Cygnus OB2 #12 is an extremely luminous blue hypergiant with an absolute bolometric magnitude (all electromagnetic radiation) of −10.9, among the most luminous stars known in the galaxy. This makes the star nearly two million times more luminous than the Sun, although estimates were even higher when the star was first discovered. It is now known to be a binary, with the companion approximately a tenth as bright. A very approximate initial estimate of the orbit gives the total system mass as 120 M☉ and the period as 30 years.
Cygnus OB2 #12 is generally assumed to be a member of the Cyg OB2 Association, a cluster of young massive stars about 4,600 light-years (1,400 pc) away in Cygnus, and resides in a region of the Milky Way from which visible light is heavily absorbed by interstellar dust when viewed from Earth. The dust causes the star to be strongly reddened despite being an intrinsically hot and blue star, hence it has been extensively studied in the infra-red. Were it not for the dust extinction, the star would have a visual magnitude about 1.5, nearly as bright as Deneb (Alpha Cygni), but because of the dust the observed visual magnitude is 11.4 so that it requires binoculars or a small telescope to be seen.[2]
There are several fainter stars around Cygnus OB2 #12, thought to comprise a small cluster. Two stars are only resolved by speckle interferometry. One is thought to be a main sequence B star in a 100–200 year orbit. It is 2.3 magnitudes fainter than the primary star and 0.063" away. The other is 4.8 magnitudes fainter and about an arc-second distant. No spectroscopic companion could be detected in the spectrum.[8] However, analysis of x-ray emission suggests that there may be a hot luminous companion in a close orbit, with their colliding winds creating the x-rays.[6]
The Gaia Data Release 2 parallax for Cygnus OB2 #12 indicated a distance around 840 pc, which was inconsistent with the distance of other Cygnus OB2 members.[9] However, the result included a significant amount of noise suggesting that it may have been inaccurate.[10] Earlier measures of the parallax were too imprecise to be meaningful.[11] If the closer distance were accepted then the star would be a more conventional blue supergiant with a luminosity around 440,000 L☉, a radius of 118 R☉, and a current mass of 25 M☉.[9]
The later Gaia Data Release 3 is more precise and indicates a distance around 1,700 pc, more consistent with estimates of the distance to Cygnus OB2, although there is still a significant amount of astrometric noise.[1]
However using the distance provided by Gaia EDR3 it was determined in one work[12] that the star has a luminosity of only about 316,000 L☉, a radius of about 100 R☉, and a mass much lower than the currently accepted ~110 M☉. This would put the star’s luminosity below the Humphreys-Davidson limit.
Cygnus OB2 #12 is a candidate luminous blue variable (LBV). Its position in the HR diagram, luminosity, and spectrum all classify it as an LBV. It shows brightness variations of a few tenths of a magnitude, but these do not seem to be associated with colour changes that would be expected from an LBV.[13] The spectral type has varied slightly since its discovery, but not to the extent that would be normal for an LBV.[7] If the lower Gaia DR2 distance were correct then the properties of Cygnus OB2 #12 would mean it would be expected to pulsate at low amplitude with a period of a few days.[9]
^ abCaballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; Degioia-Eastwood, K.; Herrero, A.; Jao, W.-C.; Mason, B. D.; Massey, P.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Walborn, N. R. (2014). "A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (2): 40. arXiv:1311.5087. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40. S2CID22036552.
^ abcCutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Huchra, John P.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Light, Robert M.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Stiening, Rae; Sykes, Matthew J.; Weinberg, Martin D.; Wheaton, William A.; Wheelock, Sherry L.; Zacarias, N. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
^Maryeva, O. V.; Chentsov, E. L.; Goranskij, V. P.; Dyachenko, V. V.; Karpov, S. V.; Malogolovets, E. V.; Rastegaev, D. A. (2016). "On the nature of high reddening of Cygnus OB2 #12 hypergiant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1602 (1): 491–507. arXiv:1602.05042. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..491M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw385. S2CID118824868.
^Klochkova, V. G.; Islentieva, E. S.; Panchuk, V. E. (2023-01-01). "On the status of the star Schulte 12 in the association Cyg OB2". arXiv:2301.08916 [astro-ph.SR].
