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=== History === |
=== History === |
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[[File:Mosque of the Barber (Mausoleum of Sidi Sahabi).jpg|thumb|[[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] in [[Kairouan]] (rebuilt in the 17th century)]] |
[[File:Mosque of the Barber (Mausoleum of Sidi Sahabi).jpg|thumb|[[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] in [[Kairouan]] (rebuilt in the 17th century)]] |
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The zawiya as an institution pre-dates the arrival of formal ''tariqa''s in North Africa and traces its origins to the ''qubba'' tombs which sometimes acted as shrines and to the early [[ribat]]s on the frontier of the Islamic world to which holy men sometimes retired with their followers.<ref name=":052" /> The first zawiya buildings in [[Ifriqiya]] (present-day [[Tunisia]]) were built under [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] rule in the 14th century. The zawiyas of [[Kairouan]] are believed to be the oldest and are centered around the tombs of local saints. These include the [[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] (or Abu Zama'a al-Balawi), founded in the 14th century (though the current building dates from the 17th century), and the Zawiya of Sidi 'Abid al-Ghariani, which was also established in the 14th century.<ref name=":052" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrasa and Zawiya of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monuments;ISL;tn;Mon01;24;en |access-date=2021-10-18 |website= |
The zawiya as an institution pre-dates the arrival of formal ''tariqa''s in North Africa and traces its origins to the ''qubba'' tombs which sometimes acted as shrines and to the early [[ribat]]s on the frontier of the Islamic world to which holy men sometimes retired with their followers.<ref name=":052" /> The first zawiya buildings in [[Ifriqiya]] (present-day [[Tunisia]]) were built under [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] rule in the 14th century. The zawiyas of [[Kairouan]] are believed to be the oldest and are centered around the tombs of local saints. These include the [[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] (or Abu Zama'a al-Balawi), founded in the 14th century (though the current building dates from the 17th century), and the Zawiya of Sidi 'Abid al-Ghariani, which was also established in the 14th century.<ref name=":052" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrasa and Zawiya of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monuments;ISL;tn;Mon01;24;en |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi Sahib Zawiya and Madrasa – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tn;mon01;10;en |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> The first formal zawiyas in Morocco were founded under the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] dynasty in the 14th century as well, most notably the zawiya built in [[Chellah]] by [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan]] and the [[Zawiya en-Noussak|Zawiyat an-Nussak]] built by his successor [[Abu Inan Faris|Abu Inan]] in [[Salé]]. Both examples, partly ruined today, were similar to madrasas in form and function.<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":244">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; D. Western Islamic lands |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In Algeria, another major example is the [[Sidi Boumediene Mosque|religious complex of Sidi Abu Madyan]] (or Sidi Boumediene), also founded by Abu al-Hasan and built around the older tomb of [[Abu Madyan]] (d. 1197).<ref name=":243" /><ref name=":245">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Tlemcen |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], the tomb of [[Idris II of Morocco|Idris II]], a ''[[sharif]]'' (descendant of [[Muhammad]]) and one of the city's founders, was rebuilt in the early 14th and early 15th centuries and maintained by his [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisid]] descendants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulay Idris Mausoleum – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;ma;mon01;20;en |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> In [[Tunis]], the Zawiya of [[Sidi Ben Arous|Sidi Ben 'Arus]] and the [[Sidi Kacem El Jellizi Mausoleum|Zawiya of Sidi Qasim al-Jalizi]], two of the most important zawiyas in the city, were both established near the end of the 15th century around the tombs of important saints.<ref name=":052" /> |
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Under the sharifian dynasties of the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadis]] and [['Alawi dynasty|'Alawis]] in Morocco, zawiyas became more common, more socially and politically important, and architecturally more elaborate. In [[Marrakesh]], both dynasties built funerary structures and religious complexes around the tombs of what became known as the [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|Seven Saints]] of the city.<ref name=":052" /> The [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II|Zawiya of Idris II]] in Fez was lavishly rebuilt by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Isma'il]] in the early 18th century, becoming a major landmark and marking the growing importance of shrines related to the tombs of sharifian figures.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gaudio |first=Attilio |title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique |publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines |year=1982 |isbn=2-7233-0159-1 |location=Paris |pages=123–131}}</ref> During periods of weak central rule Sufi orders and zawiyas were able to assert their political power and control large territories. In particular, during the so-called Maraboutic Crisis in the 17th century the [[Zaouia of Dila|Dila Zawiya]] (or Dala'iyya), a Sufi order among the [[Berbers]] of the [[Middle Atlas]], rose to power and controlled most of central Morocco, while another ''zawiya'' order based in the town of Iligh ruled the [[Sous]] region. The Zawiya al-Nasiriyya in [[Tamegroute]], which still exists today, also ruled as an effectively independent principality to the southeast during this time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mojuetan |first=B.A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=maraboutic+crisis&pg=PA999 |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |editor-last=Shillington |editor-first=Kevin |pages=999–1000 |chapter=Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the 'Alawite Dynasty}}</ref><ref name=":052" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-33767-4 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|221–226}} |
Under the sharifian dynasties of the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadis]] and [['Alawi dynasty|'Alawis]] in Morocco, zawiyas became more common, more socially and politically important, and architecturally more elaborate. In [[Marrakesh]], both dynasties built funerary structures and religious complexes around the tombs of what became known as the [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|Seven Saints]] of the city.<ref name=":052" /> The [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II|Zawiya of Idris II]] in Fez was lavishly rebuilt by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Isma'il]] in the early 18th century, becoming a major landmark and marking the growing importance of shrines related to the tombs of sharifian figures.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gaudio |first=Attilio |title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique |publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines |year=1982 |isbn=2-7233-0159-1 |location=Paris |pages=123–131}}</ref> During periods of weak central rule Sufi orders and zawiyas were able to assert their political power and control large territories. In particular, during the so-called Maraboutic Crisis in the 17th century the [[Zaouia of Dila|Dila Zawiya]] (or Dala'iyya), a Sufi order among the [[Berbers]] of the [[Middle Atlas]], rose to power and controlled most of central Morocco, while another ''zawiya'' order based in the town of Iligh ruled the [[Sous]] region. The Zawiya al-Nasiriyya in [[Tamegroute]], which still exists today, also ruled as an effectively independent principality to the southeast during this time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mojuetan |first=B.A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=maraboutic+crisis&pg=PA999 |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |editor-last=Shillington |editor-first=Kevin |pages=999–1000 |chapter=Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the 'Alawite Dynasty}}</ref><ref name=":052" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-33767-4 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|221–226}} |
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