Contents

1950 United States Senate elections

1950 United States Senate elections

← 1948 November 7, 1950 1952 →
← 1949 (NY)
36 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate[a] 49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Scott Lucas (lost re-election) Ken Wherry Party Democratic Republican Leader since January 3, 1949 January 3, 1949 Leader's seat Illinois Nebraska Seats before 54 42 Seats after 49 47 Seat change 5 5 Popular vote 16,374,996 17,023,295 Percentage 47.7% 49.6% Seats up 23 13 Races won 18 18
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      No election Rectangular inset (Conn., Id. & N. C.): both seats up for election
Majority Leader before election Scott Lucas Democratic Elected Majority Leader Ernest McFarland Democratic

The 1950 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Harry S. Truman's second term as president. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. As with most 20th-century second-term midterms, the party not holding the presidency made significant gains. The Republican opposition made a net gain of five seats, taking advantage of the Democratic administration's declining popularity during the Cold War and the aftermath of the Recession of 1949. The Democrats held a narrow 49-to-47-seat majority after the election. This was the first time since 1932 that the Senate majority leader lost his seat, and the only instance of the majority leader losing his seat while his party retained the majority.

Results summary[edit]

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

Parties					Total
		Democratic	Republican	Other
Last elections (1948) Before these elections		54	42	0	96
Not up		31	29	—	60
Up		23	13	—	36
	Class 3 (1944→1950)	20	12	—	32
	Special: Class 1	2	0	—	2
	Special: Class 2	1	1	—	2
Incumbent retired		3[b]	1	—	4
	Held by same party	2	1	—	3
	Replaced by other party	1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican		—	1
	Result	2	2	0	4
Incumbent ran		20	12	—	32
	Won re-election	12	10	—	22
	Lost re-election	1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat 4 Democrats replaced by 4 Republicans		—	5
	Lost renomination but held by same party	3	1	—	4
	Lost renomination and party lost	1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican		—	1
	Result	16	16	0	32
Total elected		18	18	0	36
Net change		5	5		5
Nationwide vote		16,374,996	17,023,295	946,945	34,345,236
	Share	47.68%	49.57%	2.76%	100%
Result		49	47	0	96

Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives^[1]

Gains, losses, and holds[edit]

Retirements[edit]

One Republican and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

Defeats[edit]

Two Republicans and eight Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.

Post election changes[edit]

Change in composition[edit]

Before the elections[edit]

Results of the elections[edit]

Race summaries[edit]

Special elections during the 81st Congress[edit]

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1950 or before January 3, 1951; ordered by election date.

Races leading to the 82nd Congress[edit]

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1951; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

Closest races[edit]

Fifteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

Alabama[edit]

1950 United States Senate election in Alabama

← 1944 November 7, 1950 1956 →

Nominee Lister Hill John G. Crommelin Party Democratic Independent Popular vote 125,534 38,477 Percentage 76.54% 23.46%

County results Hill:      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election J. Lister Hill Democratic Elected U.S. Senator J. Lister Hill Democratic

Alabama election^[1][3]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	J. Lister Hill (Incumbent)	125,534	76.54%	5.24
	Independent	John G. Crommelin	38,477	23.46%	N/A
Total votes			164,011	100.00%
	Democratic hold		Swing

Arizona[edit]

1950 United States Senate election in Arizona

← 1944 November 7, 1950 1956 →

Nominee Carl Hayden Bruce Brockett Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 116,246 68,846 Percentage 62.80% 37.20%

County results Hayden:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Carl Hayden Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Carl Hayden Democratic

Incumbent Democratic U.S. senator Carl Hayden ran for re-election to a fifth term, defeating Republican nominee Bruce Brockett in the general election. Brockett was formerly the Republican nominee for governor in both 1946 and 1948. Hayden first defeated Cecil H. Miller and Robert E. Miller (of the Arizona Farm Bureau), for the Democratic nomination.

Arkansas[edit]

California[edit]

1950 United States Senate election in California

← 1944 November 7, 1950 1954 (special) →

Nominee Richard Nixon Helen Gahagan Douglas Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,183,454 1,502,507 Percentage 59.23% 40.76%

County Results Nixon:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Douglas:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Sheridan Downey Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Richard Nixon Republican

Colorado[edit]

1950 United States Senate election in Colorado

← 1944 November 7, 1950 1956 →

Nominee Eugene Millikin John A. Carroll Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 239,724 210,442 Percentage 53.25% 46.75%

Results by county Millikin:      50–60%      60–70% Carroll:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Eugene Millikin Republican Elected U.S. Senator Eugene Millikin Republican

Connecticut[edit]

Brien McMahon
Class 3

Connecticut (special)[edit]

Connecticut (regular)[edit]

Florida[edit]

1950 United States Senate election in Florida

← 1944 November 7, 1950 1956 →

Nominee George Smathers John P. Booth Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 238,987 74,228 Percentage 76.30% 23.70%

County results Smathers:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Booth:      50–60%

Senator before election Claude Pepper Democratic Elected Senator George Smathers Democratic

Democratic incumbent Senator Claude Pepper lost renomination May 2, 1950 to George A. Smathers, who easily won the general election.^[2]

The Democratic primary for the 1950 United States Senate election in Florida was described as the "most bitter and ugly campaigns in Florida political history." Ormund Powers, a Central Florida historian, noted that ABC and NBC commentator David Brinkley said that "the Pepper-Smathers campaign would always stand out in his mind as the dirtiest in the history of American politics". On January 12, 1950, U.S. Representative George A. Smathers declared his candidacy for the race in Orlando at Kemp's Coliseum, where about 3,000 supporters had gathered.^[6] In his opening speech, Smathers accused Pepper of being "the leader of the radicals and extremists", an advocate of treason, and a person against the constitutional rights of Americans.^[7] Ed Ball, a power in state politics who had broken with Pepper, financed his opponent, Smathers.^[8]

Prior to the entry of Smathers and Pepper, Orlando attorney James G. Horrell campaigned for the seat. Horrell researched Pepper's weaknesses and the state's voters. Horrell also compiled a list of communist-front groups that Pepper had communicated with. On the day that Pepper declared his candidacy, Horrell withdrew and endorsed Smathers. Horrell also sent his reports about Pepper to Smathers, which he used throughout the next few months. This would also prevent the chance of a run-off election. In late February and early March, the Jacksonville Journal conducted a poll in 11 counties important for the election. Smathers led by about 2-to-1 and dominated in Duval, Pinellas, and Volusia counties, while he was also statistically tied with Pepper in Dade, Escambia, and Hillsborough counties. However, Smathers did not trail in any of the 11 counties.^[9]

Smathers repeatedly attacked "Red Pepper" for having communist sympathies, condemning both his support for universal health care and his alleged support for the Soviet Union. Pepper had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1945 and, after meeting Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, declared he was "a man Americans could trust."^[8] Additionally, although Pepper supported universal health care, sometimes referred to as "socialized medicine", Smathers would vote for "socialized medicine" in the Senate when it was introduced as Medicare in 1965. In The Saturday Evening Post, even respected writer and notorious anti-segregation editor Ralph McGill labeled Pepper a "spell-binding pinko".^[7] Beginning on March 28 and until the day of the primary, Smathers named one communist organization each day that Pepper addressed, starting with the American Slav Congress.^[9]

Pepper's opponents circulated widely a 49-page booklet titled The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper. It contained photographs and headlines from several communist publications such as the Daily Worker.^[7] In April the Daily Worker endorsed Pepper, with Communist Party of Florida leader George Nelson warning that a Smathers victory would "strengthen the Dixiecrat-KKK forces in Florida as well as throughout the South."^[9] The booklet also made it seem as if Pepper desired to give Russia nuclear bomb-making instructions, billions of dollars, and the United States' natural resources. There was also a double-page montage of Pepper in 1946 at New York City's Madison Square Garden with progressive Henry A. Wallace and civil rights activist Paul Robeson, and quoted Pepper speaking favorably of both of them.^[7] Throughout the campaign, Pepper denied sympathizing with communism.^[10]

Simultaneous to this election, then-U.S. House Representative Richard Nixon was running for the Senate seatinCalifornia. In a letter from Senator Karl E. MundtofSouth Dakota, he told Nixon that "It occurs to me that if Helen is your opponent in the fall, something of a similar nature might well be produced", in reference to The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper and a similar Democratic primary between Manchester Boddy and Helen Gahagan Douglas.^[11]

Race also played a role in the election. Labor unions began a voter registration drive, which mostly added African Americans to the voter rolls. Smathers accused the "Northern labor bosses" of paying black people to register and vote for Pepper. Shortly after Smathers declared his candidacy, he indicated to the Florida Peace Officers Association that he would defend law enforcement officers for free if they were found guilty of civil rights violations.^[7] With the election occurring during the era of racial segregation, Pepper was portrayed as favoring integration and interracial marriage. He was also labeled a "nigger lover" and accused by Orlando Sentinel publisher Martin Andersen of shaking hands with a black woman in Sanford. In Dade County, which had a significant black and Jewish population, doctored photographs depicting Smathers in a Ku Klux Klan hood were distributed.^[12]

In the Groveland Case, four young African American men – Charles Greenlee, Walter Irvin, Samuel Shepherd, and Ernest Thomas – known as the Groveland Four, were accused of raping a 17-year old white women in Groveland on July 16, 1949. Thomas fled the area but was later shot and killed by police. Greenlee, Irvin, and Shepherd were convicted by an all-white jury. After the St. Petersburg Times questioned the verdict in April 1950, Lake County State Attorney J. W. Hunter, a supporter of Pepper, demanded that Pepper repudiate the news articles. However, Pepper refused. Hunter then denounced Pepper and endorsed Smathers. In addition to the racial violence, cross burning was also common at the time, with five in Jacksonville, ten in Orlando and Winter Park, and seventeen in the Tallahassee area.^[9]

With the accusation of "Northern labor bosses" sending "the carpetbaggers of 1950" to Florida on his behalf, Pepper reminded voters that Smathers was born in New Jersey and sometimes referred to him as a "damn Yankee intruder". In response, Smathers decorated speaking platform in the colors of his alma mater at the University of Florida, orange and blue, while informing his supporters that Pepper graduated from Harvard Law School.^[7]

Powers noted that throughout the campaign, "scarcely a day passed" without Andersen writing a news story, column, or editorial that was very positive of Smathers or highly critical of Pepper.^[6] Thirty-eight daily newspapers in Florida endorsed Smathers, while only the St. Petersburg Times and The Daytona Beach News-Journal endorsed Pepper. Among the newspapers that supported Smathers were the Miami Herald, owned by John S. Knight, and the Miami Daily News, published by James M. Cox, a former Governor of Ohio and the Democratic Party nominee for the 1920 presidential election. However, Pepper's aides compared this situation to when Alf Landon was endorsed by more editors and newspapers than Franklin Roosevelt in 1936, but received far fewer votes than him.^[13]

Smathers performed generally well across many areas of the state, with the exception of Miami, Tampa, and the Florida Panhandle. On the morning after the election, Andersen wrote on the front-page headline of the Orlando Sentinel, "Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow ... We Have Won from Hell to Breakfast And From Dan to Beersheba ... And Staved Off Socialism", which was inspired by a headline in The New York Times celebrating Lawrence of Arabia's victory over the Turks in 1917.^[6]