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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Gasteracantha orb-weaver spiders first named by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833.[2] spiny-backed orb-weavers , spiny orb-weavers , or spiny spiders . The females of most species are brightly colored with six prominent spines on their broad, hardened, shell-like abdomens. The name Gasteracantha is derived from the Greek gaster γαστήρ akantha άκανθα [3] crab spiders .[4] [5] [6] kite spider , or jewel spider .
Members of the genus exhibit strong sexual dimorphism . Females are several times larger than males, which lack prominent spines or bright colors.[4] [5] [7] [8]
Distribution
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Gasteracantha species are distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates. The genus is most diverse in tropical Asia, from India through Indonesia.[1] G. cancriformis Americas .[4]
Predators and defense mechanisms
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Some species of orb-weavers use stridulation as an antipredator defense mechanism. [9] [10]
Taxonomy and systematics
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Gasteracantha has a complex taxonomic history, and many questions of species limits and distribution and generic interrelationships remain unanswered. Furthermore, challenges include the variability within individual Gasteracantha species (e.g., color polymorphism and variable length and shape of spines), a lack of male specimens and descriptions for many species, missing or damaged type specimens, and ambiguous initial descriptions in 18th- and 19th-century scientific literature.[11] World Spider Catalog include dozens of synonyms and subspecies , many based on literature well over 100 years old.[1]
A 2019 study examining three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes found that Gasteracantha is paraphyletic with respect to Macracantha , Actinacantha , and Thelacantha . M. arcuata G. hasselti A. globulata T. brevispina G. kuhli G. diardi [11]
Micrathena Gasteracantha within the orb-weaver family.[8]
Species
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As of November 2021[update] Gasteracantha contains 69 species and 18 subspecies:[1]
G. acutispina Dahl , 1914
G. audouini Guérin , 1838
G. aureola Mi & Peng, 2013 – China
G. beccarii Thorell , 1877
G. biloba (Thorell, 1878) – Indonesia (Moluccas, Ambon)
G. cancriformis (Linnaeus, 1758) – North America, Central America, Caribbean, South America. Introduced to Hawaii
G. clarki Emerit, 1974 – Seychelles
G. clavatrix (Walckenaer , 1841) – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi, Mentawai Is.)
G. clavigera Giebel, 1863 – Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
G. crucigera Bradley , 1877
G. curvispina (Guérin, 1837) – West, Central Africa
G. curvistyla Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Togian Is.)
G. cuspidata C. L. Koch , 1837
G. dalyi Pocock, 1900 – India, Pakistan
G. diadesmia Thorell, 1887 – India to Philippines
G. diardi (Lucas, 1835) – China, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia (Sunda Is.)
G. doriae Simon , 1877
G. falcicornis Butler , 1873
G. fasciata Guérin, 1838 – New Guinea, Guam
G. flava Nicolet, 1849 – Chile
G. fornicata (Fabricius , 1775) – Australia (Queensland)
G. frontata Blackwall , 1864
G. gambeyi Simon, 1877 – New Caledonia
G. geminata (Fabricius, 1798) – India, Sri Lanka
G. hecata (Walckenaer, 1841) – Philippines
G. interrupta Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi)
G. irradiata (Walckenaer, 1841) – Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
G. janopol Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
G. kuhli C. L. Koch, 1837 – India to Japan, Philippines, Indonesia
G. lepelletieri (Guérin, 1825) – Indonesia (Sumatra) to Philippines, New Guinea
G. lunata Guérin, 1838 – Timor, Indonesia (Moluccas), New Caledonia
G. martensi Dahl, 1914 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
G. mediofusca (Doleschall , 1859) – Indonesia (Java), New Guinea
G. mengei Keyserling , 1864
G. metallica (Pocock, 1898) – Solomon Is.
G. milvoides Butler, 1873 – Central, East, Southern Africa
G. notata Kulczyński , 1910
G. panisicca Butler, 1873 – Myanmar to Philippines, Indonesia (Java)
G. parangdiadesmia Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
G. pentagona (Walckenaer, 1841) – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland, New Britain, Bismarck Arch.)
G. picta (Thorell, 1892) – Singapore
G. quadrispinosa O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1879
G. recurva Simon, 1877 – Philippines
G. regalis Butler, 1873 – Vanuatu
G. remifera Butler, 1873 – India, Sri Lanka
G. rhomboidea Guérin, 1838 – Mauritius
G. rubrospinis Guérin, 1838 – Indonesia (Lombok, Sulawesi, Moluccas), New Caledonia, Guam
G. rufithorax Simon, 1881 – Madagascar
G. sacerdotalis L. Koch , 1872
G. sanguinea Dahl, 1914 – Philippines
G. sanguinolenta C. L. Koch, 1844 – Africa, Yemen (mainland, Socotra), Seychelles
G. sapperi Dahl, 1914 – New Guinea
G. sauteri Dahl, 1914 – China, Taiwan, Vietnam
G. scintillans Butler, 1873 – Solomon Is.
G. signifera Pocock, 1898 – Solomon Is.
G. simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879 – Central Africa
G. sororna Butler, 1873 – India
G. sturi (Doleschall, 1857) – Laos, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas
G. subaequispina Dahl, 1914 – Borneo, New Guinea
G. taeniata (Walckenaer, 1841) – India to Polynesia
G. theisi Guérin, 1838 – Indonesia, New Guinea
G. thomasinsulae Archer, 1951 – São Tomé and Príncipe
G. thorelli Keyserling, 1864 – Madagascar
G. tondanae Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
G. transversa C. L. Koch, 1837 – Indonesia (Sumatra, Java)
G. unguifera Simon, 1889 – China, India
G. versicolor (Walckenaer, 1841) – Central, East, Southern Africa
G. westringi Keyserling, 1864 – Australia, Admiralty Is., New Caledonia
Gallery
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References
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^ Sundevall, C. J. (1833). Conspectus Arachnidum . Lund, Sweden. p. 14.
^ "Genus Gasteracantha" . BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13 .
^ a b c "Species Gasteracantha cancriformis - Spinybacked Orbweaver" . BugGuide.net . Retrieved 4 August 2019 .
^ a b Williams, Steven. "Spiky Spiders" . More than a Dodo . Oxford Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 August 2019 .
^ Horwell, David; Oxford, Pete (August 2005). Galápagos Wildlife (2 ed.). Chalfont St Peter, Bucks SL9 9QE, England: Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. p. 26. ISBN 9781841621005 {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: location (link )
^ Sankaran, Pradeep M.; Jobi, Malamel J.; Sebastian, Pothalil A. (February 2015). "Redescription of the orb-weaving spider Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798) (Araneae, Araneidae)" . Zootaxa . 3915 (1 ): 147–150. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.3915.1.10 . Retrieved 4 August 2019 .
^ a b
^ Corey, T. B., & Hebets, E. A. (2020). Testing the hypothesized antipredator defence function of stridulation in the spiny orb-weaving spider, Micrathena gracilis. Animal Behaviour, 169, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.09.003
^ "Urban Spider Chart" .
^ a b Tan, Ji; Chan, Zi Yang; Ong, Ching Ang; Yong, Hoi Sen (14 February 2019). "Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orb-weavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF) . Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . 67 doi :10.26107/RBZ-2019-0003 . Retrieved 3 August 2019 .
External links
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R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasteracantha&oldid=1224446831 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● A r a n e i d a e ● A r a n e o m o r p h a e g e n e r a ● C o s m o p o l i t a n s p i d e r s ● T a x a n a m e d b y C a r l J a k o b S u n d e v a l l H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● C S 1 m a i n t : l o c a t i o n ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g A n c i e n t G r e e k ( t o 1 4 5 3 ) - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 1 ● A l l a r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s ● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k f r o m W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h J 9 U i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h L C C N i d e n t i f i e r s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 8 M a y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 3 : 2 6 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
