January 20, 1981: Reagan inaugurated as 40th U.S. PresidentJanuary 21, 1981: First DeLorean manufacturedJanuary 20, 1981: American hostages leave Iran after 444 daysJanuary 1, 1981: Republic of Palau proclaimed
The Republic of Palau was proclaimed in the Palau IslandsofMicronesia. Under an agreement signed with the United States in 1980, the new nation would continue to be administered as a United States trust territory, with the U.S. handling Palau's foreign and military affairs.
The United States minimum wage increased from $3.10 to $3.35 per hour, where it would remain until 1990, when it went to $3.85.[3]
The "Yorkshire Ripper", serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, was arrested by police in Sheffield, England after the largest manhunt in British history.[5][6] Over a period of six years, Sutcliffe was believed to have murdered 13 women.[7]
The Federal Reserve Board of Governors brought down the U.S. prime rate – the minimum interest rate for an American bank to loan money – from what remains its highest level in history.[8] For 14 days, between December 19 and January 1, the rate had been at 21+1⁄2% and it was lowered to 20+1⁄2%; thirty-five years later, the prime rate would be 3.5%.[9] The "prime rate" is that which is reserved for borrowers with the highest credit, with higher interest rates than prime permitted for borrowers considered to be at risk for default.
Salvadoran labor leader José Rodolfo Viera, and two American representatives from the AFL-CIO, Michael P. Hammer and Mark David Pearlman, were assassinated at the Sheraton Hotel in San Salvador, by two members of the El Salvador National Guard.[10] The gunmen, José Dimas Valle Acevedo and Santiago Gómez González, testified later that they had been ordered to carry out the murders after the victims had been recognized by businessman Hans Christ at the hotel's restaurant, and were sentenced to 30 years in prison in 1986. They were released after less than two years.
The most expensive non-musical Broadway production to that date, The Monster Revived: Frankenstein, Victor Gialanella's adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel, was shown for the first time, and the last. Premiering at the Palace Theatre (Broadway) after the expense of two million dollars, the play was poorly reviewed and closed after one performance.[11]
The merger of Libya and Chad was announced in Tripoli by Libya's President Muammar al-Gaddafi, and his guest, President Goukouni OueddeiofChad, who had taken power in December with the help of 4,000 Libyan troops. At 1,175,112 square miles (3,043,530 km2), the proposed nation would have been the largest in Africa and 7th largest in the world.[14] The prospect of Libya's annexation of its southern neighbor prompted the member nations of the Organisation of African Unity to intervene, with the assistance of France, in forcing the peaceful withdrawal of Libyan forces and an end to the merger plan.[15]
The Brazilian ferry Novo Amapo sank in the Jari River after striking a sandbar. Although 211 survivors were rescued, at least 230 others drowned.[16]
InAumühle, West Germany, a funeral service was held to mourn the death of Karl Doenitz, the Grand Admiral of the German Navy in World War II and the last President of Germany up to that time. Doenitz had taken over as successor to Adolf Hitler on April 30, 1945, and signed the instruments of surrender on May 7. Doenitz, who spent 10 years in prison after conviction of war crimes, died on December 24, 1980.[19][20]
After investment analyst Joseph Granville sent an overnight telegram to his customers with two words – "Sell everything!" – the New York Stock Exchange had its biggest trading day up to that time, with 92,890,000 shares changing hands.[21]
In what has been described as "perhaps the most completely and carefully documented UFO sighting of all time", retired contractor Renato Nicolai witnessed what he believed to be French military aircraft on a test flight. After police forwarded the report to GEPAN, an investigative unit of the France's space agency CNES, found traces of metal throughout the area where the UFO had been observed.[23]
U.S. Representative Raymond F. Lederer (D-Pa.), the only one of the six indicted Abscam Scandal defendants to have won re-election to Congress in spite of the scandal, was convicted on charges of bribery and conspiracy. A jury in New York returned the verdict after watching a videotape of Lederer accepting $50,000 in cash in an FBI sting.[24] Despite conviction on a felony, Lederer served for three more months until resigning on April 29, after the House Ethics Committee recommended his expulsion from the U.S. House of Representatives.[25]
A fire killed 31 elderly residents of the Beachview Rest Home in Keansburg, New Jersey. Another 78 patients and employees escaped the blaze.[26]
The FMLNlaunched a guerrilla war against the government of El Salvador which would last for eleven years. At 6:30 pm, after radio stations in San Salvador were seized and FMLN leader Cayetano Carpio announced "The hour... for the taking of power by the people... has arrived." and attacks were launched at multiple locations.[27] One estimate is that 80,000 people, almost 2% of El Salvador's population of 4.5 million, were killed in the course of attacks and reprisals.[28]
Iran dropped a demand that the United States deposit 24 billion dollars in gold into an Algerian bank as a condition of the release of 52 U.S. Embassy workers being held hostageinTehran, settling instead for the release of the nearly 8 billion dollars of Iranian assets that had been frozen in American banks.[29]
The television series Dynasty began a nine-year run on the ABC network. The prime time soap opera, described by New York Times TV critic Tom Buckley as "An embarrassingly obvious knockoff of Dallas",[31] starred Joan CollinsasAlexis Carrington, who briefly brought back the popularity of women's wear with padded shoulders. Dynasty was the #1 rated TV program in the United States during the 1983–84 television season.[32]
Donna Griffiths, a 12-year-old girl in Pershore, Worcestershire, in the United Kingdom, began sneezing, and continued to sneeze repeatedly, for 978 consecutive days. Initially sneezing twice every minute, her rate would eventually slow to once every five minutes. Donna would have her first day without sneezing on September 16, 1983.[33]
Died:Dr. Owen H. Wangensteen, 82, American surgeon and inventor who created the suction procedure used in gastrointestinal surgery.
Hill Street Blues, described as "one of the most innovative and critically acclaimed television shows in recent television history" [35] and a program that "set an entirely new standard for television drama" [36] made its debut on NBC at 10:00 pm EST.
Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, who had served as a British MP and an advocate for the rights of Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland, was shot multiple times, along with her husband, by Protestant gunmen of the paramilitary group Ulster Freedom Fighters who had invaded their home. Five days later, Protestant leader Norman Stronge, who had been the last leader of the Northern Ireland parliament, was shot and killed, along with his son, by an eleven-member Irish Republican Army unit, at their home, Tynan Abbey.[37]
Died: Bernard Lee, 73, English actor who portrayed "M" in multiple James Bond films
After eight years, by Proclamation No. 2034, martial law was lifted in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, who had declared a state of emergency on September 22, 1972. Marcos announced that emergency rule would continue for three more years.[38]
Born:
Scott Mechlowicz, American film actor (EuroTrip), in New York City
BASE jumping was founded by Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield as they jumped off of the 72nd floor of the Texas Commerce TowerinHouston and parachuted to the ground. The pair had previously leapt from an antenna, a bridge and a cliff.[41]
AtDeptford, a mostly black neighborhood in London, thirteen young black British people died in the "New Cross Fire" during a 16th birthday party for one of the victims, Yvonne Ruddock.[42] The fire, believed by many in the black community to have been set by racists, was cited as a factor in the 1981 Brixton riot three months later.[43]
Serial killer Joseph G. Christopher, later implicated in the deaths of 12 African-American men over the previous four months, was arrested at Fort Benning in Georgia after trying to stab a black soldier in his training unit.[44] Private Christopher received a 60-year prison sentence in 1982 after being convicted of three of the September shootings. He would told The Buffalo News in 1983 that he killed 13 people, all black men, because "that was the directive" from "a collection of people".[45] Christopher would die of cancer in 1993 while in prison.[46]
The Iran hostage crisis ended after 444 days, only 25 minutes after Jimmy Carter's term as the 39th President of the United States had ended. Carter had hoped that the 52 American hostages in Iran would be allowed to leave while he was still in office,[48] and at 6:18 am Washington time, the escrow papers were completed to transfer $7,970,000,000 in Iranian assets from U.S. banks to the Bank of England. At 8:04 am EST, the Algerian intermediaries notified both the U.S. and Iran that the transfer was complete. The Boeing 727 carrying the hostages, Air Algérie Flight 133, was boarded at 8:20 pm Tehran time (11:50 am EST) but was not cleared for takeoff.
At noon, Ronald Reagan was sworn into office as the 40th president of the United States, and the Air Algérie jet departed at 12:25 pm; it left Iranian airspace within an hour, landing in Athens for refueling, then arriving at Algiers at 2:10 am local time the next day, where the former hostages were transferred to two Medevac planes and flown to Wiesbaden Army Airfield in West Germany.[49]
Born:
Brendan Fevola, Australian rules footballer, winner 2006 and 2009 of the Australian Football League Coleman Medal for most goals kicked in a season; [50]
Owen Hargreaves, Canadian-born English footballer with 42 caps for the England national team; in Calgary
Jason Richardson, American NBA player who led the league in 3-point goals in the 2007-08 NBA season, and was slam-dunk champion in 2002 and 2003; in Saginaw, Michigan
The first production DeLorean automobile was produced in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland. The sports car was stainless steel and had gull-wing doors, and was immortalized in Back to the Future.[52]
In his first full day at the White HouseasNational Security Advisor to President Reagan, Richard V. Allen accepted at least $1,000 and watches from the Japanese women's magazine Shufo no tomo in return for arranging an interview with First Lady Nancy Reagan.[53] After the matter came to light, Allen was forced to resign on January 4, 1982.[54]
Feodor Fedorenko, who had come to the U.S. in 1949 after earlier having been a supervisor of the Treblinka extermination camp, lost his citizenship when the United States Supreme Court affirmed prior rulings by a 7–2 vote.[55] Fedorenko was deported to the Soviet Union in 1984, where he was executed for treason in 1987.[56]
East German soccer football stars Gerd Weber, Matthias Müller and Peter Kotte were arrested by the Stasi at the Dresden airport, just as they were preparing to travel with the national team to a match in Argentina, and charged with plotting to defect to West Germany. All three were banned from the game, and Weber, himself a Stasi employee, was jailed until 1989.[58]
Annie Leibovitz's iconic photograph of a nude John Lennon kissing a fully clothed Yoko Ono was first published. The photo appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine's tribute issue to Lennon.[59]
South Korea's President Chun Doo-hwan commuted the 1980 death sentence that had been given to Kim Dae-jung, who had run for president in 1971, and then was kidnapped from Japan in 1973. The next day, President Chun announced the end of the state of martial law that had been in effect since 1979. Kim would be released in 1983, and in 1997 would be elected President of South Korea.[60][61]
Seven construction workers in Fresno County, California, were killed when an elevator platform at PG&E's Helms Creek plant collapsed at 10:25 pm, ninety minutes before their workweek was to end. The men fell 300 feet (91 m) to their deaths.[62]
Died: Captain Joseph Mokoa, General Josephat Mayomokola, Joseph Baissa, Dr. Jean-Bruno Dédéavodé, Robert Boukendé and Pierre Koba. All were executed by a firing squad for crimes committed during the reign of terror by Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. Bokassa himself, who had been sentenced to death in absentia, remained free in Côte d'Ivoire.[66]
The fifty-two Americans, who had been held hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Iran, returned to United States soil at 2:54 pm, as the plane carrying them landed at Stewart Air National Guard Base in New York. The group, who had been freed five days earlier, had flown from West Germany and were greeted by a crowd of 300,000 well-wishers.[69]
Following her conviction at the Gang of Four trial, Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong, was sentenced to death, with a two-year suspension during which she could repent. "Madame Mao" wasn't executed, but would stay in custody until her suicide in 1991. Zhang Chunqiao were sentenced to death; Wang Hongwen was sentenced to life imprisonment, and Yao Wenyuan to 25 years.[70]
InChandler v. Florida, the United States Supreme Court ruled in an 8–0 decision that it was not a denial of due process to allow live television coverage of court proceedings, overruling its 1965 decision in Estes v. Texas.[71]
An estimated 471 passengers on a ferry drowned when the Indonesian ship KMP Tampomas II sank in the Java Sea during a storm. Of the 1,136 passengers and crew, 566 were rescued, including 152 who were found in lifeboats days afterward. Operated by the Pelni line, the ship was a roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferryboat that had caught fire midway through its voyage from JakartatoMakassar. The fire was extinguished, but the engines failed and the ship was adrift and awaiting a rescue when a storm arose. Before the ship could be fully evacuated, it capsized, going completely beneath the waters at 1:42 in the afternoon Central Indonesian time (0542 GMT).[72]
President Reagan signed Executive Order 12287, immediately ending all United States federal price and allocation controls on gasoline and fuel oil. Price controls had been in effect since 1971.[73] Although the short-term effect was a rise in gas prices, American oil companies increased their production and created an oil glut by summer.[74]
The "Paquisha War" began as Ecuador and Peru clashed when Ecuadorian forces had established an outpost 40 miles (64 km) into territory that had been lost to Peru in 1942. Despite initial reports by Peru of hundreds of deaths on both sides, Ecuador acknowledged that two of its soldiers were killed, and Peru had one killed and three wounded.[75]
Adolfo Suárez, the Prime Minister of Spain since 1976, surprised the nation by announcing his resignation and his departure from the political party he had helped found, the UCD.[76]
Thought by scientists to have been extinct since 1895, the golden-fronted bowerbird (Amblyornis flavifrons) was discovered to have survived. American ornithologist Jared Diamond of UCLA discovered the home ground of the golden-fronted bowerbird at the Foja Mountains. Diamond photographed several of the birds, then lost his film when his boat capsized and had to make a second expedition. The rediscovery was confirmed at a November 10, 1981, press conference at the National Geographic Society in Washington, which, with the World Wildlife Fund, had co-sponsored Diamond's research.[78]
The first parade to honor veterans of the Vietnam War was organized by the veterans themselves, in Indianapolis, eight years after the conflict ended. Hundreds of vets, wrote a New York Times reporter, "marched Saturday in counterpoint to the heroic reception of the former American hostages... offering themselves the parade they said nobody gave them when they came home from war."[79]
CCM Robert K. Jones, the last of the American "NAP"s, retired from the U.S. Navy. The "Naval Aviation Pilots" were enlisted men rather than Navy, Marine or Coast Guard officers.[80]
^"Veteran African leader quits", Montreal Gazette, December 31, 1980, p. 12; Jim Hudgens and Richard Trillo, The Rough Guide to West Africa (Rough Guides, 2003) p. 170
^"Yorkshire Ripper Caught, Police In Britain Believe", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 5, 1981, p. 1
^"Driver charged with girl's murder", The Guardian (Manchester), January 6, 1981, p. 1
^Brian Lane, Chronicle of Murder: A Chronological Analysis of Murder (Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004) pp. 375–376
^"Prime Settles To 20.5%", Times Recorder (Zanesville, O.), January 3, 1981, p. 1
^"When UFOs Land", by Jim Wilson, Popular Mechanics (May 2001) p. 66; "Panel Urges Study Of UFO Reports; Unexplained Phenomena Need Scrutiny, Science Group Says", Washington Post, June 29, 1998, p. A-1
^"Lederer Convicted in ABSCAM; Phila. Democrat Guilty of Bribery, Three Other Charges", Philadelphia Inquirer, January 10, 1981, p. A-1.
^"Rep. Lederer Quits, Citing ABSCAM Conviction", Boston Globe, April 30, 1981, p. 1
^"Nursing home blaze death toll set at 29", Montreal Gazette, January 12, 1981, p. 2
^Tommie Sue Montgomery, Revolution in El Salvador: From Civil Strife to Civil Peace (2d.Ed.) (Westview Press, 1995) p. 112; "Junta repulses 'final offensive'", Syracuse Herald-American, January 11, 1981, p. 1
^Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo, Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 2 (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p. 345
^"Iran drops $24 billion demand", Syracuse Herald-American, January 12, 1981, p. 1
^"9 jet fighters destroyed by Puerto Rican leftists". Syracuse Herald-Journal. January 12, 1981. p. 1.
^Buckley, Tom (January 12, 1981). "Premiere of 'Dynasty', A TV Series on an Oil Family". The New York Times.
^Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 135.
^"Marcos lifts Filipino martial law", Milwaukee Journal, January 17, 1981, p. 2
^Al Hidell and Joan D'Arc, The Conspiracy Reader: From the Deaths of JFK and John Lennon to Government-Sponsored Alien Cover-Ups (Citadel Press, 1998); "Milestones", TIME Magazine, February 2, 1981
^"Allen resigns; Clark appointed adviser", Milwaukee Sentinel, January 5, 1982, p. 1
^"Loses citizenship", Syracuse Herald-Journal, January 21, 1981, p. 1
^Timothy L. H. McCormack and Gerry J. Simpson, eds., The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997), p. 91
^Smart, Michael (2011). Into the Lion's Mouth: The Story of the Wildrake Diving Accident. Medford, Oregon: Lion's Mouth Publishing. pp. 275–276. ISBN978-0-615-52838-0.
^Ulrich Hesse-Lichtenberger, Tor!: The Story of German Football (WSC Books, 2003) p. 229
^"6 complices de Bokassa sont exécutés à Bangui", Le Devoir, January 24, 1981, p. 22; Brian Titley, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002) p. 154
^Geoff Eley, Forging democracy: the history of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford University Press, 2002) p. 463
^"Plunkett Passes Raiders to a 2d Super Bowl, 27–10", Syracuse Herald-Journal, January 26, 1981, p. 1
^300,000 greet the 52", Syracuse Herald-Journal, January 26, 1981, p. 1
^Alan Lawrance, China Under Communism (Routledge, 1998) pp. 104–105
^"Reagan Lifts Oil Controls", Pittsburgh Press, January 28, 1981, p. 1
^Timothy J. Botti, Envy of the World: A History of the U.S. Economy & Big Business (Algora Publishing, 2006) p. 392
^"Many Deaths Reported In Peru-Ecuador Conflict", New York Times, January 30, 1981; "Cease-fire is verified between Ecuador, Peru", Star-News (Wilmington, NC), February 4, 1981, p. 4
^Francisco J. Romero Salvadó, Twentieth-century Spain : politics and society in Spain, 1898–1998 (Palgrave, 1999) p. 175
^Hilton Hamann, Days of the Generals: The untold story of South Africa's apartheid-era military generals (Zebra Press, 2001) p. 132
^"Vietnam Vererans Parade in Shadow of 52 Hostages", by Iver Peterson, New York Times, February 1, 1981, p. 22; Elizabeth Becker, When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution (Public Affairs, 1998) p. 461
