J u m p t o c o n t e n t
M a i n m e n u
M a i n m e n u
N a v i g a t i o n
● M a i n p a g e ● C o n t e n t s ● C u r r e n t e v e n t s ● R a n d o m a r t i c l e ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● C o n t a c t u s ● D o n a t e
C o n t r i b u t e
● H e l p ● L e a r n t o e d i t ● C o m m u n i t y p o r t a l ● R e c e n t c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e
S e a r c h
Search
A p p e a r a n c e
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P e r s o n a l t o o l s
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P a g e s f o r l o g g e d o u t e d i t o r s l e a r n m o r e ● C o n t r i b u t i o n s ● T a l k
( T o p )
1 C a n a d a , G r e e n l a n d , U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d n o r t h e r n M e x i c o
T o g g l e C a n a d a , G r e e n l a n d , U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d n o r t h e r n M e x i c o s u b s e c t i o n
1 . 1 A r c t i c
1 . 2 S u b a r c t i c
1 . 3 P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t c o a s t
1 . 4 N o r t h w e s t P l a t e a u
1 . 4 . 1 C h i n o o k p e o p l e s
1 . 4 . 2 I n t e r i o r S a l i s h
1 . 4 . 3 S a h a p t i n p e o p l e
1 . 4 . 4 O t h e r o r b o t h
1 . 5 G r e a t P l a i n s
1 . 6 E a s t e r n W o o d l a n d s
1 . 6 . 1 N o r t h e a s t e r n W o o d l a n d s
1 . 6 . 2 S o u t h e a s t e r n W o o d l a n d s
1 . 7 G r e a t B a s i n
1 . 8 C a l i f o r n i a
1 . 9 S o u t h w e s t
2 M e x i c o a n d M e s o a m e r i c a
T o g g l e M e x i c o a n d M e s o a m e r i c a s u b s e c t i o n
2 . 1 A r i d o a m e r i c a
2 . 2 M e s o a m e r i c a
3 C i r c u m - C a r i b b e a n
T o g g l e C i r c u m - C a r i b b e a n s u b s e c t i o n
3 . 1 C a r i b b e a n
3 . 2 C e n t r a l A m e r i c a
3 . 3 C o l o m b i a a n d V e n e z u e l a
4 G u i a n a s
5 E a s t e r n B r a z i l
6 A n d e s
T o g g l e A n d e s s u b s e c t i o n
6 . 1 P a c i f i c l o w l a n d s
7 A m a z o n
T o g g l e A m a z o n s u b s e c t i o n
7 . 1 N o r t h w e s t e r n A m a z o n
7 . 2 E a s t e r n A m a z o n
7 . 3 S o u t h e r n A m a z o n
7 . 4 S o u t h w e s t e r n A m a z o n
8 G r a n C h a c o
9 S o u t h e r n C o n e
T o g g l e S o u t h e r n C o n e s u b s e c t i o n
9 . 1 F j o r d s a n d c h a n n e l s o f P a t a g o n i a
10 L a n g u a g e s
11 G e n e t i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
12 S e e a l s o
13 N o t e s
14 R e f e r e n c e s
T o g g l e t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s
2 0 l a n g u a g e s
● Б ъ л г а р с к и ● C a t a l à ● Č e š t i n a ● C y m r a e g ● D a n s k ● E s p a ñ o l ● E s p e r a n t o ● F r a n ç a i s ● H r v a t s k i ● I t a l i a n o ● L i e t u v i ų ● മ ല യ ാ ള ം ● N e d e r l a n d s ● N o r s k b o k m å l ● P l a t t d ü ü t s c h ● P o r t u g u ê s ● Р у с с к и й ● S r p s k o h r v a t s k i / с р п с к о х р в а т с к и ● S u o m i ● У к р а ї н с ь к а
E d i t l i n k s
● A r t i c l e ● T a l k
E n g l i s h
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
T o o l s
T o o l s
A c t i o n s
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
G e n e r a l
● W h a t l i n k s h e r e ● R e l a t e d c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e ● S p e c i a l p a g e s ● P e r m a n e n t l i n k ● P a g e i n f o r m a t i o n ● C i t e t h i s p a g e ● G e t s h o r t e n e d U R L ● D o w n l o a d Q R c o d e ● W i k i d a t a i t e m
P r i n t / e x p o r t
● D o w n l o a d a s P D F ● P r i n t a b l e v e r s i o n
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s o f t h e A m a z o n )
[ edit ]
In the United States and Canada , ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas.[1] Greenland is part of the Arctic region . Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.
Arctic
[ edit ] Inuktitut dialect map Early Indigenous languages in Alaska
Paleo-Eskimo , prehistoric cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CE
Pre-Dorset , eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCE
Saqqaq culture , Greenland, 2500–800 BCE
Independence I , northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCE
Independence II culture , northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE)
Groswater, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada
Dorset culture , 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, Canada
Aleut (Unangan ), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, Russia
Inuit , Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland
Yupik peoples (Yup'ik ), Alaska and Russia
Subarctic
[ edit ]
Anishinaabe – see also Northeastern Woodlands
Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba
Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota
Atikamekw , Quebec
Chipewyan , Alaskan interior, Western Canada
Cree , Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota
Dakelh (Carrier ), British Columbia
Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska[2]
Dena’ina (Tanaina ), Alaska
Dane-zaa (Beaver , Dunneza ), Alberta, British Columbia
Gwich'in (Kutchin , Loucheaux ), Alaska, Yukon
Hän , Alaska, Yukon
Holikachuk , Alaska
Innu (Montagnais ), Labrador, Quebec
Kaska (Nahane )
Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim )
Koyukon , Alaska
Naskapi
Sekani
Sahtú (North Slavey , Bearlake , Hare , Mountain ), Northwest Territories
Slavey (Awokanak , Slave , Deh Gah Got'ine , Deh Cho ), Alberta, British Columbia[3]
Tagish
Tahltan
Lower Tanana
Middle Tanana
Upper Tanana
Tanacross
Tasttine (Beaver)
Tli Cho
Inland Tlingit
Tsetsaut (extinct)
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)
Northern Tutchone
Southern Tutchone
Yellowknives
Pacific Northwest coast
[ edit ]
Heiltsuk
Nuxalk
Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
Chehalis (Upper and Lower), Washington
Chehalis (BC ) , Fraser Valley
Chemakum , Washington (extinct)
Chetco – see Tolowa
Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook , Upper Chinook , Clackamas , Wasco )
Clallam – see Klallam
Clatsop
Comox , Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait
Coos , Hanis , Oregon
Lower Coquille (Miluk ), Oregon
Upper Coquille
Cowichan , Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
Lower Cowlitz , Washington
Duwamish , Washington
Eyak , Alaska
Galice
Gitxsan , British Columbia
Haida (Dialects: Kaigani , Skidegate , Masset ), BC & Alaska
Haisla BC North/Central Coast
Heiltsuk BC Central Coast
Hoh Washington
Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya, Tfalatim , Yamel , Yaquina , Yoncalla ), Oregon
Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha) , S'Klallam (Jamestown) , S'Klallam (Port Gamble) )
Klickitat
Kwalhioqua
Kwakwaka'wakw , British Columbia
Lummi , Washington
Makah , Washington
Muckleshoot , Washington
Musqueam , BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver)
Nisga'a , British Columbia
Nisqually , Washington
Nooksack , Washington
Nuu-chah-nulth West Coast of Vancouver Island
Nuxalk (Bella Coola) – BC Central Coast
Oowekeno – see Wuikinuxv
Pentlatch , Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait
Puyallup , Washington
Quileute , Washington
Quinault , Washington
Rivers Inlet – see Wuikinuxv
Rogue River or Upper Illinois (Chasta Costa ), Oregon, California
Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait
Samish , Washington
Sauk-Suiattle , Washington
Sechelt , BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh)
Shoalwater Bay Tribe , Washington
Siletz , Oregon
Siuslaw , Oregon
Skagit
Skokomish , Washington
Sliammon , BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox)
Snohomish
Snoqualmie
Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver Island
Songhees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
Sooke , Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca
Squamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British Columbia
Squaxin Island Tribe Washington
Spokane Washington
Stillaguamish Washington
Sto:lo , BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley
Steilacoom , Coast Salish , Puget Sound , Washington (extinct)[4]
Suquamish , Washington
Swinomish , Washington
Tait
Takelma Oregon
Talio
Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon
Tlatlasikoala
Tlingit , Alaska
Tolowa -Tututni , Northern California
Tsimshian
Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia
Tulalip , Washington
Twana , Washington
Tzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island
Lower Umpqua , Oregon
Upper Umpqua , Oregon
Upper Skagit Washington
Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast
Northwest Plateau
[ edit ]
Interior Salish
[ edit ]
Chelan
Coeur d'Alene Tribe , ID, MT, WA
Entiat , WA
Flathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MT
Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles ), MT, WA
In-SHUCK-ch , BC (Lower Lillooet)
Lil'wat , BC (Lower Lillooet)
Methow , WA
Nespelem , WA
Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC
Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy)
Sanpoil , WA
Secwepemc , BC (Shuswap people)
Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA
Sinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia ), WA (extinct)
Spokane people , WA
Syilx (Okanagan ), BC, WA
St'at'imc , BC (Upper Lillooet)
Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA
Sahaptin people
[ edit ]
Cowlitz , (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington
Klickitat , Washington
Nez Perce , Idaho
Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon
Umatilla , Idaho, Oregon
Walla Walla , WA
Wanapum , WA
Wauyukma
Wyam (Lower Deschutes)
Yakama , WA
Other or both
[ edit ]
Cayuse , Oregon, Washington
Celilo (Wayampam ), Oregon
Cowlitz , Washington
Kalapuya , northwest Oregon
Klamath , Oregon
Kutenai (Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, ID, and MT
Lower Snake people: Chamnapam , Wauyukma , Naxiyampam
Modoc , formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon
Molala (Molale), Oregon
Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia
Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan ), Washington
Great Plains
[ edit ]
Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.
Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario,[5]
Potawatomi , Michigan,[5]
Apache (see also Southwest )
Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and Wyoming
Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota
Atsina (Gros Ventre), Montana
Blackfoot
Cheyenne , Montana, Oklahoma
Comanche , Oklahoma, Texas
Plains Cree , Montana
Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana
Escanjaques , Oklahoma
Hidatsa , North Dakota
Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma
Kiowa , Oklahoma
Mandan , North Dakota
Métis people (Canada) , North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
Missouri (Missouria), Oklahoma
Omaha , Nebraska
Osage , Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, Missouri
Otoe (Oto), Oklahoma
Pawnee , Oklahoma
Ponca , Nebraska, Oklahoma
Quapaw , formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma
Sioux
Dakota , Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
Santee , Nebraska
Yankton , South Dakota
Yanktonai , formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota
Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan
Nakoda (Stoney), Alberta
Nakota , Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan
Teyas , Texas
Tonkawa , Oklahoma
Tsuu T’ina , (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta
Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kitikiti'sh ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Kichai (also related to the Caddo ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Taovayas (Tawehash ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Tawakoni , Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Waco (Iscani , Yscani ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas
Wichita proper , Guichita , Rayados , Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Eastern Woodlands
[ edit ]
Northeastern Woodlands
[ edit ]
Western Abenaki : Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont[5]
Annamessex , Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland
Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic , Plains )
Algonquin ,[7]
Nipissing ,[7] [5]
Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,[5]
Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario;[5]
Potawatomi , Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[5]
Accomac people , formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia
Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
Assateague , formerly Maryland[8]
Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy ), formerly Ontario[5]
Beothuk , formerly Newfoundland[5]
Chowanoc , Chowanoke , formerly North Carolina
Choptank people , formerly Maryland[8]
Conoy , Virginia,[8]
Fort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia
Erie , formerly Pennsylvania, New York[5]
Etchemin , formerly Maine
Ho-Chunk (Winnebago ), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois,[5]
Honniasont , formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia
Hopewell tradition , formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE
Housatonic , formerly Massachusetts and New York[9]
Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek ), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[5]
Cahokia , formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently Oklahoma
Kaskaskia , formerly Wisconsin, currently Oklahoma
Miami , formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan,[5]
Iroquois Confederacy [7] Haudenosaunee ), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York[5]
Cayuga , currently New York,[5]
Mohawk , New York,[5]
Oneida , New York,[5]
Onondaga , New York,[5]
Seneca , New York,[5]
Mingo , formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
Tuscarora , formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario
Kickapoo , formerly Michigan,[5]
Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians ), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE
Lenni Lenape (Delaware ), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma
Munsee -speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York;[10]
Canarsie (Canarsee ), formerly Long Island New York[11]
Esopus , formerly New York,[10]
Hackensack , formerly New York[10]
Haverstraw (Rumachenanck ), New York[12]
Kitchawank (Kichtawanks , Kichtawank ), New York[12]
Minisink , formerly New York[10]
Navasink ,[12]
Sanhican (Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New Jersey
Sinsink (Sintsink ), formerly Westchester County, New York[12]
Siwanoy , formerly New York and Connecticut
Tappan , formerly New York[13]
Waoranecks [14]
Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek , Nochpeem ), formerly New York[9] [15]
Warranawankongs [14]
Wiechquaeskeck , formerly New York[10]
Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York[12]
Unami -speaking subgroups
Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican )[7] [5] [9]
Manahoac , Virginia[16]
Mascouten , formerly Michigan[5]
Massachusett , formerly Massachusetts[7] [17]
Meherrin , Virginia,[18]
Menominee , Wisconsin[5]
Meskwaki (Fox ), formerly Michigan,[5]
Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[5]
Mohegan ,[7]
Monacan , Virginia[19]
Montaukett (Montauk ),[7]
Monyton (Monetons , Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan ), West Virginia and Virginia
Nansemond , Virginia
Nanticoke , Delaware and Maryland[5]
Narragansett , Rhode Island[7]
Niantic , coastal Connecticut[7] [17]
Nipmuc (Nipmuck ), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[17]
Nottaway , Virginia[18]
Occaneechi (Occaneechee ), Virginia,[18] [20] [21]
Passamaquoddy , New Brunswick, and Maine[5]
Patuxent , Maryland[8]
Paugussett , Connecticut[7]
Peoria , Illinois, currently Oklahoma
Mitchigamea , formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
Moingona , formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
Tamaroa , formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
Wea , formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma
Pennacook tribe , formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire[22]
Penobscot , Maine
Pequot , Connecticut[7]
Petun (Tionontate ), Ontario[5]
Piscataway , Maryland[8]
Pocumtuc , western Massachusetts[17]
Podunk , formerly New York,[17]
Powhatan Confederacy , Virginia[8]
Appomattoc , Virginia
Arrohateck , Virginia
Chesapeake , Virginia
Chesepian , Virginia
Chickahominy , Virginia[18]
Kiskiack , Virginia
Mattaponi , Virginia
Nansemond , Virginia[18]
Paspahegh , Virginia
Potomac (Patawomeck ), Virginia
Powhatan , Virginia
Pamunkey , Virginia[18]
Quinnipiac , Connecticut,[7]
Rappahannock , Virginia
Saponi , North Carolina, Virginia,[18] [21]
Sauk (Sac ), formerly Michigan,[5]
Schaghticoke , western Connecticut[7]
Shawnee , formerly Ohio,[5]
Shinnecock ,[7] [17]
Stegarake , formerly Virginia[16]
Stuckanox (Stukanox ), Virginia[18]
Conestoga (Susquehannock ), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia[5]
Tauxenent (Doeg ), Virginia[23]
Tunxis (Massaco ), Connecticut[7]
Tuscarora , formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
Tutelo (Nahyssan ), Virginia,[18] [20] [21]
Unquachog (Poospatuck ), Long Island, New York[17]
Wabanaki , Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec[7]
Wampanoag , Massachusetts[7]
Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut[7]
Wawyachtonoc , formerly Connecticut, New York[9]
Weapemeoc , formerly northern North Carolina
Wenro , formerly New York[5] [7]
Wicocomico , formerly Maryland, Virginia
Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet ), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[5]
Wyandot (Huron ), Ontario south of Georgian Bay , later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake , Quebec
Southeastern Woodlands
[ edit ]
Most of these no longer exist as tribes.
Ais , eastern coastal Florida[25]
Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[26]
Amacano , Florida west coast[27]
Apalachee , northwestern Florida[28]
Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[28]
Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[19] [24]
Bayogoula , southeastern Louisiana[19] [24]
Biloxi , formerly Mississippi,[24] [28]
Caddo Confederacy , formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas,[28] [30]
Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[24]
Cahinnio , southern Arkansas[30]
Doustioni , north central Louisiana[30]
Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[30]
Hainai , eastern Texas[30]
Hasinai , eastern Texas[30]
Kadohadacho , northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[30]
Nabedache , eastern Texas[30]
Nabiti , eastern Texas[30]
Nacogdoche , eastern Texas[30]
Nacono , eastern Texas[30]
Nadaco , eastern Texas[30]
Nanatsoho , northeastern Texas[30]
Nasoni , eastern Texas[30]
Natchitoches , Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[30]
Neche , eastern Texas[30]
Nechaui , eastern Texas[30]
Ouachita , northern Louisiana[30]
Tula , western Arkansas[30]
Yatasi , northwestern Louisiana[30]
Calusa , southwestern Florida[26] [28]
Cape Fear Indians , North Carolina southern coast[24]
Capinan (Capina , Moctobi ), Mississippi
Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[31] [28]
Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo), Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana[24]
Chakchiuma , Alabama and Mississippi,[28]
Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[24]
Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
Cherokee , western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma[32]
Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
Chickasaw , Alabama and Mississippi,[28] [32]
Chicora , coastal South Carolina[19]
Chine , Florida
Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia[19] [33]
Chitimacha , currently Louisiana[28]
Choctaw , formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi,[28] [32]
Chowanoc (Chowanoke ), North Carolina
Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[24] [34]
Coree , North Carolina[19]
Croatan , North Carolina
Cusabo , coastal South Carolina[28]
Eno , North Carolina[24]
Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[35]
Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[26]
Guacozo , Florida
Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[24] [28]
Guazoco , southwestern Florida coast[26]
Houma , Louisiana and Mississippi[28]
Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida[25]
Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
Jororo , Florida interior[26]
Keyauwee , North Carolina[24]
Koasati (Coushatta ), formerly eastern Tennessee,[28]
Koroa , Mississippi[24]
Luca , southwestern Florida coast[26]
Lumbee , currently North Carolina
Machapunga , North Carolina
Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[26]
Mayaca , Florida[26]
Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[25]
Mayajuaca , Florida
Mikasuki (Miccosukee), currently Florida
Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
Mocoso , western Florida[25] [26]
Mougoulacha , Mississippi[19]
Muscogee (Creek) , Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama
Abihka , Alabama,[29]
Alabama , formerly Alabama,[29] [24] [28]
Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama,[24] [19]
Apalachicola Province , (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia[36]
Chiaha , Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
Eufaula tribe , Georgia, currently Oklahoma
Kialegee Tribal Town , Alabama, currently Oklahoma
Osochee (Osochi , Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[24] [29]
Talapoosa , Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
Thlopthlocco Tribal Town , Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
Tukabatchee , Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29]
Naniaba , northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
Natchez , Louisiana and Mississippi[28]
Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[24]
Norwood culture , Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE
Mosopelea (Ofo ), Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] [24]
Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[24]
Okelousa , Louisiana[24]
Opelousas , Louisiana[24]
Pacara, Florida
Pamlico , North Carolina
Pascagoula , Mississippi coast[19]
Pee Dee (Pedee ), South Carolina[24] [37]
Pensacola , Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[28]
Potoskeet , North Carolina
Quinipissa , southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[29]
Roanoke , North Carolina
Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[24]
Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux ), South Carolina[24]
Santa Luces , Florida
Saponi , North Carolina, Virginia,[18] [21]
Saura , North Carolina
Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw , Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[24]
Secotan , North Carolina
Seminole , currently Florida and Oklahoma[32]
Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[24]
Shakori , North Carolina
Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,[24]
Sissipahaw , North Carolina
Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[24]
Surruque , east-central Florida[38]
Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
Taensa , Mississippi[35]
Taposa , Mississippi
Tawasa , Alabama[39]
Tequesta , southeastern coastal Florida[24] [26]
Timucua , Florida and Georgia[24] [26] [28]
Acuera , central Florida[40]
Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[40]
Arapaha , north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?[40]
Cascangue , coastal southeast Georgia[40]
Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[40]
Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[40]
Northern Utina north-central Florida[40]
Ocale , central Florida[40]
Oconi , interior southeast Georgia[40]
Potano , north-central Florida[40]
Saturiwa , northeast Florida[40]
Tacatacuru , coastal southeast Georgia[41]
Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida[40]
Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida[42]
Yufera , coastal southeast Georgia[40]
Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[40]
Yustaga , north-central Florida[40]
Taposa , Mississippi
Tiou (Tioux ), Mississippi[34]
Tocaste , Florida[26]
Tocobaga , Florida[24] [26]
Tohomé , northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28]
Tomahitan , eastern Tennessee
Topachula , Florida
Tunica , Arkansas and Mississippi,[28]
Utiza , Florida[25]
Uzita , Tampa Bay, Florida[43]
Vicela , Florida[25]
Viscaynos , Florida
Waccamaw , North Carolina, South Carolina
Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[24]
Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[24] [37]
Westo , Virginia and South Carolina,[19]
Winyaw , South Carolina coast[24]
Woccon , North Carolina[24] [37]
Yamasee , Florida, Georgia[19]
Yazoo , southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[24] [44]
Yuchi (Euchee ), central Tennessee,[24] [28]
Great Basin
[ edit ]
Bannock , Idaho[45]
Coso People , of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range , Mojave Desert California
Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah[47]
Kawaiisu , southern inland California[45]
Mono , southeastern California
Northern Paiute , eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho[45]
Agaideka , Salmon Eaters , Lemhi , Snake River and Lemhi River Valley[50] [51]
Doyahinee' , Mountain people[48]
Kammedeka , Kammitikka , Jack Rabbit Eaters , Snake River, Great Salt Lake[50]
Hukundüka , Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters , Wild Wheat Eaters , possibly synonymous with Kammitikka [50] [52]
Tukudeka , Dukundeka' , Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters ), Sawtooth Range, Idaho[50] [51]
Yahandeka , Yakandika , Groundhog Eaters , lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers[50] [51]
Kuyatikka , Kuyudikka , Bitterroot Eaters , Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada[52]
Mahaguadüka , Mentzelia Seed Eaters , Ruby Valley , Nevada[52]
Painkwitikka , Penkwitikka , Fish Eaters , Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah[52]
Pasiatikka , Redtop Grass Eaters , Deep Creek Gosiute , Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley[52]
Tipatikka , Pinenut Eaters , northernmost band[52]
Tsaiduka , Tule Eaters , Railroad Valley , Nevada[52]
Tsogwiyuyugi , Elko, Nevada[52]
Waitikka , Ricegrass Eaters , Ione Valley, Nevada[52]
Watatikka , Ryegrass Seed Eaters , Ruby Valley , Nevada[52]
Wiyimpihtikka , Buffalo Berry Eaters [52]
Timbisha , aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California
Ute , Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico[45]
Capote , southeastern Colorado and New Mexico[53]
Moanunts , Salina, Utah[54]
Muache , south and central Colorado[53]
Pahvant , western Utah[54]
Sanpits , central Utah[54]
Timpanogots , north central Utah[54]
Uintah , Utah[53]
Uncompahgre or Taviwach , central and northern Colorado[53]
Weeminuche , western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico[53]
White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa ), Colorado and eastern Utah[53]
Washo , Nevada and California[55]
California
[ edit ]
Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes . [56]
Atsugewi , northeastern California[57]
Cahuilla , southern California[57]
Chumash , coastal southern California[57]
Chilula , northwestern California[57]
Chimariko , extinct, northwestern California[58]
Cupeño , southern California[57]
Eel River Athapaskan peoples
Esselen , west-central California[57]
Hupa , northwestern California[57]
Juaneño , Acjachemem , southwestern California
Karok , northwestern California[57]
Kato , Cahto , northwestern California[57]
Kitanemuk , south-central California[57]
Konkow , northern-central California[57]
Kumeyaay , Diegueño , Kumiai
Ipai , southwestern California[57]
Tipai , southwestern California and northwestern Mexico[57]
La Jolla complex , southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
Luiseño , southwestern California[57]
Maidu , northeastern California[57]
Miwok , Me-wuk , central California[57]
Monache , Western Mono , central California[57]
Nisenan , eastern-central California[57]
Nomlaki , northwestern California[57]
Ohlone , Costanoan , west-central California[57]
Patwin , central California[57]
Pauma Complex , southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE
Pomo , northwestern and central-western California[57]
Salinan , coastal central California[57]
Serrano , southern California[57]
Shasta northwestern California[57]
Tataviam , Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California[57]
Tolowa , northwestern California[57]
Tongva , Gabrieleño , Fernandeño , San Clemente tribe , coastal southern California[57]
Tubatulabal , south-central California[57]
Wappo , north-central California[57]
Whilkut , northwestern California[57]
Wintu , northwestern California[57]
Wiyot , northwestern California[57]
Yana , northern-central California[57]
Yokuts , central and southern California[57]
Yuki , Ukomno'm , northwestern California[57]
Yurok , northwestern California[57]
Southwest
[ edit ]
This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona , Southern Colorado , New Mexico , Western Texas , Southern Utah , Chihuahua , and Sonora
Jicarilla Apache , New Mexico
Lipan Apache , New Mexico, formerly Texas
Mescalero Apache , New Mexico
Navajo (Diné ), Arizona and New Mexico
San Carlos Apache , Arizona
Tonto Apache , Arizona
Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona
White Mountain Apache , Arizona
Comecrudo , Tamaulipas
Cotoname (Carrizo de Camargo )
Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico
Halchidhoma , Arizona and California
Hualapai , Arizona
Havasupai , Arizona
Hohokam , formerly Arizona
Karankawa , formerly Texas
La Junta , Texas, Chihuahua
Mamulique , Texas, Nuevo León
Manso , Texas, Chihuahua
Mojave , Arizona, California, and Nevada
O'odham , Arizona, Sonora
Piipaash (Maricopa ), Arizona
Pima Bajo
Pueblo peoples , Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas
Ancestral Pueblo , formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah
Hopi-Tewa (Arizona Tewa , Hano ), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt
Hopi , Arizona
Keres people , New Mexico
Tewa people , New Mexico
Tiwa people , New Mexico
Towa people
Zuni people (Ashiwi ), New Mexico
Quechan (Yuma ), Arizona and California
Quems , formerly Coahuila and Texas
Solano , Coahuila, Texas
Tamique (Aranama ), formerly Texas
Toboso , Chihuahua and Coahuila
Walapai , Arizona
Yaqui (Yoreme ), Arizona, Sonora
Yavapai , Arizona
Mexico and Mesoamerica
[ edit ]
The regions of Oasisamerica , Aridoamerica , and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.
Aridoamerica
[ edit ] Aridoamerica region of North America
Aranama (Hanáma , Hanáme , Chaimamé , Chariname , Xaraname , Taraname ), southeast Texas
Coahuiltecan , Texas, northern Mexico
Chichimeca
Cochimí , Baja California[63]
Cocopa , Arizona, northern Mexico
Garza , Texas, northern Mexico
Guachimontone
Guamare
Guaycura , Baja California
Guarijío , Huarijío , Chihuahua, Sonora[63]
Huichol [63] Wixáritari ), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango
Kiliwa , Baja California
Mayo ,[63]
Monqui , Baja California
Paipai , Akwa'ala , Kw'al , Baja California[64]
Opata
Otomi , central Mexico
Patiri , southeastern Texas
Pericúe , Baja California
Pima Bajo [63]
Seri [63]
Tarahumara [63]
Tepecano
Tepehuán [63]
Terocodame , Texas and Mexico
Teuchitlan tradition
Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition
Yaqui ,[63]
Zacateco
Mesoamerica
[ edit ] Map of Mesoamerica
Cora people
Huastec
Huave (Wabi ), Juchitán District, Oaxaca
Lenca
Maya , Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Mexico
Mazatec
Mixtec
Olmec
Otomi
Pipil
Purépecha , also known as Tarascan
Tlapanec
Xinca
Zapotec
Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula, Hildago
Circum-Caribbean
[ edit ]
Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians [65]
Caribbean
[ edit ]
Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas , except for Trinidad and Tobago .[65]
Arawak
Taino , Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles
Igneri , Lesser Antilles, 400–1000 CE
Nepoya , Trinidad
Suppoya , Trinidad
Caquetio , Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela
Carib , Lesser Antilles
Ciboney , Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE[66]
Ciguayo , Hispaniola
Ortoiroid , c. 5500–200 BCE[67]
Saladoid culture , 500 BCE–545 CE[67]
Central America
[ edit ]
The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador , most of Honduras , all of Nicaragua , Costa Rica , and Panama , and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador .[65]
Bokota , Panama
Boruca , Costa Rica
Bribri , Costa Rica
Cabécar , Costa Rica
Cacaopera (Matagalpa , Ulua ), formerly El Salvador[68]
Cayada , Ecuador
Changuena , Panama
Embera-Wounaan (Chocó , Wounaan ), Colombia, Panama
Choluteca , Honduras
Coiba , Costa Rica
Coito , Costa Rica
Corobici , Costa Rica
Desaguadero , Costa Rica
Dorasque , Panama
Guatuso , Costa Rica
Guaymí , Panama
Guetar , Costa Rica
Kuna (Guna ), Panama and Colombia
Lenca , Honduras and El Salvador
Mangue , Nicaragua
Maribichocoa , Honduras and Nicaragua
Miskito , Hondrus, Nicaragua
Nagrandah , Nicaragua
Ngöbe Buglé , Bocas del Toro, Panama
Nicarao , Nicaragua
Nicoya , Costa Rica
Orotiña , Costa Rica
Paparo , Panama
Paya , Honduras
Pech , northeastern Honduras
Piria, Nicaragua
Poton , Honduras and El Salvador
Quepo , Costa Rica
Rama , Nicaragua
Sigua , Panama
Subtiaba , Nicaragua
Suerre , Costa Rica
Sumo (Mayagna ), Honduras and Nicaragua
Terraba (Naso , Teribe , Tjër Di ), Panama
Tojar , Panama
Tolupan (Jicaque), Honduras
Ulva , El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua
Voto , Costa Rica
Yasika , Nicaragua
Colombia and Venezuela
[ edit ]
The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela . Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.[65]
Abibe , northwestern Colombia
Aburrá , central Colombia
Achagua (Axagua ), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
Agual , western Colombia
Amaní , central Colombia
Ancerma , western Colombia
Andaqui (Andaki ), Huila Department, Colombia
Andoque , Andoke , southeastern Colombia
Antiochia , Colombia
Arbi , western Colombia
Arma , western Colombia
Atunceta , western Colombia
Auracana , northeastern Colombia
Buriticá , western Colombia
Caquetio , western Venezuela
Calamari , northwestern Colombia
Calima culture , western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE
Caramanta , western Columbia
Carate , northeastern Colombia
Carare , northeastern Colombia
Carex , northwestern Colombia
Cari , western Colombia
Carrapa , western Colombia
Cartama , western Colombia
Cauca , western Colombia
Corbago , northeastern Colombia
Cosina , northeastern Colombia
Catio , northwestern Colombia
Cenú , northwestern Colombia
Cenufaná , northwestern Colombia
Chanco , western Colombia
Coanoa , northeastern Colombia
Cuiba , east Colombia west Venezuela
Cuica , western Venezuela
Cumanagoto , eastern Venezuela
Evéjito , western Colombia
Fincenú , northwestern Colombia
Gorrón , western Colombia
Guahibo (Guajibo ), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela
Guambía , western Colombia
Guanes , Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
Guanebucan , northeastern Colombia
Guazuzú , northwestern Colombia
Hiwi , western Colombia, eastern Venezuela
Jamundí , western Colombia
Kari'ña , eastern Venezuela
Kogi , northern Colombia
Lile , western Colombia
Lache , central Colombia
Mariche , central Venezuela
Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
Mompox , northwestern Colombia
Motilone , northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
Naura , central Colombia
Nauracota , central Colombia
Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama
Nutabé , northwestern Colombia
Opón , northeastern Colombia
Pacabueye , northwestern Colombia
Pancenú , northwestern Colombia
Patángoro , central Colombia
Paucura , western Colombia
Pemed , northwestern Colombia
Pequi people , western Colombia
Picara , western Colombia
Pozo , western Colombia
Pumé (Yaruro ), Venezuela
Quimbaya , central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE
Quinchia , western Colombia
Sutagao , central Colombian
Tahamí , northwestern Colombia
Tairona , northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE
Tamalameque , northwestern Colombia
Mariche , central Venezuela
Timba , western Colombia
Timote , western Venezuela
Tinigua , Caquetá Department, Colombia
Tolú , northwestern Colombia
Toro , western Colombia
Tupe , northeastern Colombia
Turbaco people , northwestern Colombia
Urabá , northwestern Colombia
Urezo , northwestern Colombia
U'wa , eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
Waikerí , eastern Venezuela
Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
Xiriguana , northeastern Colombia
Yamicí , northwestern Colombia
Yapel , northwestern Colombia
Yarigui , northeastern Colombia
Yukpa , Yuko , northeastern Colombia
Zamyrua , northeastern Colombia
Zendagua , northwestern Colombia
Zenú , northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE
Zopia , western Colombia
Guianas
[ edit ] The Guianas in northern South AmericaThe position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South America
This region includes northern parts Colombia , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Venezuela , and parts of the Amazonas , Amapá , Pará , and Roraima States in Brazil.
Acokwa (3N 53W)
Acuria (Akurio , Akuriyo ), 5N 55W, Suriname
Akawaio , Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
Amariba (2N 60W)
Amicuana (2N 53W)
Apalaí (Apalai ), Amapá, Brazil
Apirua (3N 53W)
Apurui (3N 53W)
Aracaret (4N 53W)
Aramagoto (2N 54W)
Aramisho (2N 54W)
Arebato (7N 65W)
Arekena (2N 67W)
Arhuaco , northeastern Colombia
Arigua
Arinagoto (4N 63W)
Arua (1N 50W)
Aruacay , Venezuela
Atorai (2N 59W)
Atroahy (1S 62W)
Auaké , Brazil and Guyana
Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
Baraüana (1N 65W)
Bonari (3S 58W)
Baré (3N 67W)
Caberre (4N 71 W)
Cadupinago
Cariaya (1S 63 W)
Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
Carinepagoto , Trinidad
Chaguan , Venezuela
Chaima , Venezuela
Cuaga , Venezuela
Cuacua , Venezuela
Cumanagoto , Venezuela
Guayano , Venezuela
Guinau (4N 65W)
Hixkaryána , Amazonas, Brazil
Hodï , Venezuela
Inao (4N 65W)
Ingarikó , Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
Kali'na , Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
Macapa (2N 59W)
Macushi , Brazil and Guyana
Maipure (4N 67W)
Maopityan (2N 59W)
Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela
Marawan (3N 52W)
Mariusa , Venezuela
Marourioux (3N 53W)
Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
Orealla , Guyana
Palengue , Venezuela
Palikur , Brazil, French Guiana
Parauana (2N 63W)
Parauien (3S 60W)
Pareco , Venezuela
Paria , Venezuela
Patamona , Roraima, Brazil
Pauishana (2N 62W)
Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
Piapoco (3N 70W)
Piaroa , Venezuela
Pino (3N 54W)
Piritú , Venezuela
Purui (2N 52W)
Saliba (Sáliva ), Venezuela
Sanumá , Venezuela, Brazil
Shebayo , Trinidad
Sikiana (Chikena , Xikiyana ), Brazil, Suriname
Tagare , Venezuela
Tamanaco , Venezuela
Tarumá (3S 60W)
Tibitibi , Venezuela
Tiriyó (Tarëno ), Brazil, Suriname
Tocoyen (3N 53W)
Tumuza , Venezuela
Wai-Wai , Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana
Wapishana , Brazil and Guyana
Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
Wayana (Oyana ), Pará, Brazil
Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami ), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
Ye'kuana , Venezuela, Brazil
Eastern Brazil
[ edit ]
This region includes parts of the Ceará , Goiás , Espírito Santo , Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , Pará , and Santa Catarina states of Brazil
Arara , Pará
Atikum , Bahia and Pernambuco
Bororo ,[7]
Botocudo (Lakiãnõ )
Carijo Guaraní [7]
East Brazilian tradition , Precolumbian culture[7]
Guató (Guato ), Mato Grosso
Kadiwéu (Guaicuru ),[7]
Kaingang
Karajá (Iny , Javaé ),[7]
Kaxixó , Minas Gerais
Kayapo (Cayapo , Mebêngôkre ),[7]
Laklãnõ ,[7]
Mehim (Krahô , Crahao ),[7]
Ofayé , Mato Grosso do Sul
Parakatêjê (Gavião ),[7]
Pataxó , Bahia
Potiguara (Pitigoares ),[7]
Tabajara , Ceará
Tapirapé (Tapirape)
Terena , Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Tupiniquim , Espírito Santo
Umutina (Barbados )[7]
Xakriabá (Chakriaba , Chikriaba , or Shacriaba ), Minas Gerais
Xavánte (Shavante ),[7]
Xerénte (Sherente ),[7]
Xucuru , Pernambuco
Andes
[ edit ] The Tawantinsuyu , or fullest extent of the Inca Empire , which includes much of the Andean cultural region
Awa-Kwaiker , northern Ecuador, southern Colombia
Aymara , Bolivia,[69]
Callawalla (Callahuaya ), Bolivia[69]
Cañari , Ecuador
Capulí culture , Ecuador, 800–1500 CE
Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba ) (Precolumbian culture)
Chachapoyas , Amazonas, Peru
Chachilla (Cayapas )
Chanka (Chanca ), Peru
Chavín , northern Peru, 900–200 BCE
Chincha people , Peru (Precolumbian culture)
Chipaya , Oruro Department, Bolivia[69]
Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture)
Conchucos
Diaguita
Guangaia (Precolumbian culture)
Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture)
Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru
Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture)
Killke culture , Peru, 900–1200 CE
Kogi
Kolla (Colla ), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
La Tolita (Precolumbian culture)
Las Vegas culture , coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE
Lauricocha culture , Peru, 8000–2500 BCE
Lima culture , Peru, 100–650 CE
Maina , Ecuador, Peru
Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture)
Milagro (Precolumbian culture)
Mollo culture , Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE
Muisca , Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
Pachacama (Precolumbian culture)
Paez (Nasa culture ), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture)
Pasto
Pijao , Colombia
Quechua (Kichua , Kichwa ), Bolivia[69]
Quitu culture , 2000 BCE–1550 CE
Salinar (Precolumbian culture)
Saraguro
Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco ), 400–1000 CE, Bolivia
Tsáchila (Colorado ), Ecuador
Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture)
Uru , Bolivia,[69]
Wari culture , central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE
Pacific lowlands
[ edit ]
Atacameño (Atacama , Likan Antaí ), Chile
Awá , Colombia and Ecuador
Bara , Colombia
Cara culture , coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CE
Bahía , Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE
Casma culture , coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE
Chancay , central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
Chango , coastal Peru, northern Chile
Chimú , north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE
Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal Peru
Lambayeque (Sican culture ), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE
Machalilla culture , coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE
Manteño civilization , western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE
Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE
Nazca culture (Nasca ), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE
Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru
Paiján culture , northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE
Paracas , south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE
Recuay culture , Peru (Precolumbian culture)
Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru
Valdivia culture , Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE
Virú culture , Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE
Wari culture (Huari culture ), Peru, 500–1000 CE
Yukpa (Yuko ), Colombia
Yurutí , Colombia
Amazon
[ edit ]
Northwestern Amazon
[ edit ]
This region includes Amazonas in Brazil ; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia ; Cotopaxi , Los Rios , Morona-Santiago , Napo , and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador ; and the Loreto Region in Peru .
Arapaso (Arapaco ), Amazonas, Brazil
Baniwa
Barbudo , Loreto Region, Peru
Bora , Loreto Region, Peru
Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras ), Loreto Region, Peru
Carútana (Arara ), Amazonas, Brazil
Chayahuita (Chaywita ) Loreto Region, Peru
Cocama , Loreto Region, Peru
Cofán (Cofan ), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador
Cubeo (Kobeua ), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia
Dâw , Rio Negro, Brazil
Flecheiro
Huaorani (Waorani , Waodani , Waos ), Ecuador
Hupda (Hup ), Brazil, Colombia
Jibito , Loreto Region, Peru
Jivaroan peoples , Ecuador and Peru
Achuar , Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
Aguaruna (Aguarana ), Ecuador, Peru
Huambisa , Peru
Shuar , Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru
Kachá (Shimaco , Urarina ), Loreto Region, Peru
Kamsá (Sebondoy ), Putumayo Department, Colombia
Kanamarí , Amazonas, Brazil
Kichua (Quichua )
Korubu , Amazonas, Brazil
Kugapakori-Nahua
Macaguaje (Majaguaje ), Río Caquetá, Colombia
Machiguenga , Peru
Marubo
Matsés (Mayoruna , Maxuruna ), Brazil and Peru
Mayoruna (Maxuruna )
Miriti , Amazonas Department, Colombia
Murato , Loreto Region, Peru
Mura , Amazonas, Brazil
Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil
Nukak (Nukak-Makú ), eastern Colombia
Ocaina , Loreto Region, Peru
Omagua (Cambeba , Kambeba , Umana ), Amazonas, Brazil
Orejón (Orejon ), Napo Province, Ecuador
Panoan , western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
Sharpas
Siona (Sioni ), Amazonas Department, Colombia
Siriano , Brazil, Colombia
Siusi , Amazonas, Brazil
Tariano (Tariana ), Amazonas, Brazil
Tsohom Djapá
Tukano (Tucano ), Brazil, Colombia
Waikino (Vaikino ), Amazonas, Brazil
Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja , Uaimiri-Atroari ), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil
Wanano (Unana , Vanana ), Amazonas, Brazil
Witoto
Yagua (Yahua ), Loreta Region, Peru
Yaminahua (Jaminawa , Yamanawa , Yaminawá ), Pando Department, Bolivia[69]
Yora
Záparo (Zaparo ), Pastaza Province, Ecuador
Zuruahã (Suruahá , Suruwaha ), Amazonas, Brazil
Eastern Amazon
[ edit ]
This region includes Amazonas , Maranhão , and parts of Pará States in Brazil.
Araweté (Araueté , Bïde ), Pará, Brazil
Awá (Guajá) , Brazil
Ch'unchu , Peru
Ge
Guajajára (Guajajara ), Maranhão, Brazil
Guaraní , Paraguay
Ka'apor , Maranhão, Brazil
Kuruaya , Pará, Brazil
Marajoara , Precolumbian culture, Pará, Brazil
Panará , Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
Parakanã (Paracana )
Suruí do Pará , Pará, Brazil
Tembé
Turiwára
Wayampi
Zo'é people , Pará, Brazil
Southern Amazon
[ edit ]
This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , parts of Pará , and Rondônia ) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department ).
Akuntsu , Rondônia, Brazil
Apiacá (Apiaká ), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil[70]
Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins )
Aweti (Aueto ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Bakairí (Bakairi )
Chácobo (Chacobo ), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69]
Chiquitano (Chiquito , Tarapecosi ), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia[69]
Cinta Larga , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Enawene Nawe , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Gavião of Rondônia
Guarayu (Guarayo ), Bolivia[69]
Ikpeng (Xicao ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Itene , Beni Department, Bolivia[69]
Irántxe (Iranche )
Juma (Kagwahiva ), Rondônia, Brazil
Jurúna (Yaruna , Juruna , Yudjá ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Kaiabi (Caiabi , Cajabi , Kajabi, Kayabi ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Kalapálo (Kalapalo ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Kamayurá (Camayura ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Kanoê (Kapixaná ), Rondônia, Brazil
Karipuná (Caripuna )
Karitiâna (Caritiana ), Brazil
Kayapo , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Kuikuro , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Matipu , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Mehináku (Mehinacu , Mehinako ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Moxo (Mojo ), Bolivia
Nahukuá (Nahuqua ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Nambikuára (Nambicuara , Nambikwara ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Pacahuara (Pacaguara , Pacawara ), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69]
Pacajá (Pacaja )
Panará , Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
Parecís (Paressi )
Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Rio Pardo people , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Sateré-Mawé (Maue ), Brazil
Suyá (Kisedje ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Tacana (Takana ), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia[69]
Tapajó (Tapajo )
Tenharim
Trumai , Mato Grosso, Brazil
Tsimané (Chimané , Mosetén , Pano ), Beni Department, Bolivia[69]
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau , Rondônia, Brazil
Wari' (Pacanawa , Waricaca' ), Rondônia, Brazil
Wauja (Waurá , Waura ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Wuy jugu (Mundurucu , Munduruku )
Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Southwestern Amazon
[ edit ]
This region includes the Cuzco , Huánuco Junín , Loreto , Madre de Dios , and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru , parts of Acre , Amazonas , and Rondônia , Brazil , and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia .
Aguano (Santacrucino, Uguano), Peru
Amahuaca , Brazil, Peru
Apurinã (Popũkare ), Amazonas and Acre
Asháninka (Campa , Chuncha ), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru
Banawá (Jafí , Kitiya ), Amazonas, Brazil
Cashibo (Carapache ), Huánuco Region, Peru
Conibo (Shipibo-Conibo ), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil
Ese Ejja (Chama ), Beni Department, Bolivia[69]
Harakmbut , Madre de Dios, Peru
Amarakaeri , Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Huachipaeri , Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Arasairi , Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Manuquiari , Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Puikiri (Puncuri ), Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Sapiteri , Madre de Dios Region, Peru
Toyeri , Madre de Dios Region, Peru[71]
Hi-Merimã , Himarimã , Amazonas, Brazil
Jamamadi , Acre and Amazonas, Brazil
Kaxinawá (Cashinahua , Huni Kuin ), Peru and Acre, Brazil
Kulina (Culina ), Peru
Kwaza (Coaiá , Koaiá ), Rondônia, Brazil
Latundê , Rondônia, Brazil
Machinere , Bolivia[69]
Mashco-Piro , Peru
Matís (Matis ), Brazil
Matsés (Mayoruna , Maxuruna ), Brazil, Peru
Parintintin (Kagwahiva’nga ), Brazil
Shipibo , Loreto Region, Peru
Sirionó (Chori , Miá ), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia
Ticuna (Tucuna ), Brazil, Colombia, Peru
Toromono (Toromona ), La Paz Department, Bolivia[69]
Yanesha' (Amuesha ), Cusco Region, Peru
Yawanawa (Jaminawá , Marinawá , Xixinawá ), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia
Yine (Contaquiro , Simiranch , Simirinche ), Cuzco Region, Peru
Yuqui (Bia , Yuki ), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia[69]
Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia[69]
Gran Chaco
[ edit ] Approximate region of the Gran Chaco
Abipón , Argentina, historic group
Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay
Ayoreo [72] Ayoré , Moro , Morotoco , Pyeta , Yovia ,[69] Zamuco ), Bolivia and Paraguay
Chamacoco (Zamuko ),[72]
Chané , Argentina and Bolivia
Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia
Chorote (Choroti ,[72] Iyo'wujwa ,[69] Iyojwa'ja Chorote , Manjuy ), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
Guana [72]
Guaraní ,[72]
Guaycuru peoples , Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
Kaiwá ,[72]
Lengua people (Enxet ),[72]
Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
Maká [72]
Nivaclé (Ashlushlay ,[72] Chulupí , Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay
Sanapaná [72]
Vilela , Argentina
Wichí (Mataco ),[72] [69]
Southern Cone
[ edit ] Patagonian languages at the time of European/African contact
Aché , southeastern Paraguay
Chaná (extinct ), formerly Uruguay
Chandule (Chandri )
Charrúa , southern Brazil and Uruguay
Comechingon (Henia-Camiare ), Argentina
Haush (Manek'enk , Mánekenk , Aush ), Tierra del Fuego
Het (Querandí ) (extinct ), formerly Argentinian Pampas
Huarpe (Warpes ), Argentina, Chile
Mapuche (Araucanian ), southwestern Argentina and Chile
Mbeguá (extinct ), formerly Paraná River, Argentina
Minuane (extinct ), formerly Uruguay
Puelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes[73]
Tehuelche , Patagonia
Teushen (Tehues ), extinct , formerly Tierra del Fuego
Selk'nam (Ona ), Tierra del Fuego
Yaro (Jaro )
Fjords and channels of Patagonia
[ edit ]
Languages
[ edit ]
Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland , encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas . These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages . Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO , most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.[74]
Genetic classification
[ edit ]
The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA) .[75] chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis . This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied.[76] Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas , and secondly with European colonization of the Americas .[77] [78] gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations .[77]
Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population .[79] [80] micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.[81] Na-Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations.[82] [83] [84] North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[85]
See also
[ edit ]
Notes
[ edit ]
^ "Dena'ina." Archived 2016-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center. Accessed December 10, 2016.
^ "Slavey" . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016 .
^ Indian Claims Commission (1978). Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Volume 11, Part 1
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sturtevant and Trigger ix
^ a b c d "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 5 Dec 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the American Indian . Accessed 8 April 2014.
^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241
^ a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger 198
^ a b c d e Goddard 72
^ Goddard 72 and 237
^ a b c d e Goddard 237
^ Goddard 72, 237–38
^ a b c Goddard 238
^ Goddard 72 and 238
^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161
^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82
^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
^ a b c d Vest, Jay Hansford C. (Winter–Spring 2005). "An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York" . American Indian Quarterly . 29 doi :10.1353/aiq.2005.0072 . JSTOR 4138803 .
^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. "Native American Tribes in Massachusetts" . History of Massachusetts . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ Sturtevant and Trigger 255
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
^ Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315
^ a b c d Frank, Andrew K. "Indian Removal" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 28 April 2024 .
^ Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee . University Press of Florida. pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5
^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99
^ a b c d e Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee . University Press of Florida. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5
^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
^ Hann 1993
^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996, 5–13
^ Milanich 1999, p. 49.
^ Milanich 1996, p. 46.
^ Hann 2003:11
^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, ix
^ a b c d e f g Pritzker, 230
^ D'Azevedo, 161–62
^ a b c Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones" Archived 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
^ a b c Shimkin 335
^ a b c d e f Murphy and Murphy 306
^ a b c Murphy and Murphy 287
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83
^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, 339
^ a b c d D'Azevedo, 340
^ Nicholas, Walter S. "A Short History of Johnsondale" . RRanch.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-06-04 .
^ Pritzker 112
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Heizer ix
^ Heizer 205–07
^ Heizer 190
^ Heizer 593
^ Heizer 769
^ Heizer 249
^ a b c d e f g h i "Mexico: Map" . Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015 .
^ "Paipai Language (Akwa'ala)" Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine . Native Languages of the Americas . Retrieved 10 Sept 2010.
^ a b c d Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes . Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.
^ "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine . (retrieved 9 July 2011)
^ a b c d "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area" Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine . Southeast Archaeological Center . (retrieved 9 July 2011)
^ "Cacaopera" Archived 2019-09-13 at the Wayback Machine . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Languages of Bolivia" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine . Ethnologue . Retrieved 23 Oct 2012.
^ "Apiaká: Introduction" Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine . Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012
^ "Huachipaeri" Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine . Ethnologue . Retrieved 18 Feb 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011)
^ "Puelche" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016 .
^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X . (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com )[permanent dead link
^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF) . Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Université de Montréal . University College London 73:524–539. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2010-01-22 .
^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" (PDF) . Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol . 39 2 ): 99–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.537.7679 doi :10.1080/10409230490460765 . PMID 15217990 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2010-01-19 .
^ a b Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor (2008). "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q" . Genebase Systems. Archived from the original (Verbal tutorial possible) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-11-21 . Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present
^ Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey (Digitised online by Google books) . Random House . ISBN 0-8129-7146-9 Archived from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-21 .
^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News" . Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-11-18 . Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken page 2 Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop" . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2010-01-23 . Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas
^ "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q" . Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2009-11-22 .
^ Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 23 ): 13994–96. Bibcode :1998PNAS...9513994R . doi :10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 PMC 25007 PMID 9811914 .
^ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 21 1 ): 164–75. doi :10.1093/molbev/msh009 PMID 14595095 .
^ Juliette Saillard; Peter Forster; Niels Lynnerup; Hans-Jürgen Bandelt; Søren Nørby (2000). "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion" . Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg . Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2009-11-22 . The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America.
^ A. Torroni; T. G. Schurr; C. C. Yang; EJE. Szathmary; R. C. Williams; M. S. Schanfield; G. A. Troup; W. C. Knowler; D. N. Lawrence; K. M. Weiss; D. C. Wallace (January 1992). "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations" . Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia . 130 (1 ). Genetics Society of America: 153–62. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-11-28 . The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds
References
[ edit ]
Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida" . Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5 .
Hann, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions . Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7 .
Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763 . University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8 .
Heizer, Robert F., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California . Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 978-0-16-004574-5 .
Milanich, Jerald (1999). The Timucua ISBN 0-631-21864-5 . Retrieved June 11, 2010 .
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1 .
Steward, Julian H., editor. Handbook of South American Indians , Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes
Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast . Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA .
Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast . Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0 .
t
e
Pre-history
Mythology/Religion
North America
Mesoamerica
South America
Culture
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Modern groups
Related topics
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&oldid=1234137491#Amazon " C a t e g o r i e s : ● C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f p e o p l e ● H i s t o r y o f i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s ● I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s ● I n d i g e n o u s l a n g u a g e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s ● L i s t s o f i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● W e b a r c h i v e t e m p l a t e w a y b a c k l i n k s ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s f r o m A u g u s t 2 0 1 7 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h p e r m a n e n t l y d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s ● C S 1 e r r o r s : g e n e r i c n a m e ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 2 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 9 : 3 3 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
