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(Top) 1 Crurotarsans 2 Non-avian dinosaurs 2.1 Research 2.2 Hadrosaur chewing study 2.3 New taxa 2.4 Aves 2.4.1 Research 2.4.2 Newly described birds 2.5 Pterosaurs 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References

2009 in archosaur paleontology

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List of years in archosaur paleontology

2009

…

In science

In paleontology

In paleobotany

In arthropod paleontology

In paleoentomology

In paleomalacology

In paleoichthyology

In reptile paleontology

In mammal paleontology

Science +...

The year 2009 in Archosaur paleontology was eventful. Archosaurs include the only living dinosaur group — birds — and the reptile crocodilians, plus all extinct dinosaurs, extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosaur paleontology is the scientific study of those animals, especially as they existed before the Holocene Epoch began about 11,700 years ago. The year 2009 in paleontology included various significant developments regarding archosaurs.

This article records new taxaoffossil archosaurs of every kind that have been described during the year 2009, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that occurred in the year 2009.

Crurotarsans[edit]

Delfino, M.; Smith, T. (2009). "A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of 'Crocodylus' depressifrons Blainville, 1855 (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea) based on the Early Eocene remains from Belgium". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (1): 140–167. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00478.x.

Newly named crurotarsans
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Armadillosuchus^[1]	Valid	Marinho Carvalho	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	Notosuchian with heavy, armadillo-like body armor consisting of flexible bands and rigid shields	Armadillosuchus
Barcinosuchus^[2]	Valid	Leardi Pol	Aptian – Albian	Cerro Barcino Formation	Argentina	Apeirosaurid
Collilongus^[3]	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Sennikov	Early Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	Possible rauisuchian
Coringasuchus^[4]	Valid	Kellner Pinheiro et al.^{[CAL 1]}	Early Cenomanian	Alcântara Formation	Brazil
Duerosuchus^[5]	Valid	Santiago Andrés	Middle Eocene		Spain
Hypselorhachis^[6]	Valid	Butler Barrett et al.^{[CAL 2]}	Middle Triassic	Manda Beds	Tanzania	Possible ctenosauriscid
Kaprosuchus^[7]	Valid	Sereno Larson	Upper Cretaceous	Echkar Formation	Niger	Unusual large mahajangasuchid with hypertrophied caniniform teeth and posteriorly projecting horns	Kaprosuchus
Kemkemia^[8]	Valid	Cau & Maganuco	Cenomanian	Kem Kem Beds	Morocco	Initially identified as a theropod dinosaur,^[8] but subsequently discovered to be a crocodyliform.^[9]
Khoratosuchus^[10]	Valid	Lauprasert Cuny et al.^{[CAL 3]}	Early Cretaceous		Thailand	Youngest Mesozoic crocodyliform yet known from Thailand
Laganosuchus ^[7]	Valid	Sereno Larson	Cenomanian	Echkar Formation Kem Kem Beds	Niger Morocco		Laganosuchus
Miadanasuchus ^[11]	Valid	Simons Buckley	Campanian	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A new genus for "Trematochampsa" oblita (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1979)
Morrinhosuchus^[12]	Valid	Iori Carvalho	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	Notosuchian from Brazil
Penghusuchus^[13]	Valid	Shan Wu et al.^{[CAL 4]}	Late Miocene		Taiwan	A tomistomine crocodilian.
Polonosuchus^[14]	Valid	Brusatte Butler et al.^{[CAL 5]}	Late Carnian		Poland	A new genus for "Teratosaurus" silesiacus (Sulej, 2005)	Polonosuchus
Yacarerani ^[15]	Valid	Novas Pais et al.^{[CAL 6]}	Late Cretaceous	Cajones Formation	Bolivia		Yacarerani

Non-avian dinosaurs[edit]

Research[edit]

A new study on theropod furculae is published.^[16]
A "detailed description of the skull and mandible of the Chinese cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis" is published.^[17]
Knoll, F.; Padian, K.; de Ricqles, A. (2009). "Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: Implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy". Gondwana Research. 17: 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.010.
Matthews, J. C.; Brusatte, S. L.; Williams, S. A.; Henderson, M. D. (2009). "The first Triceratops bonebed and its implications for gregarious behavior". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 286–290. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..286M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010382. S2CID 196608646.
Williamson, T. E.; Carr, T. D.; Williams, S. A.; Tremaine, K. (2009). "Early ontogeny of pachycephalosaurine squamosals as revealed by juvenile specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, eastern Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 291–294. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..291W. doi:10.1671/039.029.0111. S2CID 84516840.
Bittencourt, J.S.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2009). "The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970". Zootaxa. 2079: 1–56. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2079.1.1. S2CID 90574494.
Chin, K.; Hartman, J.H.; Roth, B. (2009). "Opportunistic exploitation of dinosaur dung: fossil snails in coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana". Lethaia. 42 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00131.x.
Maidment, S.C.R.; Porro, L.B. (2009). "Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs". Lethaia. 43: 95–111. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x.
Gates, T.A.; Farke, A.A. (2009). "Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of a hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation of Wyoming, USA". Cretaceous Research. 30 (5): 1157–1163. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30.1157G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.05.001.
Moratalla, J.J.; Hernán, J. (2008). "Los Cayos S y D: dos afloramientos con icnitas de saurópodos, terópodos y ornitópodos en el Cretácico Inferior del área de Los Cayos (Cornago, La Rioja, España)". Estudios Geológicos. 64 (2): 161–173. doi:10.3989/egeol.08642.043.
Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J.; Naish, D. (2009). "Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (2): 213–220. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0007. S2CID 7582320.

Hadrosaur chewing study[edit]

A study titled "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" is published by British paleontologists Mark Purnell, Paul Barrett and student Vince Williams. The paper examined the chewing methods and diet of hadrosaurid ("duck billed") dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period. The scientists analyzed hundreds of microscopic scratches on the teeth of a fossilized Edmontosaurus jaw, and believe they determined exactly how a hadrosaur broke down and ate its food, which had previously eluded researchers.

The study found hadrosaurs had a unique way of eating unlike any creature living today. In contrast to a flexible lower jaw joint prevalent in today's mammals, hadrosaurs had a unique hinge between the upper jaws and the rest of its skull. The team found the dinosaur's upper jaws pushed outwards and sideways while chewing, as the lower jaw slid against the upper teeth.

The study also concluded that hadrosaurs likely grazedonhorsetails and vegetation close to the ground, rather than browsing higher-growing leaves and twigs. However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion of teeth while chewing. Previous studies found contradictory conclusions, and the issue remains a subject of debate.

The findings were published on June 30, 2009 in the journal, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Purnell said no previous study had ever employed this method of analyzing microscopic teeth scratches, and that the method could be used to study other areas of scientific research.

New taxa[edit]

Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.^[18] ~44 dinosaur genera were erected in 2009.

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Adeopapposaurus^[19]	Valid	Ricardo N. Martínez		Cañón del Colorado Formation	Argentina		Adeopapposaurus
Aerosteon^[20]	Valid	Sereno R. N. Martinez et al.^{[CAL 7]}		Rio Colorado Formation	Argentina		Aerosteon
Albalophosaurus ^[21]	Valid	Ohashi Barrett		Kuwajima Formation	Japan
Albertonykus^[22]	Valid	Longrich Currie	lower Maastrichtian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation	Canada ( Alberta)		Albertonykus
Anchiornis^[23]	Valid	Xu X. Zhao Q. et al.^{[CAL 8]}		Tiaojishan Formation	China		Anchiornis
Angulomastacator^[24]	Valid	J. R. Wagner Lehman		Aguja Formation	USA ( Texas)
Arenysaurus^[25]	Valid	Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa José Ignacio Canudob et al.^{[CAL 9]}			Spain	A Spanish Lambeosaurine.
Australovenator^[26]	Valid	Hocknull White et al.^{[CAL 10]}		Winton Formation	Australia	An Australian Megaraptor. Specimen named "Banjo"	Australovenator
Baotianmansaurus^[27]	Valid	Zhang, X. Lü, J. et al.^{[CAL 11]}		Gaogou Formation	China
Barrosasaurus^[28]	Valid	Salgado Coria		Anacleto Formation	Argentina
Ceratonykus^[29]	Valid	Alifanov Barsbold		Barun Goyot Formation	Mongolia		Ceratonykus
Diamantinasaurus^[30]	Valid	Hocknull White et al.^{[CAL 10]}		Winton Formation	Australia	An Australian Titanosaur.	Diamantinasaurus
Elrhazosaurus^[31]	Valid	Galton		Elrhaz Formation	Niger
Helioceratops^[32]	Valid	Jin Chen et al.^{[CAL 12]}		Quantou Formation	China		Helioceratops
Hesperonychus^[33]	Valid	Longrich Currie		Dinosaur Park Formation	Canada	Smallest known dinosaur from North America.	Hesperonychus
Jintasaurus^[34]	Valid	You Li		Xinminpu Group	China
Kinnareemimus^[35]	Valid	Buffetaut Suteethorn Tong		Sao Khua Formation	Thailand
Kol^[36]	Valid	Turner Nesbitt Norell		Djadochta Formation	Mongolia		Kol
Leshansaurus^[37]	Valid	Li Peng et al.^{[CAL 13]}		Shangshaximiao Formation	China
Levnesovia^[38]	Valid	Sues Averianov		Bissekty Formation	Uzbekistan	The oldest Hadrosauroidean
Limusaurus^[39]	Valid	Xu		Shishugou Formation	China	The first Asian ceratosaur to be discovered	Limusaurus
Luoyanggia^[40]	Valid	Lü Xu et al.^{[CAL 14]}		Mangchuan Formation	China	An oviraptorosaur
Malarguesaurus^[41]	Valid	González Riga Previtera Pirrone		Portezuelo Formation	Argentina
Minotaurasaurus^[42]	Valid	Clifford A. Miles Clark J. Mikes			Mongolia		Minotaurasaurus
Miragaia^[43]	Valid	Mateus Maidment Christiansen		Sobral Unit	Portugal	Long-necked stegosaur.	Miragaia
Nothronychus graffami^[44]	Valid	Zanno et al.'^[44]		Tropic Shale Formation	USA	A therizinosaurid.	Nothronychus graffami
Owenodon^[31]	Valid	Galton		Purbeck Limestone	UK		Owenodon
Panphagia^[45]	Valid	Martinez Alcober		Ischigualasto Formation	Argentina	One of the most basal known sauropodomorph.^[45]	Panphagia
Qiaowanlong^[34]	Valid	You Li		Xinminpu Group	China		Qiaowanlong
Raptorex^[46]		Sereno Brusatte et al.^{[CAL 15]}		Yixian Formation	China	Tyrannosauroidea	Raptorex
Ruyangosaurus^[47]	Valid	Lu Xu et al.^{[CAL 16]}		Mangchuan Formation	China		Ruyangosaurus
Shaochilong^[48]	Valid	Brusatte Benson et al.^{[CAL 17]}		Ulansuhai Formation	China		Shaochilong
Shidaisaurus^[49]	Valid	Wu Currie et al.^{[CAL 18]}		Upper Lufeng Formation	China
Sinotyrannus^[50]	Valid	Ji Ji Zhang		Jiufotang Formation	China
Skorpiovenator^[51]	Valid	Canale Scanferla et al.^{[CAL 19]}		Huincul Formation	Argentina		Skorpiovenator
Spinophorosaurus^[52]		Remes Ortega et al.^{[CAL 20]}		Irhazer Group	Niger	Sauropoda	Spinophorosaurus
Tatankacephalus^[53]	Valid	Parsons Parsons		Cloverly Formation	USA ( Montana)
Tawa^[54]	Valid	Nesbitt Smith et al.^{[CAL 21]}		Chinle Formation	USA ( New Mexico)		Tawa
Tethyshadros^[55]	Valid	Dalla Vecchia		Liburnia Formation	Italy
Tianyulong^[56]	Valid	Zheng You et al.^{[CAL 22]}		Tiaojishan Formation	China		Tianyulong
Wintonotitan^[30]	Valid	Hocknull White et al.^{[CAL 10]}		Winton Formation	Australia		Wintonotitan
Xianshanosaurus^[40]	Valid	Lü Xu et al.^{[CAL 14]}		Mangchuan Formation	China	A sauropod
"Xinghesaurus"	Nomen nudum	Hasegawa Carpenter et al.^{[CAL 23]}				Name published without scientific description in Japanese guidebook "Dinosaur Expo 2009: The Miracle of Deserts"
Zanabazar^[57]	Valid	Norell Makovicky et al.^{[CAL 24]}		Nemegt Formation	Mongolia		Zanabazar

Aves[edit]

Research[edit]

Anfinson, O.A.; Lockley, M.G.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, K.S.; Kim, J.Y. (2009). "First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from the Cretaceous of North America: implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 885–894. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30..885A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.02.001.
Lockley, M.; Chin, K.; Houck, K.; Matsukawa, M.; Kukihara, R. (2009). "New interpretations of Ignotornis, the first-reported Mesozoic avian footprints: implications for the paleoecology and behavior of an enigmatic Cretaceous bird" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 1041–1061. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30.1041L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.04.001.
Bell, A.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "A new specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 112 (1/2): 7–14. doi:10.1660/062.112.0202. S2CID 86083098.

Newly described birds[edit]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Alamitornis minutus ^[58]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Federico L. Agnolin Agustín G. Martinelli	Late Cretaceous	Los Alamitos Formation	Argentina	Placed in ?Patagopterygiformes by Agnolin and Martinelli.
Australotadorna alecwilsoni ^[59]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy	Late Oligocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	AnAnatidae.
Bonasa nini ^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Antonio Sánchez Marco	Early Pleistocene	Lower Elefante, TE 13 layer	Spain	APhasianidae.
Calidris janossyi ^[61]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Miocene	MN 13	Hungary	Originally described as a member of Scolopacidae belonging to the genus Calidris;^[61] Zelenkov, Volkova and Gorobets (2016) reinterpreted it as a member of Turnicidae and transferred it to the genus Ortyxelos.^[62]
Calonectris kurodai ^[63]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson	Middle Miocene	Calvert Formation	USA ( Virginia)	AProcellariidae, the smallest of the genus.
Cariama santacrucensis ^[64]	Sp. nov.	Disputed	Jorge I. Noriega Sergio F. Vizcaino Susana Bargo	Early-Middle Miocene	Estancia La Costa Member, Santa Cruz Formation	Argentina	Federico L. Agnolin, 2009, made it the type species of the separate genus Noriegavis Agnolin, 2009.^[65] Originally interpreted as a seriema; Noriega & Mayr (2017) reinterpreted it as a member of the falconid genus Thegornis of uncertain specific assignment, on the basis of a reexamination of the holotype specimen.^[66]
Charadrius lambrechti.^[61]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Miocene	MN 13	Hungary	AScolopacidae.
Clangula matraensis ^[67]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Middle Miocene	MN 6-8	Hungary	AnAnatidae.
Confuciusornis feducciai ^[68]	Sp. nov.	Disputed	Zuhui Zhang Chunling Gao Qingjin Meng Jinyuan Liu Lianhai Hou Guangmei Zheng	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of the family Confuciusornithidae. Considered to be a junior synonymofConfuciusornis sanctus by Wang, O'Connor & Zhou (2018).^[69]
Cygnopterus neogradiensis ^[70]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler János Hír	Middle Miocene	Sajóvölgy Formation, MN 7-8	Hungary	AnAnatidae.
Diomedeoides harmati ^[71]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Early Oligocene	MP 24	Hungary	ADiomedeoididae Fischer, 1985, placed in Rupelornis van Beneden, 1871 by Gerald Mayr and Thierry Smith, 2012
Egretta polgardiensis ^[67]	Sp. nov.	Disputed	Jenö Kessler	Late Miocene	MN 13	Hungary	Originally described as a member of Ardeidae and a species of Egretta; however, Zelenkov (2017) considered this species to be a junior synonym of the barn-owl species Tyto campiterrae Jánossy (1991).^[72]
Elbretornis bonapartei ^[73]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Cyril A. Walker Gareth J. Dyke	Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation	Argentina	AnEnantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002, this is the type species of the new genus.
Eoanseranas handae ^[74]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy John D. Scanlon	Late Oligocene – Early Miocene	Riverleigh World Heritage Property	Australia	AnAnseranatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Gansugyps linxiaensis ^[75]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhang Zihui Zheng Xiaoting Zheng Guangmei Hou Lianhai	Late Miocene	Upper Liushu Formation	China	AnAccipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Heliadornis minor ^[67]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Pliocene	MN 15-16	Slovakia	APhaethontidae.
Heliornis sumeghensis ^[61]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Miocene	MN 11-12	Hungary	AHeliornithidae
Jianchangornis microdonta ^[76]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhou Zhonghe Zhang Fucheng Li Zhiheng	Early Cretaceous Albian	Jiufotang Formation	China	A basal Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866, this is the type species of the new genus.
Martinavis minor ^[73]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Cyril A. Walker Gareth J. Dyke	Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation	Argentina	AnEnantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.
Martinavis saltariensis ^[73]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Cyril A. Walker Gareth J. Dyke	Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation	Argentina	AnEnantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.
Martinavis whetstonei ^[73]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Cyril A. Walker Gareth J. Dyke	Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation	Argentina	AnEnantiornithes Walker, 1981, Euenantiornithes Chiappe, 2002.
Megalocoturnix cordoni ^[60]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Antonio Sánchez Marco	Early Pliocene	Ruscinian, MN 15	Spain	APhasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Megapaloelodus peiranoi ^[77]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Federico L. Agnolin	Late Miocene	Andalhualá Formation	Argentina	APhoenicopteriformes, Palaelodidae Stejneger, 1885.
Mergus minor ^[67]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Middle Miocene	MN 6-8	Hungary	AnAnatidae.
Miocepphus blowi ^[78]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Erik Wijnker Storrs L. Olson	Late Miocene	Eastover Formation; Breda Formation Mill	USA ( Virginia) Netherlands	AnAlcidae.
Miocepphus bohaskai ^[78]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Erik Wijnker Storrs L. Olson	Late Miocene	Eastover Formation; Breda Formation Mill	USA ( Maryland and Virginia) Netherlands	AnAlcidae.
Miocepphus mergulellus ^[78]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Erik Wijnker Storrs L. Olson	Late Miocene	Eastover Formation	USA ( North Carolina)	AnAlcidae.
Palaeocryptonyx novaki ^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Antonio Sánchez Marco	Late Pliocene	Villanyan, MN 16	Spain	APhasianidae.
Paracoracias occidentalis ^[79]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Julia A. Clarke Daniel T. Ksepka N. Adam Smith Mark A. Norell	Eocene	Green River Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A stem Coraiiformes.
Pinpanetta fromensis ^[59]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy	Late Oligocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	AnAnatidae.
Pinpanetta tedfordi ^[59]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy	Late Oligocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	AnAnatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Pinpanetta vickersrichae ^[59]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy	Late Oligocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	AnAnatidae.
Podiceps csarnotatus ^[67]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Pliocene	MN 15-16	Hungary	APodicipedidae.
Porzana kretzoii ^[61]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Late Miocene	MN 13	Hungary	A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a species Porzana; Zelenkov (2017) transferred this species to the genus Zapornia.^[72]
Porzana matraensis ^[61]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jenö Kessler	Middle Miocene	MN 6-8	Hungary	ARallidae.
Primozygodactylus eunjooae ^[80]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Nikita V. Zelenkov	Middle Eocene	MP 11	Germany	AZygodactylidae Brodkorb, 1971.
Pseudocepphus teres ^[78]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Erik Wijnker Storrs L. Olson	Late Miocene	St. Marys Formation	USA ( Maryland)	AnAlcidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Rapaxavis pani ^[81]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Eric M. Morschhauser David J. Varricchio Gao Chunling Liu Jinyuan Wang Xuri Cheng Xiadong Meng Qingjin	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	AnEnantiornithes Walker, 1981, Longipterygidae Zhang, Zhou, Hou et Gu, 2000, this is the type species of the new genus.
Rupephaps taketake ^[82]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Trevor H. Worthy Suzanne J. Hand Jennifer P. Worthy Alan J. D. Tennyson R. Paul Scofield	Early Miocene, Altonian	Bannockburn Formation	New Zealand	AColumbidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Sapeornis angustis ^[83]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Pauline Provini Zhou Zhonghe Zhang Fucheng	Early Cretaceous, Aptian	Jiufotang Formation	China	ASapeornithidae Zhou et Zhang, 2006.
Selenornis steendorpensis ^[84]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Early Oligocene, MP ?23-24	Boom Formation	Belgium	ATytonidae, Selenornithinae Mourer-Chauviré, 1987.
Shanweiniao cooperorum ^[85]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Jingmai K. O'Connor Xuri Wang Luis M. Chiappe Chunling Gao Qingjin Meng Xiaodong Cheng Jinyuan Liu	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Familia Longipterygidae Zhang, Zhou, Hou et Gu, 2000, this is the type species of the new genus.	Shanweiniao cooperorum
Talpanas lippa ^[86]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson Helen F. James	Holocene	Kauai	USA ( Hawaii)	AnAnatidae, Kaua'i Mole Duck, a Hawaiian duck that probably lived a kiwi-like lifestyle, this is the type species of the new genus.
Tologuica aurorae ^[87]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Nikita V. Zelenkov Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Middle Miocene	Ööshin Formation	Mongolia	APhasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Tologuica karhui ^[87]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Nikita V. Zelenkov Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Middle Miocene	Ööshin Formation	Mongolia	APhasianidae.

Pterosaurs[edit]

Lü, J. (2009). "A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 83 (2): 189–199. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00062.x. S2CID 247739978.
Vullo, R.; Neraudeau, D. (2009). "Pterosaur remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Paralic Deposits of Charentes, Western France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 277–282. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..277V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010380. S2CID 197536660.

Newly named pterosaurs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Carniadactylus^[88]	Valid	Dalla Vecchia	Late Triassic		Italy	A campylognathoidid with a wingspan of about 70 cm.
Changchengopterus^[89]	Valid	Lü	Middle Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A primitive long-tailed pterosaur related to Dorygnathus.
Ningchengopterus^[90]	Valid	Lü	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A pterodactyloid known from a juvenile specimen whose fossils preserved details of the flight membrane and fur.	Ningchengopterus.
Wukongopterus^[91]	Valid	Wang Kellner Jiang Meng	Late Jurassic	Daohugou Beds	China	A primitive long tailed pterosaur. The type specimen shows evidence of the animal having broken its shin while alive.	Wukongopterus

Notes[edit]

^ Kellner, Pinheiro, Azevedo, Henriques, de Carvalho, Oliveira.

^ Butler, Barrett, Abel, Gower.

^ Lauprasert, Cuny, Thirakhupt, Suteethorn.

^ Shan, Wu, Cheng, Sato.

^ Brusatte, Butler, Sulej, Niedźwiedzki.

^ Novas, Pais, Pol, Carvalho, Mones, Scanferla, Riglos.

^ Sereno, R. N. Martinez, J. A. Wilson, Varricchio, Alcober.

^ Xu X., Zhao Q., Norell, C. Sullivan, Hone, Erickson, Wang X. L., Han F., Guo.

^ Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa, José Ignacio Canudob, Penélope Cruzado-Caballerob, José Luis Barcoc, Nieves López-Martínezd, Oriol Omse, José Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca.

^ ^a ^b ^c Hocknull, White, Tischler, Cook, Calleja, Sloan, Elliott.

^ Zhang, X., Lü, J., Xu, L., Li, J., Yang, L.K., Hu, W., Jia, S., Ji, Q. Zhang, C.

^ Jin, Chen, Zan, Godefroit.

^ Li, Peng, Jiang, Huang.

^ ^a ^b Lü, Xu, Jiang, Jia, Li, Yuan, Zhang, Ji.

^ Sereno, Brusatte, Kriegstein, Zhao, Cloward.

^ Lu, Xu, Jia, Zhang, Zhang, Yang, You, Ji.

^ Brusatte, Benson, Chure, Xu, Sullivan, Hone.

^ Wu, Currie, Dong, Pan, Tang.

^ Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin, Novas.

^ Remes, Ortega, Fierro, Joger, Kosma, Ferrer.

^ Nesbitt, Smith, Irmis, Turner, Downs, Norell.

^ Zheng, You, Xu, Dong.

^ Hasegawa, Carpenter, Lamanna, Xu.

^ Norell, Makovicky, Bever, Balanoff, Clark, Barsbold, Rowe.

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cyril A. Walker; Gareth J. Dyke (2009). "Euenantiornithine birds from the Late Cretaceous of El Brete (Argentina)" (PDF). Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 27: 15–62. doi:10.3318/ijes.2010.27.15. S2CID 129573066. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-20.

^ Trevor H. Worthy; John D. Scanlon (2009). "An Oligo-Miocene Magpie Goose (Aves: Anseranatidae) from Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 205–211. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..205W. doi:10.1671/039.029.0103. S2CID 129930435.

^ Zihui Zhang; Xiaoting Zheng; Guangmei Zheng; Lianhai Hou (2009). "A New Old World Vulture (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) from the Miocene of Gansu Province, North Western China" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 151 (1): 401–408. doi:10.1007/s10336-009-0468-1. S2CID 37386553. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-21. Retrieved 2015-04-16.

^ Zhou Zhonghe; Zhang Fucheng; Li Zhiheng (2009). "A new basal ornithurine bird (Jianchangornis microdonta gen. et sp. nov.), from the Lower Cretaceous of China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 47 (4): 299–310. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2009.04.004.

^ Federico L. Agnolin (2009). "Una nueva especie del género Megapaloelodus (Aves: Phoenicopteridae: Palaelodinae) del Mioceno Superior del noroeste de Argentina" (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva Series. 11 (1): 23–32. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.11.267.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Erik Wijnker; Storrs L. Olson (2009). "A Revision of the Fossil Genus Miocepphus and Other Miocene Alcidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) of the Western North Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 7 (4): 471–487. doi:10.1017/s1477201909990022. S2CID 53352434.

^ Julia A. Clarke; Daniel T. Ksepka; N. Adam Smith; Mark A. Norell (2009). "Combined Phylogenetic Analysis of a New North American Fossil Species Confirms Widespread Eocene Distribution for Stem Rollers (Aves, Coracii)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 586–611. doi:10.1111/zoj.12181.

^ Gerald Mayr; Nikita V. Zelenkov (2009). "New Specimens of Zygodactylid Birds from the Middle Eocene of Messel, with Description of a New Species of Primozygodactylus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (1): 15–20. doi:10.4202/app.2009.b103. S2CID 55370152.

^ Eric M. Morschhauser; David J. Varricchio; Gao Chunling; Liu Jinyuan; Wang Xuri; Cheng Xiadong; Meng Qingjin (2009). "Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Rapaxavis pani, a new species from Liaoning Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 545–554. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..545M. doi:10.1671/039.029.0210. S2CID 84643293.

^ Trevor H. Worthy; Suzanne J. Hand; Jennifer P. Worthy; Alan J. D. Tennyson; R. Paul Scofield (2009). "A Large Fruit Pigeon (Columbidae) from the Early Miocene of New Zealand". The Auk. 126 (3): 649–656. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.08244. S2CID 86799657.

^ Pauline Provini; Zhonghe Zhou; Fucheng Zhang (2009). "A New Species of the Basal Bird Sapeornis from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 47 (3): 194–207. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2009.03.003.

^ Gerald Mayr (2009). "A Small Loon and a New Species of Large Owl from the Rupelian of Belgium (Aves: Gaviiformes, Strigiformes)" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 247–254. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0019-3. S2CID 66209247.

^ Jingmai K. O'Connor; Xuri Wang; Luis M. Chiappe; Chunling Gao; Qingjin Meng; Xiaodong Cheng; Jinyuan Liu (2009). "Phylogenetic Support for a Specialized Clade of Cretaceous Enantiornithine Birds with Information from a New Species" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 188–204. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..188O. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371. S2CID 196607241.

^ Iwaniuk, A. L.; Olson, S. L.; James, H. F. (24 November 2009). "Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2296. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 47–67. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2296.1.3. S2CID 4176091.

^ ^a ^b Nikita V. Zelenkov; Evgeny N. Kurochkin (2009). "Neogene Phasianids (Aves: Phasianidae) of Central Asia: 1. Genus Tologuica gen. nov". Paleontological Journal. 43 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1134/s0031030109020130. S2CID 84965715.

^ Dalla Vecchia; Fabio M. (2009). "Anatomy and systematics of the pterosaur Carniadactylus (gen. n.) rosenfeldi (Dalla Vecchia, 1995)". Rivista Italiana de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 115 (2): 159–188.

^ Lü, J. (2009). "A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 83 (2): 189–199. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00062.x. S2CID 247739978.

^ Lü J. (2009). "A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 83 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x. S2CID 85074573.

^ Wang X.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Jiang S.; Meng X. (2009). "An unusual long-tailed pterosaur with elongated neck from western Liaoning of China". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 81 (4): 793–812. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652009000400016. PMID 19893903.

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