Ernst von Salomon (25 September 1902 – 9 August 1972) was a German novelist and screenwriter. He was a Weimar-era national-revolutionary activist and right-wing Freikorps member.
After the Freikorps units had been officially dissolved in 1920, Salomon joined the Organisation Consul and received a five-year prison sentence in 1922 for his part in the assassination of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau – he provided a car for the assassins. In 1927, he received another prison sentence for an attempted Feme murder (paramilitary "self-justice"), and was pardoned by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg after a few months – he had not killed the severely wounded victim, Wagner, when he pleaded for his life, which was noted by the court.[citation needed]
In 1929, he backed his elder brother Bruno in his struggle for the Schleswig-Holstein Rural People's Movement by simulating a bomb attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin. He had to spend three months in investigative custody, during which time he finished writing his first novel The Outlaws (Die Geächteten), published by Ernst Rowohlt.
Unlike many other German writers and poets, he did not sign the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft proclamation of loyalty to Adolf Hitler. He had been arrested after the Nazi Machtergreifung, together with Hans Fallada, but was released after a few days. Suspiciously eyed by the authorities, who suspected him to be an adherent of Otto Strasser's "Third Position", he earned his living by writing film scripts for the German film company UFA.[3] Salomon wrote the screenplay for the 1941 anti-British propaganda film Carl Peters. From October 1944 to May 1945, he was deployed in the local Volkssturm.[4] Salomon supported Ernst Rowohlt after he had received a publishing ban for employing Jewish personnel and temporarily corresponded with conservative resistance circles around Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen. His lover, Ille Gotthelft, was Jewish but he was able to protect her from persecution by passing her off as his spouse.
In June 1945, Salomon was interned by American military occupation authorities due to his active opposition to democracy during the Weimar era and his proximity to Nazi ideology. Gotthelft was also interned.[5] In his autobiographical The Answers, Salomon described how he and his lover were seriously mistreated by American soldiers when he was in custody, being called "Nazi pig!" and "despicable creatures". Salomon was imprisoned by the Americans until September 1946.[6]
In 1951, Salomon published the book The Questionnaire (Der Fragebogen), in which he gave his ironic and sarcastic "Answers" to the 131 point questionnaire concerning people's activities between 1933-1945 which the Western Allied Military Governments in Germany issued by the tens of thousands at the end of the war. A famous public discussion of the book took place in the main train station of Cologne, organised by bookseller Gerhard Ludwig.[citation needed] Although Liberals and the Left condemned it violently, the book was a sensation in Germany and between its publication in 1951 and 1954 by which time it had sold over 250,000 copies.[7]
Die Geächteten (translated as The Outlaws) (1930), a fictionalized account of Ernst von Salomon's adventures as a Freikorps fighter.
Die Stadt ("The City" – translated as It Cannot Be Stormed) (1932)
Die Kadetten ("The Cadets") (1933)
Putsch ("Coup d'État") (1933)
Der Fragebogen (The QuestionnaireorAnswers to the 131 Questions of the Allied Military Government.) (Germany 1951). English edition, by Putnam, London, 1954.
^Rees, Goronwy, in his "Preface" to The Answers by Ernst von Salomon, translated by Constantin FitzGibbon, London, 1954, p.ix.
^Rees, Goronwy, in his "Preface" to The Answers by Ernst von Salomon, translated by Constantin FitzGibbon, London, 1954, p.x.
^Jürgen Hillesheim, Elisabeth Michael: Lexikon nationalsozialistischer Dichter. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1993, ISBN3-88479-511-2, S. 361.
^Richard Herzinger: Ein extremistischer Zuschauer. Ernst von Salomon, konservative Literatur zwischen Tatrhetorik und Resignation. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistik, Neue Folge 1998, Heft 1, S. 92.
^Salomon, Ernst von, The Answers, translated by Constantin FitzGibbon, London, 1954, p.433.
^Rees, Goronwy, in his "Preface" to The Answers by Ernst von Salomon, translated by Constantin FitzGibbon, London, 1954, p.vii.
