/marriage.html |title=Williamina, Charlotte and Marriage |publisher=University of Edinburgh |date=24 October 2003 |access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> After renting a house in Edinburgh's [[George Street, Edinburgh|George Street]], they moved to nearby South Castle Street. Their eldest child, Sophia, was born in 1799, and later married [[John Gibson Lockhart]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbotsford – The Home of Sir Walter Scott|url=https://www.scottsabbotsford.com/history/the-descendants-of-sir-walter-scott/scotts-children|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.scottsabbotsford.com}}</ref> Four of their five children survived Scott himself. His eldest son [[Scott baronets|Sir Walter Scott, 2nd Baronet]] (1801–1847), inherited his father's estates and possessions: on 3 February 1825<ref>Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland: The Grampian Society, 1871.</ref> he married Jane Jobson, only daughter of William Jobson of Lochore (died 1822) by his wife Rachel Stuart (died 1863), heiress of [[Lochore]] and a niece of Lady Margaret Ferguson.<ref>C. S. M. Lockhart, 1871 [https://archive.org/details/centenarymemori00lockgoog ''The Centenary Memorial of Sir Walter Scott'']. Virtue & Co. p. 62.</ref> In 1799 Scott was appointed [[Sheriff Court|Sheriff-Depute]] of the [[County of Selkirk]], based at the [[Selkirk Town House|courthouse]] in the [[Royal Burgh]] of [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]]. In his early married days Scott earned a decent living from his work as a lawyer, his salary as Sheriff-Depute, his wife's income, some revenue from his writing, and his share of his father's modest estate.

[[File:39 North Castle Street, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|left|Right to left: numbers 39, 41 and 43 North Castle Street, Edinburgh. No 39 was the home of Sir Walter Scott from 1801]]
After the younger Walter was born in 1801, the Scotts moved to a spacious three-storey house at 39 North Castle Street, which remained his Edinburgh base until 1826, when it was sold by the trustees appointed after his financial ruin. From 1798, Scott had spent summers in a cottage at [[Lasswade]], where he entertained guests, including literary figures. It was there his career as an author began. There were nominal residency requirements for his position of Sheriff-Depute, and at first he stayed at a local inn during the circuit. In 1804, he ended his use of the Lasswade cottage and leased the substantial house of [[Ashiestiel|Ashestiel]], {{convert|6|mi|km}} from Selkirk, sited on the south bank of the [[River Tweed]] and incorporating an ancient [[tower house]].<ref name="homes"/>

At Scott's insistence the first edition of ''Minstrelsy'' was printed by his friend James Ballantyne at Kelso. In 1798 James had published Scott's version of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Erlkönig]]'' in his newspaper ''The Kelso Mail'', and in 1799 included it and the two Bürger translations in a privately printed anthology, ''Apology for Tales of Terror''. In 1800 Scott suggested that Ballantyne set up business in Edinburgh and provided a loan for him to make the transition in 1802. In 1805, they became partners in the printing business, and from then until the financial crash of 1826 Scott's works were routinely printed by the firm.<ref>[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 171.</ref><ref name=hewitt/><ref>Sharon Ragaz, 2004. "James Ballantyne", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/1228}}</ref>

Scott was known for his fondness of [[dog]]s, and owned several throughout his life. Upon his death, one newspaper noted "of all the great men who have loved dogs no one ever loved them better or understood them more thoroughly".<ref name=platte>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=14 November 1894 |title=The North Platte tribune. (North Platte, Neb.) 1890–1894, November 14, 1894, Image 7 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/2010270503/1894-11-14/ed-1/seq-7/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |issn=2165-8838}}</ref> The best known of Scott's dogs were [[Maida (dog)|Maida]], a large stag hound, and Spice, a Dandie Dinmont terrier described as having [[asthma]], to which Scott gave particular care. In a diary entry written at the height of his financial woes, Scott described dismay at the prospect of having to sell them: "The thoughts of parting from these dumb creatures have moved me more than any of the reflections I have put down".<ref name="platte"/>

==The poet==
[[File:Sir William Allan - Sir Walter Scott, 1771 - 1832. Novelist and poet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Sir Walter Scott, novelist and poet – painted by [[Sir William Allan]] ]]
Between 1805 and 1817 Scott produced five long, six-canto narrative poems, four shorter independently published poems, and many small metrical pieces. Scott was by far the most popular poet of the time until [[Lord Byron]] published the first two cantos of ''[[Childe Harold's Pilgrimage]]'' in 1812 and followed them up with his exotic oriental verse narratives.

''[[The Lay of the Last Minstrel]]'' (1805), in medieval romance form, grew out of Scott's plan to include a long original poem of his own in the second edition of the ''Minstrelsy'': it was to be "a sort of Romance of Border Chivalry & inchantment".<ref>''The Letters of Sir Walter Scott: 1787‒1807'', ed. [[H. J. C. Grierson]] (London, 1932), 166 (Scott to [[Anna Seward]], 30 November 1802).</ref> He owed the distinctive irregular accent in four-beat metre to [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]]'s ''[[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]]'', which he had heard recited by [[John Stoddart]]. (It was not to be published until 1816.)<ref>[[#Johnson|Johnson]], p. 197.</ref> Scott was able to draw on his unrivalled familiarity with Border history and legend acquired from oral and written sources beginning in his childhood to present an energetic and highly coloured picture of 16th-century Scotland, which both captivated the general public and with its voluminous notes also addressed itself to the antiquarian student. The poem has a strong moral theme, as human pride is placed in the context of the last judgment with the introduction of a version of the "[[Dies irae]]" at the end. The work was an immediate success with almost all the reviewers and with readers in general, going through five editions in one year.<ref name=hewitt/> 
The most celebrated lines are the ones that open the final stanza: 
{{Blockquote|<poem>
Breathes there the man, with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said,
 This is my own, my native land!
Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned,
As home his footsteps he hath turned,
 From wandering on a foreign strand!—
If such there breathe, go, mark him well;
For him no minstrel raptures swell.</poem>}}

Three years after ''The Lay'' Scott published ''[[Marmion (poem)|Marmion]]'' (1808) telling a story of corrupt passions leading up as a disastrous climax to the [[Battle of Flodden]] in 1513. The main innovation involves prefacing each of the six cantos with an epistle from the author to a friend: [[William Stewart Rose]], The Rev. [[John Marriott (poet)|John Marriot]], [[William Erskine, Lord Kinneder|William Erskine]], [[James Skene]], [[George Ellis (poet)|George Ellis]], and [[Richard Heber]]: the epistles develop themes of moral positives and special delights imparted by art. In an unprecedented move, the publisher [[Archibald Constable]] purchased the copyright of the poem for a thousand guineas at the beginning of 1807, when only the first had been completed.<ref>Walter Scott, 2018. ''Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field'', ed. Ainsley McIntosh. Edinburgh. pp. 292‒93. {{ISBN|978-1717020321}}</ref> Constable's faith was justified by the sales: the three editions published in 1808 sold 8,000 copies. The verse of ''Marmion'' is less striking than that of ''The Lay'', with the epistles in iambic tetrameters and the narrative in tetrameters with frequent trimeters. The reception by the reviewers was less favourable than that accorded ''The Lay'': style and plot were both found faulty, the epistles did not link up with the narrative, there was too much antiquarian pedantry, and Marmion's character was immoral.<ref>J. H. Alexander, 1976. ''Two Studies in Romantic Reviewing'', Vol. 2. Salzburg. pp. 358‒369. {{ISBN|0773401296}}</ref> The most familiar lines in the poem sum up one of its main themes: "O what a tangled web we weave,/ When first we practice to deceive"<ref>Canto 6, stanza 17 (6.766‒67).</ref>

Scott's meteoric poetic career peaked with his third long narrative, ''The Lady of the Lake'' (1810), which sold 20,000 copies in the first year.<ref name=hewitt/> The reviewers were fairly favourable, finding the defects noted in ''Marmion'' largely absent.<ref>J. H. Alexander, 1976. ''Two Studies in Romantic Reviewing'', Vol. 2. Salzburg. pp. 369‒380. {{ISBN|0773401296}}</ref> In some ways it is more conventional than its predecessors: the narrative is entirely in iambic tetrameters and the story of the transparently disguised [[James V of Scotland|James V]] (King of Scots 1513‒42) predictable: Coleridge wrote to [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]]: 'The movement of the Poem... is between a sleeping Canter and a Marketwoman's trot – but it is endless – I seem never to have made any way – I never remember a narrative poem in which I felt the sense of Progress so languid."<ref>''Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Volume 3 1807‒1814'', ed. Earl Leslie Griggs. Oxford. 1959. p. 808 (early October 1810).</ref> But the metrical uniformity is relieved by frequent songs and the Perthshire Highland setting is presented as an enchanted landscape, which caused a phenomenal increase in the local tourist trade.<ref>''The Letters of Sir Walter Scott: 1808‒1811'', ed. H. J. C. Grierson. London. 1932. 419n.</ref> Moreover, the poem touches on a theme that was to be central to the Waverley Novels: the clash between neighbouring societies in different stages of development.<ref name=hewitt/>

The remaining two long narrative poems, ''[[Rokeby (poem)|Rokeby]]'' (1813), set in the [[Yorkshire]] estate of that name belonging to Scott's friend [[John Bacon Sawrey Morritt|J. B. S. Morritt]] during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] period, and ''[[The Lord of the Isles]]'' (1815), set in early 14th-century Scotland and culminating in the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314. Both works had generally favourable receptions and sold well, but without rivalling the huge success of ''The Lady of the Lake''. Scott also produced four minor narrative or semi-narrative poems between 1811 and 1817: ''[[The Vision of Don Roderick]]'' (1811, celebrating Wellington's successes in the Peninsular Campaign, with profits donated to Portuguese war sufferers);<ref>''The Romantics Part III, S–Z'', No. 25, London: Jarndyce Antiquarian Booksellers, 2021.</ref> ''[[The Bridal of Triermain]]'' (published anonymously in 1813); ''[[The Field of Waterloo]]'' (1815); and ''[[Harold the Dauntless]]'' (published anonymously in 1817).

Throughout his creative life Scott was an active reviewer. Although himself a Tory he reviewed for ''[[Edinburgh Review|The Edinburgh Review]]'' between 1803 and 1806, but that journal's advocacy of peace with Napoleon led him to cancel his subscription in 1808. The following year, at the height of his poetic career, he was instrumental in establishing a Tory rival, ''[[Quarterly Review|The Quarterly Review]]'' to which he contributed reviews for the rest of his life.<ref>[[#Johnson|Johnson]], pp. 299‒300.</ref><ref>William B. Todd and Ann Bowen, 1998. ''Sir Walter Scott: A Bibliographical History 1796‒1832''. New Castle, Delaware, Items 10A, 26A, 36A, 245A. {{ISBN|9781884718649}}</ref>

In 1813 Scott was offered the position of [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]]. He declined, feeling that "such an appointment would be a poisoned chalice," as the Laureateship had fallen into disrepute due to the decline in quality of work suffered by previous title holders, "as a succession of poetasters had churned out conventional and obsequious odes on royal occasions."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/poet.html |title=Scott the Poet |website=www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk}}</ref> He sought advice from the [[Charles Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch|4th Duke of Buccleuch]], who counselled him to retain his literary independence. The position went to Scott's friend, [[Robert Southey]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/poet.html |title=Scott the Poet |publisher=Walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>

==The novelist==
[[File:Walter Scott Legend of Montrose Illustration.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[A Legend of Montrose]]'', illustration from the 1872 edition]]
{{Further|Historical romance|Romance (literary fiction)}}

===Gothic novel===
Scott was influenced by [[Gothic romance]], and had collaborated in 1801 with [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|'Monk' Lewis]] on ''Tales of Wonder''.<ref name="The Bloomsbury Guide p. 885">''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature'', ed. Marion Wynne Davis. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990, p.&nbsp;885.</ref><ref>See also, Robert Letellier, ''Sir Walter Scott and the Gothic Novel''. Lewiston, New York:Mellen Press, 1995.</ref>

===Historic romances===
Scott's career as a novelist was attended with uncertainty. The first few chapters of ''Waverley'' were complete by roughly 1805, but the project was abandoned as a result of unfavourable criticism from a friend. Soon after, Scott was asked by the publisher John Murray to posthumously edit and complete the last chapter of an unfinished romance by [[Joseph Strutt (engraver and antiquary)|Joseph Strutt]]. Published in 1808 and set in 15th-century England, ''[[Queenhoo Hall]]'' was not a success due to its archaic language and excessive display of antiquarian information.<ref>Walter Scott, 1889. ''Waverley Novels Centenary Edition Vol. I'', "General Preface, 1829." Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.</ref> The success of Scott's Highland narrative poem ''The Lady of the Lake'' in 1810 seems to have put it into his head to resume the narrative and have his hero Edward Waverley journey to Scotland. Although ''Waverley'' was announced for publication at that stage, it was again laid by and not resumed until late 1813, then published in 1814.<ref>Walter Scott, 2007. ''Waverley'', ed. P. D. Garside. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 367‒383. {{ISBN|0748605673}}</ref> Only a thousand copies were printed, but the work was an immediate success and 3,000 more were added in two further editions the same year. ''Waverley'' turned out to be the first of 27 novels (eight published in pairs), and by the time the sixth of them, ''Rob Roy'', was published, the print run for the first edition had been increased to 10,000 copies, which became the norm.

Given Scott's established status as a poet and the tentative nature of ''Waverley''{{'}}s emergence, it is not surprising that he followed a common practice in the period and published it anonymously. He continued this until his financial ruin in 1826, the novels mostly appearing as "By the Author of ''Waverley''" (or variants thereof) or as ''Tales of My Landlord''. It is not clear why he chose to do this (no fewer than eleven reasons have been suggested),<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol10/iss4/3/ |author=Cooney, Seamus |title=Scott's Anonymity—Its Motive and Consequences |journal=Studies in Scottish Literature |volume=10 |year=1973 |pages=207‒19}}</ref> especially as it was a fairly open secret, but as he himself said, with [[Shylock]], "such was my humour."<ref>Walter Scott, 2012. "General Preface" in ''Introductions and Notes from The Magnum Opus: Waverley to A Legend of the Wars of Montrose'', ed. J. H. Alexander, P. D. Garside and [[Claire Lamont]]. Edinburgh University Press. p. 15. {{ISBN|0748605908}}</ref>
[[File:Sir Walter Scott, Bart. of Abbotsford from "The Scottish Bar Fifty Years Ago".PNG|thumb|left|Sir Walter Scott by [[Robert Scott Moncrieff]]]]
[[File:Bally-burgh Ness = Pointe de Bally-burgh.jpg|thumb|Depicts Edie Ochiletree guiding Sir Arthur and Isabella Wardour through the storm from Chapter 7 of The Antiquary]]
Scott was an almost exclusively historical novelist. Only one of his 27 novels – ''Saint Ronan's Well'' – has a wholly modern setting. The settings of the others range from 1794 in ''[[The Antiquary]]'' back to 1096 or 1097, the time of the [[First Crusade]], in ''[[Count Robert of Paris]]''. Sixteen take place in Scotland. The first nine, from ''Waverley'' (1814) to ''[[A Legend of Montrose]]'' (1819), all have Scottish locations and 17th- or 18th-century settings. Scott was better versed in his material than anyone: he could draw on oral tradition and a wide range of written sources in his ever-expanding library (many of the books rare and some unique copies).<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Levy, Lindsay |title="Long life to thy fame and peace to thy soul": Walter Scott's Collection of Robert Burns's Books and Manuscripts |journal=Scottish Archives |volume=16 |year=2010 |pages=32‒40 (34)}}</ref><ref>Lindsay Levy, 2012. "Was Sir Walter Scott a Bibliomaniac?", in ''From Compositors to Collectors: Essays on Book-Trade History'', ed. John Hinks and Matthew Day. New Castle, Delaware. pp. 309‒321. {{ISBN|9780712358729}}</ref> In general it is these pre-1820 novels that have drawn the attention of modern critics – especially: ''Waverley'', with its presentation of the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Jacobites]] drawn from the Highland clans as obsolete and fanatical idealists; ''Old Mortality'' (1816) with its treatment of the 1679 Covenanters as fanatical and often ridiculous (prompting [[John Galt (novelist)|John Galt]] to produce a contrasting picture in his novel ''Ringan Gilhaize'' in 1823); ''The Heart of Mid-Lothian'' (1818) with its low-born heroine Jeanie Deans making a perilous journey to Richmond in 1737 to secure a promised royal pardon for her sister, falsely accused of infanticide; and the tragic ''The Bride of Lammermoor'' (1819), with its stern account of a declined aristocratic family, with Edgar Ravenswood and his fiancée as victims of the wife of an upstart lawyer in a time of political power-struggle before the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707.
[[File:Charles Robert Leslie - Sir Walter Scott - Ravenswood and Lucy at the Mermaiden's Well - Bride of Lammermoor.jpg|thumb|"Edgar and Lucie at Mermaiden's well" by Charles Robert Leslie (1886), after Sir Walter Scott's ''Bride of Lammermoor''. Lucie is wearing a [[full plaid]].]]

In 1820, in a bold move, Scott shifted period and location for ''Ivanhoe'' (1820) to 12th-century England. This meant he was dependent on a limited range of sources, all of them printed: he had to bring together material from different centuries and invent an artificial form of speech based on Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. The result is as much myth as history, but the novel remains his best-known work, the most likely to be found by the general reader. Eight of the subsequent 17 novels also have medieval settings, though most are set towards the end of the era, for which Scott had a better supply of contemporaneous sources. His familiarity with Elizabethan and 17th-century English literature, partly resulting from editorial work on pamphlets and other minor publications, meant that four of his works set in the England of that period – ''[[Kenilworth (novel)|Kenilworth]]'' (1821), ''[[The Fortunes of Nigel]]'' and ''[[Peveril of the Peak]]'' (1821), and ''[[Woodstock (novel)|Woodstock]]'' (1826) – present rich pictures of their societies. The most generally esteemed of Scott's later fictions, though, are three short stories: a supernatural narrative in Scots, "Wandering Willie's Tale" in ''[[Redgauntlet]]'' (1824), and "The Highland Widow" and "The Two Drovers" in ''[[Chronicles of the Canongate]]'' (1827).

Crucial to Scott's historical thinking is the concept that very different societies can move through the same stages as they develop, and that humanity is basically unchanging, or as he puts it in the first chapter of ''Waverley'' that there are "passions common to men in all stages of society, and which have alike agitated the human heart, whether it throbbed under the steel corslet of the fifteenth century, the brocaded coat of the eighteenth, or the blue frock and white dimity waistcoat of the present day." It was one of Scott's main achievements to give lively, detailed pictures of different stages of Scottish, British, and European society while making it clear that for all the differences in form, they took the same human passions as those of his own age.<ref>Graham McMaster, 1981. ''Scott and Society''. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 2 "Scott and the Enlightenment". {{ISBN|9780521237697}}</ref> His readers could therefore appreciate the depiction of an unfamiliar society, while having no difficulty in relating to the characters.

Scott is fascinated by striking moments of transition between stages in societies. [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], in a discussion of Scott's early novels, found that they derive their "long-sustained ''interest''" from "the contest between the two great moving Principles of social Humanity – religious adherence to the Past and the Ancient, the Desire & the admiration of Permanence, on the one hand; and the Passion for increase of Knowledge, for Truth as the offspring of Reason, in short, the mighty Instincts of ''Progression'' and ''Free-agency'', on the other."<ref>''Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge'', ed. Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols (Oxford, 1956‒71), 5.34‒35: Coleridge to [[Thomas Allsop]], 8 April 1820.</ref> This is clear, for example, in ''Waverley'', as the hero is captivated by the romantic allure of the Jacobite cause embodied in [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]] and his followers before accepting that the time for such enthusiasms has passed and accepting the more rational, humdrum reality of [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] Britain. Another example appears in 15th-century Europe in the yielding of the old chivalric world view of [[Charles the Bold|Charles, Duke of Burgundy]] to the [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavellian]] pragmatism of [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]]. Scott is intrigued by the way different stages of societal development can exist side by side in one country. When Waverley has his first experience of Highland ways after a raid on his Lowland host's cattle, it "seemed like a dream&nbsp;... that these deeds of violence should be familiar to men's minds, and currently talked of, as falling with the common order of things, and happening daily in the immediate neighbourhood, without his having crossed the seas, and while he was yet in the otherwise well-ordered island of Great Britain."<ref>Walter Scott, 2007. ''Waverley'', ed. P. D. Garside. Edinburgh University Press. Ch. 16, p. 78. {{ISBN|0748605673}}</ref> A more complex version of this comes in Scott's second novel, ''[[Guy Mannering]]'' (1815), which "set in 1781‒2, offers no simple opposition: the Scotland represented in the novel is at once backward and advanced, traditional and modern – it is a country in varied stages of progression in which there are many social subsets, each with its own laws and customs."<ref name=hewitt/>

Scott's process of composition can be traced through the manuscripts (mostly preserved), the more fragmentary sets of proofs, his correspondence, and publisher's records.<ref>For an overview of the process see the revised "General Introduction" to the [[Edinburgh edition of the Waverley novels]] by David Hewitt, first published in 1997 in the ''Guy Mannering'' volume.</ref> He did not create detailed plans for his stories, and the remarks by the figure of "the Author" in the Introductory Epistle to ''The Fortunes of Nigel'' probably reflect his own experience:『I think there is a dæmon who seats himself on the feather of my pen when I begin to write, and leads it astray from the purpose. Characters expand under my hand; incidents are multiplied; the story lingers, while the materials increase – my regular mansion turns out a Gothic anomaly, and the work is complete long before I have attained the point I proposed.』Yet the manuscripts rarely show major deletions or changes of direction, and Scott could clearly keep control of his narrative. That was important, for as soon as he had made fair progress with a novel he would start sending batches of manuscript to be copied (to preserve his anonymity), and the copies were sent to be set up in type. (As usual at the time, the compositors would supply the punctuation.) He received proofs, also in batches, and made many changes at that stage, but these were almost always local corrections and enhancements.
[[File:Waverly Tully-Veolan.jpg|alt=Vignette depiction of Tully-Veolan Castle, home of the Bradwardines in Waverley (reputedly based on Craighall Castle, Perthshire). 1832.|thumb|Steel engraving by C. Heath after a drawing by P. De Wint of a scene relating to Scott's novel ''Waverley'', 1832. The University of Edinburgh Collections.]]
As the number of novels grew, they were republished in small collections: ''Novels and Tales'' (1819: ''Waverley'' to ''A Tale of Montrose''); ''Historical Romances'' (1822: ''Ivanhoe'' to ''Kenilworth''); ''Novels and Romances'' (1824 [1823]: ''[[The Pirate (novel)|The Pirate]]'' to ''[[Quentin Durward]]''); and two series of ''Tales and Romances'' (1827: ''St Ronan's Well'' to ''Woodstock''; 1833: ''Chronicles of the Canongate'' to ''[[Castle Dangerous]]''). In his last years Scott marked up interleaved copies of these collected editions to produce a final version of what were now officially the ''Waverley Novels'', often called his 'Magnum Opus' or 'Magnum Edition'. Scott provided each novel with an introduction and notes and made mostly piecemeal adjustments to the text. Issued in 48 smart monthly volumes between June 1829 and May 1833 at a modest price of five shillings (25p) these were an innovative and profitable venture aimed at a wide readership: the print run was an astonishing 30,000.<ref>Jane Millgate, 1987. ''Scott's Last Edition: A Study in Publishing History''. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21 and 125 note 51. {{ISBN|0852245416}}</ref>

In a "General Preface" to the "Magnum Edition", Scott wrote that one factor prompting him to resume work on the ''Waverley'' manuscript in 1813 had been a desire to do for Scotland what had been done in the fiction of [[Maria Edgeworth]], "whose Irish characters have gone so far to make the English familiar with the character of their gay and kind-hearted neighbours of Ireland, that she may be truly said to have done more towards completing the Union, than perhaps all the legislative enactments by which it has been followed up [the [[Acts of Union 1801|Act of Union]] of 1801]."<ref>Walter Scott, 2012. "General Preface" in ''Introductions and Notes from The Magnum Opus: Waverley to A Legend of the Wars of Montrose'', ed. J. H. Alexander, P. D. Garside and Claire Lamont. Edinburgh University Press. p. 12. {{ISBN|0748605908}}</ref> Most of Scott's readers were English: with ''Quentin Durward'' (1823) and ''Woodstock'' (1826), for example, some 8000 of the 10,000 copies of the first edition went to London.<ref>Walter Scott, ''Quentin Durward'', ed. J. H. Alexander and G. A. M. Wood (Edinburgh, 2001), 408; Walter Scott, ''Woodstock'', ed. Tony Inglis (Edinburgh, 2009) 445.</ref> In the Scottish novels the lower-class characters normally speak Scots, but Scott is careful not to make the Scots too dense, so that those unfamiliar with it can follow the gist without understanding every word. Some have also argued that although Scott was formally a supporter of the Union with England (and Ireland) his novels have a strong nationalist subtext for readers attuned to that wavelength.<ref>Paul Scott, ''Walter Scott and Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1981); Julian Meldon D'Arcy, ''Subversive Scott'' (Reykjavik, 2005).</ref>

Scott's new career as a novelist in 1814 did not mean he abandoned poetry. The Waverley Novels contain much original verse, including familiar songs such as "Proud Maisie" from ''The Heart of Mid-Lothian'' (Ch. 41) and "Look not thou on Beauty's charming" from ''The Bride of Lammermoor'' (Ch. 3). In most of the novels Scott preceded each chapter with an epigram or "motto"; most of these are in verse, and many are of his own composition, often imitating other writers such as [[Beaumont and Fletcher]].

==Recovery of the Crown Jewels, baronetcy, and ceremonial pageantry==
[[File:George IV landing at Leith.JPG|thumb|[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] landing at [[Leith]] in 1822]]
Prompted by Scott, the Prince Regent (the future [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]) gave Scott and other officials permission in a Royal Warrant dated 28 October 1817<ref>William Bell, 1829. [https://archive.org/details/papersrelativeto00bell ''Papers Relative to the Regalia of Scotland'']. Edinburgh. p. 6.</ref> to conduct a search for the Crown Jewels ("[[Honours of Scotland]]"). During the Protectorate under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] these had been hidden away, but had subsequently been used to crown [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. They were not used to crown subsequent monarchs, but were regularly taken to sittings of Parliament, to represent the absent monarch, until the [[Act of Union 1707]]. So the honours were stored in Edinburgh Castle, but their large locked box was not opened for more than 100 years, and stories circulated that they had been "lost" or removed. On 4 February 1818,<ref>William Bell, 1829. [https://archive.org/details/papersrelativeto00bell ''Papers Relative to the Regalia of Scotland'']. Edinburgh. p. 9.</ref> Scott and a small military team opened the box and "unearthed" the honours from the Crown Room of [[Edinburgh Castle]]. On 19 August 1818 through Scott's effort, his friend [[Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)|Adam Ferguson]] was appointed Deputy Keeper of the "[[Honours of Scotland|Scottish Regalia]]".<ref>The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1818, Vol. 11 Appx. IV p. 227.</ref> The Scottish patronage system swung into action and after elaborate negotiations the Prince Regent granted Scott the title of [[baronet]]: in April 1820 he received the baronetcy in London, becoming Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garside |first1=Peter |title=Patriotism and Patronage: New Light on Scott's Baronetcy |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=77 |issue=1 |year=1982 |pages=16–28 |jstor=3727490 |doi=10.2307/3727490}}</ref>

After George's accession, the [[city council of Edinburgh]] invited Scott, at the sovereign's behest, to stage-manage the 1822 [[visit of King George IV to Scotland]].<ref name="Walter Scott Chronology">{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Walter Scott's life |website=Walter Scott Digital Archive |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/chronology.html |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> In spite of having only three weeks to work with, Scott created a spectacular, comprehensive pageant, designed not only to impress the King, but in some way to heal the rifts that had destabilised Scots society. Probably fortified by his vivid depiction of the pageant staged for the reception of Queen Elizabeth in ''Kenilworth'' he and his "production team" mounted what in modern days would be a [[Public relations|PR]] event, with the King dressed in [[tartan]] and greeted by his people, many of them also in similar tartan ceremonial dress. This form of dress, proscribed after the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]], became one of the seminal, potent and ubiquitous symbols of Scottish identity.<ref name="Walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/biography/chronology.html |title=Walter Scott Digital Archive – Chronology |publisher=Walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>

==Financial problems and death==
In 1825, a UK-wide [[panic of 1825|banking crisis]] resulted in the collapse of the Ballantyne printing business, of which Scott was the only partner with a financial interest. Its debts of £130,000 ({{Inflation|UK|130000|1825|r=-5|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) caused his very public ruin.<ref name="McKinstry2002">{{Cite journal |last1=McKinstry |first1=Sam |last2=Fletcher |first2=Marie |title=The Personal Account Books of Sir Walter Scott |journal=The Accounting Historians Journal |year=2002 |jstor=40698269 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=59–89|doi=10.2308/0148-4184.29.2.59}}</ref> Rather than declare himself bankrupt or accept any financial support from his many supporters and admirers (including the King himself), he placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors and set out to write his way out of debt. To add to his burdens, his wife Charlotte died in 1826.
[[File:0030274d.jpg|thumb|Walter Scott's Tomb at Dryburgh Abbey]]
Despite these events or because of them, Scott kept up his prodigious output. Between 1826 and 1832 he produced six novels, two short stories and two plays, eleven works or volumes of non-fiction, and a journal, along with several unfinished works. The non-fiction included the ''Life of Napoleon Buonaparte'' in 1827, two volumes of the ''History of Scotland'' in 1829 and 1830, and four instalments of the series entitled ''Tales of a Grandfather – Being Stories Taken From Scottish History'', written one per year over the period 1828–1831, among several others. Finally, Scott had recently been inspired by the diaries of [[Samuel Pepys]] and [[Lord Byron]], and he began keeping a journal over the period, which, however, would not be published until 1890, as ''[[The Journal of Sir Walter Scott]]''.

[[File:Walter Scott grave Dryburgh Abbey 20140527.jpg|thumb|Sir Walter Scott's grave at [[Dryburgh Abbey]] – the largest tomb is that of Sir Walter and Lady Scott. The engraved slab covers the grave of their son, Lt Col Sir Walter Scott. On the right is their son-in-law and biographer, [[John Gibson Lockhart]].]]
By then Scott's health was failing, and on 29 October 1831, in a vain search for improvement, he set off on a voyage to Malta and Naples on board [[HMS Barham (1811)|''HMS Barham'']], a frigate put at his disposal by the Admiralty. He was welcomed and celebrated wherever he went. On his journey home he boarded the steamboat [[De Rijn (1825)|''Prins Frederik'']] going from Cologne to Rotterdam. While on board he had a final stroke near [[Emmerich am Rhein|Emmerich]]. After local treatment, a steamboat took him to the steamship [[SS De Batavier (1827)|''Batavier'']], which left for England on 12 June. By pure coincidence, [[Mary Martha Sherwood]] was also on board. She would later write about this encounter.{{sfn|Sherwood|1857|p=531}} After he was landed in England, Scott was transported back to die at Abbotsford on 21 September 1832.<ref>''London Medical and Surgical Journal'', January 1833</ref> He was 61.

Scott was buried in [[Dryburgh Abbey]], where his wife had earlier been interred. Lady Scott had been buried as an Episcopalian; at Scott's own funeral, three ministers of the Church of Scotland officiated at Abbotsford and the service at Dryburgh was conducted by an Episcopal clergyman.<ref>Sefton, Henry R. (1983) "Scott as Churchman", ''Scott and his Influence''. Aberdeen. pp. 234–42 (241). {{ISBN|9780950262932}}</ref>

Although Scott died owing money, his novels continued to sell, and the debts encumbering his estate were discharged shortly after his death.<ref name="McKinstry2002" />

==Religion==
Scott was raised as a [[Presbyterian]] in the Church of Scotland. He was ordained as an elder in [[Duddingston Kirk]] in 1806,<ref name="Duddingston Kirk – Home">{{cite web |title=Duddingston Kirk – History and Buildings |website=Duddingston Kirk – Home |url=http://duddingstonkirk.co.uk/history_and_buildings.html |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> and sat in the General Assembly for a time as representative elder of the burgh of Selkirk. In adult life he also adhered to the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]]: he seldom attended church but read the [[Book of Common Prayer]] services in family worship.<ref>[[#CITEREFLockhart1852|Lockhart]], Vol. 2, pp. 186, 190.</ref>

==Freemasonry==
Scott's father was a Freemason, being a member of Lodge St David, No. 36 (Edinburgh), and Scott also became a Freemason in his father's Lodge in 1801,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackey|first=Albert G.|title=Encyclopedia Of Freemasonry And Its Kindred Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|volume=4 (S-Z)|publisher=Jazzybee Verlag|isbn=978-3-8496-8802-8|page=36}}</ref> albeit only after the death of his father.

==Abbotsford House==
[[File:Abbotsford04.jpg|thumb|[[Abbotsford House]]]]
[[File:The Tomb of Sir W. Scott, in Dryburgh Abbey by Henry Fox Talbot.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Tomb of Walter Scott, in Dryburgh Abbey, photo by [[Henry Fox Talbot]], 1844]]
[[File:The Abbotsford Family by Sir David Wilkie.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|''The Abbotsford Family'' by Sir David Wilkie, 1817, depicting Scott and his family dressed as country folk, with his wife and two daughters dressed as milkmaids]]
When Scott was a boy, he sometimes travelled with his father from Selkirk to Melrose, where some of his novels are set. At a certain spot, the old gentleman would stop the carriage and take his son to a stone on the site of the [[Battle of Melrose]] (1526).<ref>[[#CITEREFLockhart1852|Lockhart]], p. 397</ref>

During the summers from 1804, Scott made his home at the large house of Ashestiel, on the south bank of the River Tweed, {{convert|6|mi|km}} north of Selkirk. When his lease on this property expired in 1811, he bought Cartley Hole Farm, downstream on the Tweed nearer Melrose. The farm had the nickname of "[[wikt:clarty|Clarty]] Hole", and Scott renamed it "Abbotsford" after a neighbouring ford used by the monks of [[Melrose Abbey]].<ref name=scottsabbotsford>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottsabbotsford.com/|title=Abbotsford – The Home of Sir Walter Scott|website=www.scottsabbotsford.com|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> Following a modest enlargement of the original farmhouse in 1811–12, massive expansions took place in 1816–19 and 1822–24. Scott described the resulting building as 'a sort of romance in Architecture'<ref>Grierson, ''op. cit.'', 8.129: Scott to John Richardson, [November–December 1823].</ref> and 'a kind of Conundrum Castle to be sure'.<ref>''The Journal of Sir Walter Scott'', ed. W. E. K. Anderson (Oxford, 1972), 11: 7 January 1828.</ref> With his architects [[William Atkinson (architect)|William Atkinson]] and [[Edward Blore]] Scott was a pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style of architecture, and Abbotsford is festooned with turrets and stepped gabling. Through windows enriched with the insignia of heraldry the sun shone on suits of armour, trophies of the chase, a library of more than 9,000 volumes, fine furniture, and still finer pictures. Panelling of oak and cedar and carved ceilings relieved by coats of arms in their correct colours added to the beauty of the house.<ref name=scottsabbotsford />{{verify source|date=July 2013}}

It is estimated that the building cost Scott more than £25,000 ({{Inflation|UK|25000|1825|r=-5|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}). More land was purchased until Scott owned nearly {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}. In 1817 as part of the land purchases Scott bought the nearby mansion-house of Toftfield for his friend Adam Ferguson to live in along with his brothers and sisters and on which, at the ladies' request, he bestowed the name of Huntlyburn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200348630-huntlyburn-with-walled-garden-and-bothy-former-stables-cottage-and-mounting-block-leaderdale-and-melrose-ward |publisher=British Listed Buildings|title= Huntlyburn; statement of interest|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> Ferguson commissioned [[David Wilkie (artist)|Sir David Wilkie]] to paint the Scott family<ref>McCunn, Florence (1910) ''Sir Walter Scott's friends''. New York : John Lane Co. p. 329</ref> resulting in the painting ''The Abbotsford Family''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/8202/abbotsford-family |title=The Abbotsford Family|publisher=National Gallery|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> in which Scott is seated with his family represented as a group of country folk. [[Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)|Ferguson]] is standing to the right with the feather in his cap and Thomas Scott, Scott's Uncle,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/thomas-scott-17311823-uncle-of-sir-walter-scott-208654|title=Thomas Scott (1731–1823), Uncle of Sir Walter Scott|website=Art UK|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> is behind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/UoEwal~1~1~69351~101043|title=The Abbotsford Family – Walter Scott Image Collection|website=images.is.ed.ac.uk}}</ref> The painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1818.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95326355#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=15&xywh=-455%2C1682%2C3308%2C2452 |title=Douglas David 1895 Records of The Clan Ferguson|page=x|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

Abbotsford later gave its name to the [[Abbotsford Club]], founded in 1834 in memory of Sir Walter Scott.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00drab_958|title=The Oxford companion to English literature|last=Drabble|first=Margaret|date=2000|publisher=New York : Oxford University Press|edition=6th|pages=1|isbn=978-0-19-866244-0}}</ref>

==Reputation==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2021}}

===Later assessment===
Although he continued to be extremely popular and widely read, both at home and abroad,<ref>"...it would be difficult to name, from among both modern and ancient works, many read more widely and with greater pleasure than the historical novels of ... Walter Scott." – [[Alessandro Manzoni]], ''On the Historical Novel''.</ref> Scott's critical reputation declined in the last half of the 19th century as serious writers turned from romanticism to realism, and Scott began to be regarded as an author suitable for children. This trend accelerated in the 20th century. For example, in his classic study ''[[Aspects of the Novel]]'' (1927), [[E. M. Forster]] harshly criticized Scott's clumsy and slapdash writing style, "flat" characters, and thin plots. In contrast, the novels of Scott's contemporary [[Jane Austen]], once appreciated only by a discerning few (including, as it happened, Scott himself) rose steadily in critical esteem, though Austen, as a female writer, was still faulted for her narrow ("feminine") choice of subject matter, which, unlike Scott, avoided the grand historical themes traditionally viewed as masculine.

Nevertheless, Scott's importance as an innovator continued to be recognised. He was acclaimed as the inventor of the genre of the modern historical novel (which others trace to [[Jane Porter]], whose work in the genre predates Scott's) and the inspiration for enormous numbers of imitators and genre writers both in Britain and on the European continent. In the cultural sphere, Scott's Waverley novels played a significant part in the movement (begun with [[James Macpherson]]'s ''[[Ossian]]'' cycle) in rehabilitating the public perception of the [[Scottish Highlands]] and its culture, which had been formerly been viewed by the southern mind as a barbaric breeding ground of hill bandits, religious fanaticism, and [[Jacobitism|Jacobite risings]].

Scott served as chairman of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] and was also a member of the [[Royal Celtic Society]]. His own contribution to the reinvention of Scottish culture was enormous, even though his re-creations of the customs of the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] were fanciful at times. Through the medium of Scott's novels, the violent religious and political conflicts of the country's recent past could be seen as belonging to history—which Scott defined, as the subtitle of ''Waverley'' ("'Tis Sixty Years Since") indicates, as something that happened at least 60 years earlier. His advocacy of objectivity and moderation and his strong repudiation of political violence on either side also had a strong, though unspoken, contemporary resonance in an era when many conservative English speakers lived in mortal fear of a revolution in the French style on British soil. Scott's orchestration of [[Visit of King George IV to Scotland|King George IV's visit to Scotland]], in 1822, was a pivotal event intended to inspire a view of his home country that accentuated the positive aspects of the past while allowing the age of quasi-medieval blood-letting to be put to rest, while envisioning a more useful, peaceful future.

After Scott's work had been essentially unstudied for many decades, a revival of critical interest began in the middle of the 20th century. While [[F. R. Leavis]] had disdained Scott, seeing him as a thoroughly bad novelist and a thoroughly bad influence (''[[The Great Tradition]]'' [1948]), [[György Lukács]] (''The Historical Novel'' [1937, trans. 1962]) and [[David Daiches]] (''Scott's Achievement as a Novelist'' [1951]) offered a Marxian political reading of Scott's fiction that generated a great deal of interest in his work. These were followed in 1966 by a major thematic analysis covering most of the novels by Francis R. Hart (''Scott's Novels: The Plotting of Historic Survival''). Scott has proved particularly responsive to [[Postmodern]] approaches, most notably to the concept of the interplay of multiple voices highlighted by [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], as suggested by the title of the volume with selected papers from the Fourth International Scott Conference held in Edinburgh in 1991, ''Scott in Carnival''. Scott is now increasingly recognised not only as the principal inventor of the historical novel and a key figure in the development of Scottish and world literature, but also as a writer of a depth and subtlety who challenges his readers as well as entertaining them.

During his lifetime, Scott's portrait was painted by Sir [[Edwin Landseer]] and fellow Scots Sir [[Henry Raeburn]] and [[James Eckford Lauder]]. In 1824 by [[Charles Robert Leslie|C R Leslie]] later engraved by [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG24434 M I Danforth] in 1829. After Watts Souvenir of 1829 was published Close friends and family said "That it was the best engraving that had yet appeared of the likeness of the author of Waverley" <ref>Watts Souvenir 1829 p 193 and p ix accessed 11 June 2024</ref> [https://archive.org/details/cabinetofmoderna00watt/page/n229/mode/2up?q=portrait Watts Souvenir 1829]

Post Scott's life, 1833, W J Thompson painted a miniature for a gold memorial locket shown in [[William John Thomson|William John Thompson]]. 
In Edinburgh, the 61.1-metre-tall [[Victorian Gothic]] spire of the [[Scott Monument]] was designed by [[George Meikle Kemp]]. It was completed in 1844, 12 years after Scott's death, and dominates the south side of [[Princes Street]]. Scott is also commemorated on a stone slab in [[Makars' Court]], outside The Writers' Museum, [[Lawnmarket]], Edinburgh, along with other prominent Scottish writers; quotes from his work are also visible on the [[Canongate]] Wall of the [[Scottish Parliament building]] in [[Holyrood, Edinburgh|Holyrood]]. There is a tower dedicated to his memory on [[Corstorphine Hill]] in the west of the city and Edinburgh's Waverley railway station, opened in 1854, takes its name from his first novel.

In [[Glasgow]], [[public statues in Glasgow#George Square|Walter Scott's Monument]] dominates the centre of [[George Square]], the main public square in the city. Designed by [[David Rhind]] in 1838, the monument features a large column topped by a statue of Scott.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/143263/details/glasgow+george+square+walter+scott+s+monument/|title=Glasgow, George Square, Walter Scott's Monument|access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>
There is a statue of Scott in New York City's [[Central Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/monuments/1411|title=Central Park Monuments – Sir Walter Scott : NYC Parks|website=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref>

Numerous Masonic Lodges have been named after Scott and his novels. For example: Lodge Sir Walter Scott, No. 859 ([[Perth, Australia]]) and Lodge Waverley, No. 597, (Edinburgh, Scotland).<ref>Grand Lodge of Scotland Year Book. 2014. pp 25 & 34. {{ISBN|0902324-86-1}}</ref>

The annual [[Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction]] was created in 2010 by the [[Duke of Buccleuch|Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch]], whose ancestors were closely linked to Sir Walter Scott. At £25,000, it is one of the largest prizes in British literature. The award has been presented at Scott's historic home, Abbotsford House.

Scott has been credited with rescuing the [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|Scottish banknote]]. In 1826, there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds. Scott wrote a series of letters to the ''Edinburgh Weekly Journal'' under the pseudonym "''[[Malachi Malagrowther]]''" for retaining the right of Scottish banks to issue their own banknotes. This provoked such a response that the Government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing pound notes. This campaign is commemorated by his continued appearance on the front of all notes issued by the [[Bank of Scotland]]. The image on the 2007 series of banknotes is based on the portrait by [[Henry Raeburn]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes/bank-of-scotland.html|title=Bank of Scotland|website=www.scotbanks.org.uk}}</ref>

During and immediately after World War I there was a movement spearheaded by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] and other eminent people to [[Effect of World War I on children in the United States|inculcate patriotism in American school children]], especially immigrants, and to stress the American connection with the literature and institutions of the "mother country" of Great Britain, using selected readings in middle school textbooks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/americanidealss00pelogoog|title=American Ideals: Selected Patriotic Readings for Seventh and Eighth Grades|author=Serl, Emma and Joseph Pelo, William |date=1919|publisher=The Gregg publishing company|others=New York Public Library}}</ref> Scott's ''Ivanhoe'' continued to be required reading for many American high school students until the end of the 1950s.

A bust of Scott is in the Hall of Heroes of the [[National Wallace Monument]] in [[Stirling]]. Twelve streets in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] are named after Scott's books or characters.<ref>[https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/streets The origins of all 651 street names in Vancouver]. CBC Canada</ref>

In [[The Inch, Edinburgh|The Inch]] district of Edinburgh, some 30 streets developed in the early 1950s are named for Scott (Sir Walter Scott Avenue) and for characters and places from his poems and novels. Examples include Saddletree Loan (after Bartoline Saddletree, a character in ''[[The Heart of Midlothian]]''), Hazelwood Grove (after Charles Hazelwood, a character in ''[[Guy Mannering]]'') and Redgauntlet Terrace (after the 1824 [[Redgauntlet|novel of that name]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Stuart |title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History |date=2002 |publisher=Steve Savage Publishers |pages=323–324}}</ref>

==Influence==

===On novelists===
Walter Scott had an immense impact throughout Europe. "His historical fiction ... created for the first time a sense of the past as a place where people thought, felt and dressed differently".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/93115/| title = "Abstract": M. Pittock, ed., ''The Reception of Sir Walter Scott in Europe''. Series: The reception of British and Irish authors in Europe. Bloomsbury: London, 2014. ISBN 9781472535474| date = March 2014}}</ref> His historical romances "influenced [[Balzac]], [[Dostoevsky]], [[Flaubert]], [[Tolstoy]], [[Alexandre Dumas|Dumas]], [[Pushkin]], and many others; and his interpretation of history was seized on by [[Romantic nationalism|Romantic nationalists]], particularly in [[Eastern Europe]]".<ref name="ReferenceA">"Abstract": M. Pittock, ed., ''The Reception of Sir Walter Scott in Europe''.</ref> Also highly influential were the early translations into French by [[Auguste Defauconpret|Defauconpret]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

{{Wikisource|Landon in The Literary Gazette 1832/On Walter Scott|'On Walter Scott', a poem by L. E. L.}}
{{Wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Sir Walter Scott|'Sir Walter Scott', a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] was a great admirer of Scott and, on his death, she wrote two tributes to him: ''On Walter Scott'' in the Literary Gazette,<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Literary Gazette, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=nlcv5zijS2IC&pg=GBS.PA619|year=1832|pages=619–620|section=Walter Scott|publisher=The Proprietors, Wellington Street, Strand.}}</ref> and ''Sir Walter Scott'' in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9661|section=poetical illustration|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9662|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> Towards the end of her life she began a series called ''The Female Picture Gallery'' with a series of character analyses based on the women in Scott's works.<ref>{{cite book|last =Blanchard|first=Laman|title=Life and Literary Remains of L. E. L.|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=gTJtmc1Lub8C&pg=GBS.RA1-PA80|year=1841|section=Volume 2|publisher=Henry Colburn.}}</ref>

[[Victor Hugo]], in his 1823 essay, ''Sir Walter Scott: Apropos of Quentin Durward'', writes:
{{Blockquote|
Surely there is something strange and marvelous in the talent of this man who disposes of his reader as the wind disposes of a leaf; who leads him at his will into all places and into all times; unveils for him with ease the most secret recesses of the heart, as well as the most mysterious phenomena of nature, as well as the obscurest pages of history; whose imagination caresses and dominates all other imaginations, clothes with the same astonishing truth the beggar with his rags and the king with his robes, assumes all manners, adopts all garbs, speaks all languages; leaves to the physiognomy of the ages all that is immutable and eternal in their lineaments, traced there by the wisdom of God, and all that is variable and fleeting, planted there by the follies of men; does not force, like certain ignorant romancers, the personages of the past to colour themselves with our brushes and smear themselves with our varnish; but compels, by his magic power, the contemporary reader to imbue himself, at least for some hours, with the spirit of the old times, today so much scorned, like a wise and adroit adviser inviting ungrateful 
children to return to their father.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/thingsseenchoses00hugouoft/page/308/mode/2up|title=Things Seen, Essays by Victor Hugo |year=1823| publisher=Victor Hugo| page=309| access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
}}

[[Alessandro Manzoni]]'s ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|The Betrothed]]'' (1827) has similarities with Walter Scott's historic novel ''[[Ivanhoe]]'', although evidently distinct.<ref>From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969): "In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a single, isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing him. We refer, of course, to Manzoni's ''I Promessi Sposi'' (The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatness. When in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his best work. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about English and Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece."</ref>

In [[Charles Baudelaire]]'s ''[[La Fanfarlo]]'' (1847), poet Samuel Cramer says of Scott:
{{Blockquote|
Oh that tedious author, a dusty exhumer of chronicles! A fastidious mass of descriptions of bric-a-brac&nbsp;... and castoff things of every sort, armor, tableware, furniture, gothic inns, and melodramatic castles where lifeless mannequins stalk about, dressed in leotards.
}}
In the novella, however, Cramer proves as deluded a romantic as any hero in one of Scott's novels.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=390170|author= Heck, Francis S. |title=Baudelaire's La Fanfarlo: An Example of Romantic Irony|journal=The French Review|volume=49|issue= 3 |year=1976|pages=328–36}}</ref>

[[Jane Austen]], in a letter to her nephew James Edward Austen on 16 December 1816, writes:
{{Blockquote|
Uncle Henry writes very superior Sermons.– You & I must try to get hold of one or two, & put them into our Novels;– it would be a fine help to a volume; & we could make our Heroine read it aloud of a Sunday Evening, just as well as Isabella Wardour in ''[[the Antiquary]]'', is made to read the History of the Hartz Demon in the ruins of St Ruth– tho' I beleive, upon recollection, [[Lord Glenallan|Lovell]] is the Reader.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quinn-tessence.com/dear-cassandra/1816-2/16-december-1816-monday-from-chawton-to-james-edward/ |title=16 December 1816 – Monday – from Chawton – to James Edward |year=1816| access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

In Jane Austen's ''[[Persuasion (novel)|Persuasion]]'' (1817) Anne Elliot and Captain James Benwick discuss the "richness of the present age" of poetry, and whether ''Marmion'' or ''The Lady of the Lake'' is the more preferred work.

[[Mary Shelley]], while researching for her historical novel ''[[The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck]]'' (1830), wrote a letter to Walter Scott on 25 May 1829, asking him for information on any works or manuscripts he knew about [[Perkin Warbeck]], she concludes the letter:
{{Blockquote|
I hope you will forgive my troubling you. It is almost impertinent to say how foolish it appears to me that I should intrude on your ground, or to compliment one all the world so highly appreciates. But as every traveller when they visit the Alps endeavours, however imperfectly, to express their admiration in the Inn's album, so it is impossible to address the Author of ''Waverley'' without thanking him for the delight and instruction derived from the inexhaustible source of his genius, and trying to express a part of the enthusiastic admiration his works inspire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210828/page/n305/mode/2up |title=Sir Walter's Post-Bag |year=1932| publisher=John Murray| page=271| access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
}}

In [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' (1847) St. John Rivers gives a copy of ''Marmion'' to Jane to provide her "evening solace" during her stay in her small lodging.

[[Emily Brontë]]'s ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' was influenced by the novels of Walter Scott.<ref>[[Elizabeth Gaskell]] ''[[The Life of Charlotte Brontë]]'', London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1857, p.104.</ref> In particular, according to [[Juliet Barker]], ''Rob Roy'' (1817) had a significant influence on Brontë's novel, which, though "regarded as the archetypal Yorkshire novel ... owed as much, if not more, to Walter Scott's Border country". ''Rob Roy'' is set "in the wilds of [[Northumberland]], among the uncouth and quarrelsome squirearchical Osbaldistones", while Cathy Earnshaw "has strong similarities with Diana Vernon, who is equally out of place among her boorish relations" (Barker p.&nbsp;501).<ref>Ian Brinton. ''Bronte's Wuthering Heights Reader's Guides''. London : Continuum. 2010, p. 14. Quoting Barker, ''The Brontes''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholas, 1994.</ref>

In [[Anne Brontë]]'s ''[[The Tenant of Wildfell Hall]]'' (1848) the narrator, Gilbert Markham, brings an elegantly bound copy of ''Marmion'' as a present to the independent "tenant of Wildfell Hall" (Helen Graham) whom he is courting, and is mortified when she insists on paying for it.

In [[George Eliot]]'s ''[[Middlemarch]]'' (1871), Mr. Trumbull remarks to Mary Garth: 
{{Blockquote|
"You have an interesting work there, I see, Miss Garth," he observed, when Mary re-entered. "It is by the author of ''Waverley'': that is Sir Walter Scott. I have bought one of his works myself—a very nice thing, a very superior publication, entitled ''[[Ivanhoe]]''. You will not get any writer to beat him in a hurry, I think—he will not, in my opinion, be speedily surpassed. I have just been reading a portion at the commencement of ''[[Anne of Geierstein|Anne of Jeersteen]]'' {{sic}}. It commences well."
}}

[[Thomas Hardy]], in his 1888 essay, ''The Profitable Reading of Fiction'', writes:
{{Blockquote|
Tested by such considerations as these there are obviously many volumes of fiction remarkable, and even great, in their character-drawing, their feeling, their philosophy, which are quite second-rate in their structural quality as narratives. Their fewness is remarkable, and bears out the opinion expressed earlier in this essay, that the art of novel-writing is as yet in its tentative stage only.... ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' is an almost perfect specimen of form, which is the more remarkable in that Scott, as a rule, depends more upon episode, dialogue, and description, for exciting interest, than upon the well-knit interdependence of parts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://people.stfx.ca/rnemesva/hardy/profitable%20reading.htm|title=The Profitable Reading of Fiction |year=1888| publisher=Thomas Hardy| pages=57–70| access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
}}

The many other British novelists whom Scott influenced included [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]], [[Charles Kingsley]], and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]. He also shaped children's writers like [[Charlotte Yonge]] and [[G. A. Henty]].<ref>"Abstract": James Watt, '"Sir Walter Scott and the Medievalist Novel". ''The Oxford Handbook of Victorian Medievalism'', ed. Joanne Parker and Corinna Wagner. Oxford University Press, 2020.</ref>

[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], in a letter to his sister Elizabeth on 31 October 1820, writes:
{{Blockquote|
I have bought the ''[[The Lord of the Isles|Lord of the Isles]]'' and intend either to send or bring it to you. I like it as well as any of Scott's other poems... I shall read ''[[The Abbot]]'', by the author of Waverley, as soon as I can hire it. I have read all of Scott's novels except that, I wish I had not, that I might have the pleasure of reading them again.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUatnQEACAAJ|title=The Development of the American Short Story: An Historical Survey |year=1923| publisher=Biblo and Tannen| page=93|isbn=9780819601759 | access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
}}

[[Edgar Allan Poe]], an admirer of Scott, was particularly captivated with ''The Bride of Lammermoor'', calling it "that purest, and most enthralling of fictions", and "the master novel of Scott."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/harrison/jah08c47.htm|title=Edgar Allan Poe (ed. J. A. Harrison), "Review of Conti the Discarded," The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe |year=1836 | publisher=Edgar Allan Poe| page=233| access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>

In a speech delivered at Salem, Massachusetts, on 6 January 1860, to raise money for the families of the executed abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and his followers, [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] calls Brown an example of true chivalry, which consists not in noble birth but in helping the weak and defenseless and declares that "Walter Scott would have delighted to draw his picture and trace his adventurous career."<ref>{{cite book|last=Sacks|first=Kenneth S.|title=Emerson: Political Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQKrBwzSGLYC&pg=PA193|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47269-2|page=193}}</ref>

[[Henry James]], in his 1864 essay, ''Fiction and Sir Walter Scott'', writes:
{{Blockquote|
Scott was a born story-teller: we can give him no higher praise. Surveying his works, his character, his method, as a whole, we can liken him to nothing better than to a strong and kindly elder brother, who gathers his juvenile public about him at eventide, and pours out a stream of wondrous improvisation. Who cannot remember an experience like this? On no occasion are the delights of fiction so intense. Fiction? These are the triumphs of fact. In the richness of his invention and memory, in the infinitude of his knowledge, in his improvidence for the future, in the skill with which he answers, or rather parries, sudden questions, in his low-voiced pathos and his resounding merriment, he is identical with the ideal fireside chronicler. And thoroughly to enjoy him, we must again become as credulous as children at twilight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/notesandreviews01rosegoog/page/n6/mode/2up |title=Notes And Reviews by Henry James |year=1921| publisher=Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press| page=14| access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> 
}}

In his 1870 memoir, ''Army Life in a Black Regiment'', New England abolitionist [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]] (later editor of [[Emily Dickinson]]), described how he wrote down and preserved Negro spirituals or "shouts" while serving as a colonel in the [[First South Carolina Volunteers]], the first authorized Union Army regiment recruited from freedmen during the Civil War. He wrote that he was "a faithful student of the Scottish ballads, and had always envied Sir Walter the delight of tracing them out amid their own heather, and of writing them down piecemeal from the lips of aged crones."

According to Marx's daughter [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]], Scott was "an author to whom Karl Marx again and again returned, whom he admired and knew as well as he did Balzac and Fielding."<ref>S. S. Prawer, 1976. ''Karl Marx and World Literature''. Oxford University Press. p. 386. {{ISBN|9780192812483}}</ref>

[[Mark Twain]], in his 1883 ''[[Life on the Mississippi]]'', satirized the impact of Scott's writings, declaring with humorous hyperbole that Scott "had so large a hand in making Southern character, as it existed before the [[American Civil War|[American Civil] war]]" that he is "in great measure responsible for the war."<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/245/245.txt |title=Twain, Mark. "Life on the Mississippi", Chapter 46}}</ref> He goes on to coin the term "Sir Walter Scott disease", describing a respect for aristocracy, a social acceptance of duels and vendettas, and a taste for fantasy and romanticism, which he blames for the South's lack of advancement. Twain also targeted Scott in ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'', where he names a sinking boat the "Walter Scott" (1884); and, in ''[[A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court]]'' (1889), the main character repeatedly utters "Great Scott!" as an oath; by the end of the book, however, he has become absorbed in the world of knights in armour, reflecting Twain's ambivalence on the topic.

In ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' (1908) by [[Lucy Maude Montgomery]], as [[Anne Shirley|Anne]] is bringing in the cows from pasture:
{{Blockquote|
The cows swung placidly down the lane, and Anne followed them dreamily, repeating aloud the battle canto from ''Marmion''—which had also been part of their English course the preceding winter and which Miss Stacy had made them learn off by heart—and exulting in its rushing lines and the clash of spears in its imagery. When she came to the lines

''The stubborn spearsmen still made good 
''Their dark impenetrable wood,

she stopped in ecstasy to shut her eyes that she might the better fancy herself one of that heroic ring.
}}

The idyllic Cape Cod retreat of suffragists Verena Tarrant and Olive Chancellor in Henry James's ''[[The Bostonians]]'' (1886) is called Marmion, evoking what James considered the Quixotic idealism of such social reformers.

In ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' by [[Virginia Woolf]], Mrs. Ramsey glances at her husband:
{{Blockquote|He was reading something that moved him very much&nbsp;... He was tossing the pages over. He was acting it – perhaps he was thinking himself the person in the book. She wondered what book it was. Oh, it was one of old Sir Walter's she saw, adjusting the shade of her lamp so that the light fell on her knitting. For Charles Tansley had been saying (she looked up as if she expected to hear the crash of books on the floor above) – had been saying that people don't read Scott any more. Then her husband thought, "That's what they'll say of me;" so he went and got one of those books?&nbsp;... It fortified him. He clean forgot all the little rubs and digs of the evening... and his being so irritable with his wife and so touchy and minding when they passed his books over as if they didn't exist at all&nbsp;...[Scott's] feeling for straight forward simple things, these fishermen, the poor old crazed creature in [[Saunders Mucklebackit|Mucklebackit]]'s cottage [in ''[[The Antiquary]]''] made him feel so vigorous, so relieved of something that he felt roused and triumphant and could not choke back his tears. Raising the book a little to hide his face he let them fall and shook his head from side to side and forgot himself completely (but not one or two reflections about morality and French novels and English novels and Scott's hands being tied but his view perhaps being as true as the other view), forgot his own bothers and failures completely in poor Steenie's drowning and Mucklebackit's sorrow (that was Scott at his best) and the astonishing delight and feeling of vigor that it gave him. 
Well, let them improve upon that, he thought as he finished the chapter&nbsp;... The whole of life did not consist in going to bed with a woman, he thought, returning to Scott and Balzac, to the English novel and the French novel.}}

[[Virginia Woolf]], in a letter to [[Hugh Walpole]] on 12 September 1932, writes:
{{Blockquote|
I don't know him [Scott] accurately and minutely as you do, but only in a warm, scattered, amourous way. Now you have put an edge on my love, and if it weren't that I must read MSS—how they flock! I should plunge—you urge me almost beyond endurance to plunge once more—yes, I say to myself, I shall read the ''[[The Monastery|Monastery]]'' again and then I shall go back to [The Heart of] ''[[The Heart of Midlothian|Midlothian]]''. I cant read the ''Bride'' [of Lammermoor], because I know it almost by heart: also the ''Antiquary'' (I think those two, as a whole, are my favourites). Well—to inspire a harassed hack to this wish to kick up her heels—what greater proof could there be of your powers of persuasion and illumination? My only complaint is that you pay too much attention to the arid gulls who can't open their beaks wide enough to swallow Sir Walter. One of the things I want to write about one day is the Shakespearean talk in Scott: the dialogues: surely that is the last appearance in England of the blank verse of [[John Falstaff|Falstaff]] and so on! We have lost the art of the poetic speech.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvirgini05wool |title=The letters of Virginia Woolf, Volume 5, 1932–1935 |year=1975| publisher=New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich| page=104| access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
}}

[[John Cowper Powys]] described Walter Scott's romances as "by far the most powerful literary influence of my life".<ref>''Autobiography'' (1934). London: Macdonald, 1967, p. 66.</ref> This can be seen particularly in his two historical novels, ''[[Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages]]'', set during the end of [[Roman Britain#End of Roman rule|Roman rule in Britain]], and ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]]''.<ref>W. J. Keith, ''Aspects of John Cowper Powys's Owen Glendower'', pp. 20–21</ref>

In 1951, science-fiction author [[Isaac Asimov]] wrote ''[[Breeds There a Man...?]]'', a short story with a title alluding vividly to Scott's ''[[The Lay of the Last Minstrel]]'' (1805). In Harper Lee's ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1960), the protagonist's brother is made to read Walter Scott's book ''Ivanhoe'' to the ailing Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose. In ''[[Mother Night]]'' (1961) by [[Kurt Vonnegut]] Jr., memoirist and playwright Howard W. Campbell Jr. prefaces his text with the six lines beginning "Breathes there the man..." In ''Knights of the Sea'' (2010) by Canadian author [[Paul Marlowe]], there are several references to ''Marmion'', as well as an inn named after ''Ivanhoe'', and a fictitious Scott novel entitled ''The Beastmen of Glen Glammoch''.

===The other arts===
{{Further|Opera in Scotland#Operas inspired by Walter Scott}}
Although Scott's own appreciation of music was basic, to say the least, he had a considerable influence on composers. Some 90 operas based to some extent on his poems and novels have been traced, the most celebrated being [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]]'s ''[[La donna del lago]]'' (1819, based on ''[[The Lady of the Lake]]'') and [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]]'s ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]'' (1835, based on ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'').<ref>Mitchell, Jerome (1977) ''Walter Scott Operas''. University, Alabama.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Jerome (1996) ''More Scott Operas''. Lanham, Maryland.</ref> Others include Donizetti's 1829 opera ''[[Il castello di Kenilworth]]'' based on ''[[Kenilworth (novel)|Kenilworth]]'', [[Georges Bizet]]'s [[La jolie fille de Perth]] (1867, based on ''[[The Fair Maid of Perth]]''), and [[Arthur Sullivan]]'s ''[[Ivanhoe (opera)|Ivanhoe]]'' (1891).

Many of Scott's songs were set to music by composers throughout the 19th century.<ref>Bibliography in Yonge, C. D. (1888) ''Life of Sir Walter Scott''. London. pp. xxxiv‒xxxviii.</ref> Seven from ''The Lady of the Lake'' were set in German translations by [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], one of them being '[[Ellens dritter Gesang]]' popularly known as 'Schubert's ''Ave Maria'''. Three lyrics, also in translation, appear from [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] in his ''[[Twenty-Five Scottish Songs (Beethoven)|Twenty-Five Scottish Songs]]'', Op. 108. Other notable musical responses include three overtures: ''Waverley'' (1828) and ''Rob Roy'' (1831) by [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], and ''The Land of the Mountain and the Flood'' (1887, alluding to ''The Lay of the Last Minstrel'') by [[Hamish MacCunn]]. "Hail to the Chief" from "The Lady of the Lake" was set to music around 1812 by the composer James Sanderson ({{circa|1769}} – {{circa|1841}}). See the Wikipedia article "Hail to the Chief."

The Waverley Novels are full of eminently paintable scenes and many 19th-century artists responded to them. Among the outstanding paintings of Scott subjects are: [[Richard Parkes Bonington]]'s ''Amy Robsart and the Earl of Leicester'' (''c.'' 1827) from ''[[Kenilworth]]'' in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], Oxford;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.ashmolean.org/collection/search/per_page/25/offset/0/sort_by/date/object/46921 |title=Ashmolean Museum |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]]'s ''L'Enlèvement de Rebecca'' (1846) from ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/438814?searchField=ArtistCulture&amp;sortBy=Relevance&amp;when=A.D.+1800-1900&amp;ft=eugene+delacroix&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=2 |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> and [[John Everett Millais|Millais]]'s ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' (1878) in Bristol Museum and Art Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-bride-of-lammermoor-188794 |title=Bristol Museum and Art Gallery |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

Walter Scott features as a character in [[Sara Sheridan]]'s novel ''The Fair Botanists'' (2021).<ref>Sheridan, Sara (2021), ''The Fair Botanists'', [[Hodder & Stoughton]], {{ISBN|9781529336207}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:James Howe (1780-1836) - Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), Novelist and Poet - PG 1365 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[James Howe (painter)|James Howe]]]]

===Novels===
The [[Waverley novels]] is the title given to the long series of Scott novels released from 1814 to 1832 which takes its name from the first novel, ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]''. The following is a chronological list of the entire series:

*1814: ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]''
*1815: ''[[Guy Mannering]]''
*1816: ''[[The Antiquary]]''
*1816: ''[[The Black Dwarf (novel)|The Black Dwarf]]'' and ''[[Old Mortality]]'' or ''The Tale of Old Mortality'' – the 1st instalment from the subset series, [[Tales of My Landlord]]
*1817: ''[[Rob Roy (novel)|Rob Roy]]''
*1818: ''[[The Heart of Mid-Lothian]]'' – the 2nd instalment from the subset series, [[Tales of My Landlord]]
*1819: ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' and ''[[A Legend of Montrose]]'' or ''A Legend of the Wars of Montrose'' – the 3rd instalment from the subset series, [[Tales of My Landlord]]
*1819 (dated 1820): ''[[Ivanhoe]]''
*1820: ''[[The Monastery]]''
*1820: ''[[The Abbot]]''
*1821: ''[[Kenilworth (novel)|Kenilworth]]''
*1822: ''[[The Pirate (novel)|The Pirate]]''
*1822: ''[[The Fortunes of Nigel]]''
*1822: ''[[Peveril of the Peak]]''
*1823: ''[[Quentin Durward]]''
*1824: ''[[St. Ronan's Well]]'' or ''Saint Ronan's Well''
*1824: ''[[Redgauntlet]]''
*1825: ''[[The Betrothed (Walter Scott novel)|The Betrothed]]'' and ''[[The Talisman (Scott novel)|The Talisman]]'' – a subset series, [[Tales of the Crusaders]]
*1826: ''[[Woodstock (novel)|Woodstock]]''
*1827: ''[[Chronicles of the Canongate]]'' — containing two short stories ("The Highland Widow" and "The Two Drovers") and a novel (''The Surgeon's Daughter'')
*1828: ''[[The Fair Maid of Perth]]'' – the 2nd instalment from the subset series, [[Chronicles of the Canongate]] 
*1829: ''[[Anne of Geierstein]]''
*1832: ''[[Count Robert of Paris]]'' and ''[[Castle Dangerous]]'' – the 4th instalment from the subset series, [[Tales of My Landlord]]

Other novels:
*1831–1832: ''[[The Siege of Malta (novel)|The Siege of Malta]]'' – a finished novel published posthumously in 2008
*1832: ''[[Bizarro (novel)|Bizarro]]'' – an unfinished novel (or novella) published posthumously in 2008

===Short stories===
*1811: "The Inferno of Altisidora"
*1817: "Christopher Corduroy"
*1818: "Alarming Increase of Depravity Among Animals"
*1818: "Phantasmagoria"
*1827: "The Highland Widow" and "The Two Drovers" (see ''Chronicles of the Canongate'' above)
*1828: "My Aunt Margaret's Mirror", "The Tapestried Chamber", and "Death of the Laird's Jock" – from the series ''[[The Keepsake Stories]]''
*1832: "A Highland Anecdote"

=== Poetry ===
Many of the short poems or songs released by Scott (or later anthologized) were originally not separate pieces but parts of longer poems interspersed throughout his novels, tales, and dramas.

*1796: ''[[Translations and Imitations from German Ballads by Sir Walter Scott|The Chase, and William and Helen]]: Two Ballads, translated from the German of Gottfried Augustus Bürger''
*1800: ''[[Glenfinlas (poem)|Glenfinlas]]''
*1802–1803: ''[[Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border]]''
*1805: ''[[The Lay of the Last Minstrel]]''
*1806: ''Ballads and Lyrical Pieces''
*1808: [[Marmion (poem)|''Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field'']]
*1810: [[The Lady of the Lake (poem)|''The Lady of the Lake'']]
*1811: ''[[The Vision of Don Roderick]]''
*1813: [[The Bridal of Triermain by Walter Scott|''The Bridal of Triermain'']]
*1813: [[Rokeby (poem)|''Rokeby'']]
*1815: ''[[The Field of Waterloo]]''
*1815: ''[[The Lord of the Isles]]''
*1817: ''[[Harold the Dauntless]]''
*1825: ''[[Bonnie Dundee]]''

===Plays===
*1799: ''[[Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)|Goetz of Berlichingen, with the Iron Hand: A Tragedy]]'' – an English-language translation of the 1773 German-language play by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] entitled ''[[Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)|Götz von Berlichingen]]''
*1822: ''Halidon Hill''
*1823: ''[[MacDuff's Cross]]''
*1830: ''[[The Doom of Devorgoil]]''
*1830: ''Auchindrane''

===Non-fiction===
*1814–1817: ''The Border Antiquities of England and Scotland'' – a work co-authored by [[Luke Clennell]] and [[John Greig]] with Scott's contribution consisting of the substantial introductory essay, originally published in 2 volumes from 1814 to 1817
*1815–1824: ''Essays on Chivalry, Romance, and Drama'' – a supplement to the 1815–1824 editions of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*1816: ''Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk''
*1819–1826: ''Provincial Antiquities of Scotland''
*1821–1824: ''Lives of the Novelists''
*1825–1832: ''[[The Journal of Sir Walter Scott]]'' — first published in 1890
*1826: ''The Letters of Malachi Malagrowther''
*1827: ''The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French. With a Preliminary View of the French Revolution.'' Published in 9 volumes.
*1828: ''Religious Discourses. By a Layman''
*1828: ''Tales of a Grandfather; Being Stories Taken from Scottish History'' – the 1st instalment from the series, [[Tales of a Grandfather]]
*1829: ''The History of Scotland: Volume I''
*1829: ''Tales of a Grandfather; Being Stories Taken from Scottish History'' – the 2nd instalment from the series, [[Tales of a Grandfather]]
*1830: ''The History of Scotland: Volume II''
*1830: ''Tales of a Grandfather; Being Stories Taken from Scottish History'' – the 3rd instalment from the series, [[Tales of a Grandfather]]
*1830: ''[[Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft]]''
*1831: ''Tales of a Grandfather; Being Stories Taken from the History of France'' – the 4th instalment from the series, [[Tales of a Grandfather]]
*1831: ''Tales of a Grandfather: The History of France (Second Series)'' — unfinished; published 1996

==Collections==
In 1925 Scott's manuscripts, letters and papers were donated to the [[National Library of Scotland]] by the [[Advocates Library]] of the [[Faculty of Advocates]].<ref>Brown, Iain Gordon (2000).『Collecting Scott for Scotland: 1850–2000.』''[[The Book Collector]]'' 49 no.4 (winter): 502–534. Article by the curator of the Scott Collection at the National Library of Scotland expanded from his presentation at the 35th Congress of the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers, Edinburgh, 18 September 2000.</ref>

[[University College London]] holds c.300 books relating to Scott. The collection originated with a donation from [[Arthur MacNalty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL Special Collections |date=2018-08-23 |title=Sir Walter Scott Collection |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/scott |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=UCL Special Collections |language=en}}</ref> 
{{Toryism |expanded=people}}
{{Conservatism UK|Intellectuals}}

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Portal|Poetry}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Jedediah Cleishbotham]] (fictional editor of ''[[Tales of My Landlord]]'', and Scott's ''alter ego'')
*[[G. A. Henty]]
*[[Karl May]]
*[[Baroness Orczy]]
*[[Rafael Sabatini]]
*[[Emilio Salgari]]
*[[List of people on banknotes#Scotland|People on Scottish banknotes]]
*[[Samuel Shellabarger]]
*[[Lawrence Schoonover]]
*[[Jules Verne]]
*[[Frank Yerby]]
*[[GWR Waverley Class]] steam locomotives
*[[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]
*[[Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary]]
*[[Scott Monument]]
*[[Writers' Museum]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
*{{Cite book |ref=Johnson |last=Johnson |first=Edgar |title=Sir Walter Scott: The Great Unknown|place=London |year=1870 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/sirwalterscott0001unse_p5i2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lockhart |first=John Gibson |title=Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2MVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA378 |year=1852 |publisher=A. and C. Black}}
*{{citation |last=Sherwood |first=Mary Martha |year=1857 |title=The life of Mrs Sherwood |publisher=Darton & Co., London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsMEAAAAYAAJ }}

==Further reading==
*''Approaches to Teaching Scott's Waverley Novels'', ed. Evan Gottlieb and Ian Duncan (New York, 2009).
*Bautz, Annika. ''Reception of Jane Austen and Walter Scott: A Comparative Longitudinal Study''. Continuum, 2007. {{ISBN|0-8264-9546-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9546-4}}.
*{{Cite Maclise |article=Sir Walter Scott |pages=31–37}}
*Brown, David. ''Walter Scott and the Historical Imagination''. Routledge, 1979, {{ISBN|0-7100-0301-3}}; Kindle ed. 2013.
*[[John Buchan|Buchan, John]]. ''Sir Walter Scott'', Coward-McCann Inc., New York, 1932.
*Calder, Angus (1983), ''Scott & [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]: Romanticism and Classicism'', in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 13, Summer 1983, pp.&nbsp;25–28, {{ISSN|0264-0856}}
*{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |url=https://www.bartleby.com/25/5/ |title=Sir Walter Scott |publisher=[[P.F. Collier & Son]] |year=1838 |editor-last=Eliot |editor-first=Charles W. |editor-link=Charles W. Eliot |series=[[The Harvard Classics]] |volume=XXV, Part 5 |location=New York |publication-date=1909–14 |author-link=Thomas Carlyle}}
*Cornish, Sidney W. ''The "Waverley" Manual; or, Handbook of the Chief Characters, Incidents, and Descriptions in the "Waverley" Novels, with Critical Breviates from Various Sources''. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1871.
*Crawford, Thomas, ''Scott'', Kennedy & Boyd, 2013 {{ISBN|9781849211406}}
*Duncan, Ian. ''Scott's Shadow: The Novel in Romantic Edinburgh''. Princeton UP, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-691-04383-8}}.
*Ferris, Ina. ''The Achievement of Literary Authority: Gender, History, and the Waverley Novels'' (Ithaca, New York, 1991).
*Hart, Francis R.. ''Scott's Novels: The Plotting of Historic Survival'' (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1966). 
*Kelly, Stuart. ''Scott-Land: The Man Who Invented a Nation''. Polygon, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-84697-107-5}}.
*[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon|Landon, Letitia Elizabeth]], ''The Female Portrait Gallery''. A series of 22 analyses of Scott's female characters (curtailed by Letitia's death in 1838). Laman Blanchard: ''Life and Literary Remains of L.E.L.'', 1841. Vol.&nbsp;2. pp.&nbsp;81–194.
*Lincoln, Andrew. ''Walter Scott And Modernity''. Edinburgh UP, 2007.
*Millgate, Jane. ''Walter Scott: The Making of the Novelist'' (Edinburgh, 1984).
*Oliver, Susan. ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/walter-scott-and-the-greening-of-scotland/47C8826A0C768FE593830757CBCE21CF Walter Scott and the Greening of Scotland: Emergent Ecologies of a Nation]''. Cambridge University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|9781108917674}}
*[[Una Pope-Hennessy|Pope-Hennessy, Una]], ''Sir Walter Scott'', Home & Van Thal, 1948 (The English Novelists series).
*[[Ann Rigney|Rigney, Ann]]. ''The Afterlives of Walter Scott: Memory on the Move''. Oxford UP, 2012. {{ISBN|9780199644018}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Leslie |author-link1=Leslie Stephen |title=Studies of a Biographer |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_of_a_Biographer |volume=2 |year=1898 |publisher=Duckworth & Co. |location=London |chapter=The Story of Scott's Ruin |chapter-url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_of_a_Biographer/The_Story_of_Scott's_Ruin}}
*''Scott in Carnival: Selected Papers from the Fourth International Scott Conference, Edinburgh, 1991'', ed. J. H. Alexander and David Hewitt (Aberdeen, 1993).
*Scott, Paul Henderson. ''Walter Scott and Scotland'', William Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1981. {{ISBN|0-85158-143-9}}
*Shaw, Harry, ''Scott, Scotland and Repression'', in Bold, Christine (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 3, Summer 1980, pp.&nbsp;26 – 28.
*Robertson, Fiona, ''The Edinburgh Companion to Sir Walter Scott.'' Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
*[[John Sutherland (author)|Sutherland, John]], ''The Life of Walter Scott. A Critical Biography'', Blackwell, 1995. {{ISBN|978-1-55786231-0}}
*Tulloch, Graham. ''The Language of Walter Scott: A Study of his Scottish and Period Language'' (London, 1980).
*''Walter Scott: New Interpretations, The Yearbook of English Studies''. Vol. 47. 2017. Modern Humanities Research Association. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/yearenglstud.47.issue-2017 DOI: 10.5699/yearenglstud.47.issue-2017]
*Welsh, Alexander. ''The Hero of the Waverley Novels'' (New Haven, 1963).

==External links==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|d=Q79025}}
*{{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/walter-scott}}
*{{Gutenberg author |id=59}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Walter Scott}}
*{{Librivox author |id=491}}
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Scott%2c%20Walter Works by Walter Scott] at [[The Online Books Page]]
*[http://www.thegreatcat.org/cats-enlightenment-part-11-sir-walter-scott-hinx/ Sir Walter Scott and Hinx, his Cat]
*[http://www.eswsc.com/ The Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18124 ''Sir Walter Scott''], biography by [[Richard H. Hutton]], 1878 (from [[Project Gutenberg]])
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Scott, Sir Walter}}
*[http://www.librarything.com/profile/WalterScottLibrary Walter Scott's profile and catalogue of his library at Abbotsford] on [[LibraryThing]].
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/sir-walter-scott Guardian Books – Sir Walter Scott]
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sText=walter+scott&submitSearchTerm%5Fx=0&submitSearchTerm%5Fy=0&search=ss&OConly=true&firstRun=true&LinkID=mp04014 Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery]
*Bust of Walter Scott by Sir [[Francis Leggatt Chantrey]], 1828, white marble, Philadelphia Museum of Art, # 2002.222.1, Philadelphia (PA).
*[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044037270279 Sir Walter Scotts friends by Florence MacCunn 1910.]
*[https://www.grandlodgescotland.com/ Scottish Freemasonry (The Grand Lodge of Scotland)]
*[http://www.eng-poetry.ru/english/Poet.php?PoetId=20 Poems by Walter Scott at English Poetry]
*[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/scott Sir Walter Scott Collection] at [[University College London]]

===Archive materials===
*[http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/ Walter Scott Digital Archive] at the [[University of Edinburgh]].
*[http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/resources/scott/index.cfm Millgate Union Catalogue of Walter Scott Correspondence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110201248/http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/resources/scott/index.cfm |date=10 January 2018 }}
*[http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb206-brothertoncollectionms19cscott Correspondence of Sir Walter Scott, with related papers, ca. 1807–1929]
*[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.scott|Sir Walter Scott Collection]]. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
* [https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00321 Sir Walter Scott Collection] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
{{Emblem table
|name = Sir Walter Scott
|image = Coat of arms of Sir Walter Scott.jpg
|crest = A nymph, in her dexter hand a sun in splendour, in her sinister a crescent (moon)
|escutcheon = Quarterly; 1st & 4th or two mullets in chief and a crescent in base azure within an orle azure (Scott); 2nd & 3rd or on a bend azure three mascles or, in sinister chief point a buckle azure (Haliburton); escutcheon of the Hand of Ulster
|supporters = Dexter a mermaid holding in the exterior hand a mirror proper; Sinister a "Moor proper banded and cinctured argent holding in his left hand, a flaming torch lowered proper"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/article/532010312/Sir-Walter-Scott-Of-Abbotsford-And-The-Enigma-Of-His-Moor-Proper-Heraldic-Supporter|title=Sir Walter Scott of Abbotsford and the Enigma of His 'Moor Proper' Heraldic Supporter|date=9 October 2021|author=History Scotland|website=Scribd}}</ref>
|motto = (above) ''Reparabit cornua phoebe'' – the moon shall fill her horns again (below) ''Watch weel'' 
}}
<references />
{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Scott baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Abbotsford)'''|years=1820–1832}}
{{s-after|after=Walter Scott}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Walter}}
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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Wikidata entities used in this page

date of birth: Label: en
date of death: Label: en
Walter Scott: Sitelink, Title, Label: en, Some statements, Description: en, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence)

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Walter Scott (edit)
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