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{{Short description|Islamic religious school or monastery}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:زاوية سيدي قاسم الجليزي.jpg|thumb|[[Sidi Kacem El Jellizi Mausoleum|Zawiya of Sidi Qasim al-Jalizi]] in [[Tunis]]: view of the courtyard leading to the mausoleum chamber]]
{{Arab culture}}
A '''''zawiya''''' or '''''zaouia'''''{{efn|"Zaouia" is traditionally the French transliteration of Arabic {{lang|ar|زاوية}}, while "zawiya" is a more common English transliteration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halstead |first=John P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xF5yAAAAMAAJ |title=Rebirth of a Nation; the Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism, 1912–1944 |date=1967 |publisher=Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University |pages=vi |language=en}}</ref> The spelling "zaouia" is still generally used in some countries, like Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peyron |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx75DwAAQBAJ&dq=zawiya+zaouia+french&pg=PR14 |title=The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-83860-373-1 |pages=xiv |language=en}}</ref>}} ({{lang-ar|زاوية|lit=corner|translit=zāwiyah}};<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-134-61366-3 |location= |pages=318 |chapter=zawiya}}</ref><ref name=":052">{{EI2|volume=11|article=Zāwiya|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|last2=Katz|first2=J. G.|last3=Hamès|first3=C.|pages=466–470}}</ref> {{Lang-tr|zaviye}}; also spelled ''zawiyah'' or ''zawiyya'') is a building and institution associated with [[Sufism|Sufis]] in the [[Islam]]ic world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, [[monastery]] and/or [[mausoleum]].<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":243">{{Cite book |last=Kane |first=Ousmane |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-506613-5 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |location= |pages= |chapter=Zāwiyah}}</ref> In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term ''[[khanqah]]'', which serves a similar purpose.<ref name=":242">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Khanaqah |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In the [[Maghreb]], the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man (e.g. a ''[[wali]]'') lived and was buried.<ref name=":052" /> In the Maghreb the word can also be used to refer to the wider ''[[tariqa]]'' (Sufi order or brotherhood) and its membership.<ref name=":052" />

== Etymology ==
The Arabic term {{Transliteration|ar|zāwiyah}} ({{lang-ar|زاوية|links=no}}) translates literally as "corner" or "nook".<ref name=":052" /> The term was first applied to the cells of Christian monks, before the meaning was applied to a small mosque or prayer room.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lévi-Provençal |first=Évariste |url=http://archive.org/details/ejbrillsfirstenc0008unse |title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1987 |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |volume=8 |pages=1220 |language=en |chapter=Zāwiya |orig-date=1927 |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/*-SIM_6085}}</ref><ref name=":052" /> In the later [[medieval period]], it came to denote a structure housing a [[Sufi brotherhood]], especially in [[North Africa]].<ref name=":052" /> In modern times, the word has still retained the earlier meaning of small prayer room in [[West Asia]] and the Muslim countries east of North Africa, where it can be used to contrast small prayer spaces with more important mosques.<ref name=":2" />

== Maghreb ==
=== Religious and social functions ===
[[File:ضريح مولاي دريس.jpg|thumb|Interior of the mausoleum of the [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II|Zawiya of Moulay Idris]] II in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], [[Morocco]] | left]]
In the Maghreb ([[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Libya]]) the zawiya is primarily a place for religious activities and religious instruction. It is typically associated with a particular religious leader (''[[Sheikh|shaykh]]'') or a local Muslim saint (''wali''), who is housed here along with his family. After his death, the zawiya usually houses his tomb, commonly inside a ''[[qubba]]'' (chamber covered by a [[dome]] or pyramidal [[cupola]]), which is sometimes a shrine that serves as the focus of a minor pilgrimage (a ''[[ziyarat]]''). Typically, his descendants continue to lead or maintain the zawiya afterwards.<ref name=":052" /> Some zawiyas, particularly in urban areas, are simply meeting places for local members of a wider Sufi order or brotherhood (''tariqa''), where they perform activities such as a ''[[haḍra]]'' or a ''[[dhikr]]''. Some zawiyas, particularly in rural areas, serve as larger complexes which provide accommodation to pilgrims and contain a library, mosque, workshops, and granaries that serve the local community. Such zawiyas also historically mediated disputes between tribes or between local communities and the central government. In some cases zawiyas could provide [[Right of asylum|asylum]] to individuals and could wield considerable political and commercial influence in the region. They were financed with the help of ''[[waqf]]''s (also known as ''habous''), charitable endowments that were inalienable under Islamic law.<ref name=":052" />

In precolonial times, zawiyas were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic [[literacy]] to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas – leading to speculation that literacy rates in [[Algeria]] at the time of the French conquest in 1830 were higher than those of European France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ruedy |first=John |title=Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-253-21782-0 |location=Bloomington |pages=103}}</ref>{{Verification needed|date=October 2021}} Their curriculum began with memorization of the [[Arabic alphabet]] and the later, shorter suras of the [[Qur'an]]; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law ([[fiqh]]), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with [[ibn Adjurrum]]'s famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to the complex legal system of inheritance distribution), and sometimes astronomy.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the [[Sahel]] of [[West Africa]], from [[Mauritania]] to [[Nigeria]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

=== History ===
[[File:Mosque of the Barber (Mausoleum of Sidi Sahabi).jpg|thumb|[[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] in [[Kairouan]] (rebuilt in the 17th century)]]
The zawiya as an institution pre-dates the arrival of formal ''tariqa''s in North Africa and traces its origins to the ''qubba'' tombs which sometimes acted as shrines and to the early [[ribat]]s on the frontier of the Islamic world to which holy men sometimes retired with their followers.<ref name=":052" /> The first zawiya buildings in [[Ifriqiya]] (present-day [[Tunisia]]) were built under [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] rule in the 14th century. The zawiyas of [[Kairouan]] are believed to be the oldest and are centered around the tombs of local saints. These include the [[Zawiya of Sidi Sahib]] (or Abu Zama'a al-Balawi), founded in the 14th century (though the current building dates from the 17th century), and the Zawiya of Sidi 'Abid al-Ghariani, which was also established in the 14th century.<ref name=":052" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrasa and Zawiya of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monuments;ISL;tn;Mon01;24;en |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |first1=Saloua |last1=Zangar }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi Sahib Zawiya and Madrasa |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tn;mon01;10;en |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |first1=Saloua |last1=Zangar }}</ref> The first formal zawiyas in Morocco were founded under the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] dynasty in the 14th century as well, most notably the zawiya built in [[Chellah]] by [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan]] and the [[Zawiya en-Noussak|Zawiyat an-Nussak]] built by his successor [[Abu Inan Faris|Abu Inan]] in [[Salé]]. Both examples, partly ruined today, were similar to madrasas in form and function.<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":244">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; D. Western Islamic lands |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In Algeria, another major example is the [[Sidi Boumediene Mosque|religious complex of Sidi Abu Madyan]] (or Sidi Boumediene), also founded by Abu al-Hasan and built around the older tomb of [[Abu Madyan]] (d. 1197).<ref name=":243" /><ref name=":245">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Tlemcen |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], the tomb of [[Idris II of Morocco|Idris II]], a ''[[sharif]]'' (descendant of [[Muhammad]]) and one of the city's founders, was rebuilt in the early 14th and early 15th centuries and maintained by his [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisid]] descendants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulay Idris Mausoleum – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;ma;mon01;20;en |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> In [[Tunis]], the Zawiya of [[Sidi Ben Arous|Sidi Ben 'Arus]] and the [[Sidi Kacem El Jellizi Mausoleum|Zawiya of Sidi Qasim al-Jalizi]], two of the most important zawiyas in the city, were both established near the end of the 15th century around the tombs of important saints.<ref name=":052" />

Under the sharifian dynasties of the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadis]] and [['Alawi dynasty|'Alawis]] in Morocco, zawiyas became more common, more socially and politically important, and architecturally more elaborate. In [[Marrakesh]], both dynasties built funerary structures and religious complexes around the tombs of what became known as the [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|Seven Saints]] of the city.<ref name=":052" /> The [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II|Zawiya of Idris II]] in Fez was lavishly rebuilt by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Isma'il]] in the early 18th century, becoming a major landmark and marking the growing importance of shrines related to the tombs of sharifian figures.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gaudio |first=Attilio |title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique |publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines |year=1982 |isbn=2-7233-0159-1 |location=Paris |pages=123–131}}</ref> During periods of weak central rule Sufi orders and zawiyas were able to assert their political power and control large territories. In particular, during the so-called Maraboutic Crisis in the 17th century the [[Zaouia of Dila|Dila Zawiya]] (or Dala'iyya), a Sufi order among the [[Berbers]] of the [[Middle Atlas]], rose to power and controlled most of central Morocco, while another ''zawiya'' order based in the town of Iligh ruled the [[Sous]] region. The Zawiya al-Nasiriyya in [[Tamegroute]], which still exists today, also ruled as an effectively independent principality to the southeast during this time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mojuetan |first=B.A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=maraboutic+crisis&pg=PA999 |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |editor-last=Shillington |editor-first=Kevin |pages=999–1000 |chapter=Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the 'Alawite Dynasty}}</ref><ref name=":052" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-33767-4 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|221–226}}

By the 19th century, zawiyas, both as individual institutions and as popular Sufi ''tariqa''s, had large and widespread memberships across the population of the Maghreb. The [[Senusiyya|Sanusiyya]] tariqa, for example, was widespread and influential in Libya and the eastern [[Sahara]] regions.<ref name=":052" /> In Tunisia, many zawiyas were patronized and supported by the government of the [[Husainid dynasty|Husaynid beys]].<ref name=":052" /> A late 19th-century French source estimated that in 1880 there were 355 zawiyas in Algeria with a membership of 167,019 out of a population of slightly less than three million Muslims in the country.<ref name=":052" /> In Morocco, an estimated 5-10% of the population in 1939 were members of one zawiya or another.<ref name=":052" /> During the colonial occupations of these countries some zawiyas collaborated with the authorities while others resisted. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, colonial governments in North Africa confiscated ''waqf'' properties or marginalized the ''waqf'' system that funded zawiyas as a way of diminishing their power and influence. Their influence and social importance was also undermined in the 20th century due to the opposition of [[Salafi movement|Salafist]] and [[Wahhabism|Wahhabist]] movements.<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":243" />

== Egypt ==
Zawiyas and khanqahs were not established in Egypt until the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] came to power in the late 12th century.<ref name=":242" /> They proliferated during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk period]] (1250–1517) and the later [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman period of Egypt]] (after 1517),<ref name=":242" /> when Sufi brotherhoods were important religious organizations for much of the population. In Mamluk Egypt a ''khanqah'' was a formal institution typically founded by an elite patron (the [[sultan]] or an [[emir]]) and not necessarily associated with a specific Sufi order.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Behrens-Abouseif |first=Doris |title=Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-977-416-077-6}}</ref>{{Rp|11–12}} The term ''zawiya'', on the other hand, was for smaller, less formal institutions of popular Sufism that were usually devoted to a specific ''shaykh'' and a specific Sufi brotherhood.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11–12}}<ref name=":052" /> The only surviving building in Cairo which is explicitly identified as a ''zawiya'' by its foundation inscription is the Zawiya of Zayn al-Din Yusuf in the [[City of the Dead (Cairo)|Southern Cemetery]], founded in 1297–98 and expanded in the early 14th century.<ref name=":052" />

== Sub-Saharan Africa ==
In [[sub-Saharan Africa]] zawiyas proliferated somewhat later than in North Africa, appearing in conjunction with the development of Sufi brotherhoods and networks across the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Zawiyas that were established in towns and staging posts along Saharan trading routes played a major role in the dissemination of Sufism and in establishing the influence of certain ''tariqa''s. Among the ''tariqa''s of major importance in [[West Africa]] were the [[Qadiriyya]], a wide-ranging order originally begun by [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] (d. 1166), and the [[Tijaniyyah|Tijaniyya]], whose founder [[Ahmad al-Tijani]] (d. 1815) is buried in [[Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani|his zawiya in Fez]]. Another example, the [[Mouride|Muridiyya]], was of major importance in the history of [[Senegal]].<ref name=":052" />

== Outside Africa ==
[[File:Green Mosque DSCF1116.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Green Mosque, Bursa|Green Mosque]], an early 15th-century Ottoman ''zaviye'' in [[Bursa]]]]
In the rest of the Islamic world, similar Sufi institutions usually went by other names such as a ''[[khanqah]]'', ''[[takya]]'' (or ''takiyya'' in Arabic, ''tekke'' in Turkish), or ''[[dargah]]'' (shrine), though these terms sometimes had more specific meanings.<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":242" /><ref name=":243" /><ref name=":162">{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-134-61366-3 |location= |pages=279 |chapter=tekke}}</ref> In the early [[Ottoman Empire]], the cognate term ''zaviye'' usually designated a multi-purpose religious complex that catered to Sufis and served as a place of worship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Doğan |title=Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-85149-604-4 |location= |pages= |translator-last=Mill |translator-first=Adair}}</ref><ref name=":052" /> Many important early Ottoman mosques such as the [[Green Mosque, Bursa|Green Mosque]] in [[Bursa]], built in the early 15th century, are examples of this type.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Zawiyas in Algeria]]
* [[Surau]]
* [[List of historical tekkes, zaviyes, and dergahs in Istanbul]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Zawiya}}

{{Islamic educational institutions}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Zawiyas in Algeria}}
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[[Category:Education in Mauritania]]
[[Category:Education in Morocco]]
[[Category:Education in Tunisia]]
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[[Category:Educational organisations based in Mauritania]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Islamic education]]
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[[Category:Dhikr]]
[[Category:Maghreb]]
[[Category:Ribats]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines]]
[[Category:Sufism]]
[[Category:Zawiyas| ]]

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