Rank
|
Country/Territory |
Population c. 1500 estimate |
Percentage of world population
|
–
|
World [2] |
438,000,000 |
–
|
1 |
Ming China[3][4]
|
60,000,000–103,000,000
|
23.5%
|
2 |
Delhi Sultanate
Lodi dynasty
|
~55,000,000
|
~12.6%
|
3 |
Holy Roman Empire[5]
-
-
Habsburg Netherlands – 2,400,000+[6]
-
Bohemian Crown – 2,160,000
-
Archduchy of Austria and related territories – 2,000,000
-
Duchy of Milan – 1,250,000
-
Savoy – ?
-
Republic of Florence – 750,000
-
Republic of the Swiss[7] – 745,000
-
Duchy of Bavaria – ~400,000[8]
-
Duchy of Württemberg – ~350,000[9]
-
Margraviate of Brandenburg – ~300,000[10]
-
Saxony – ?
-
Margraviate of Baden – ?
-
Thuringian states – ?
-
Duchy of Carniola – 208,000[11]
-
Landgraviate of Hesse – ?
-
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – ?
-
County of Nassau – ?
-
Bishopric of Würzburg – ?
-
County of Oldenburg – ?
-
Duchy of Luxemburg – ?
-
Vogtland – ?
-
Principality of Lippe – ?
-
Mecklenburg – ?
-
Anhalt-Dessau – ?
-
Prince-Bishopric of Münster – ?
-
Anhalt-Dessau – ?
-
Anhalt-Köthen – ?
-
County of Schaumburg – ?
-
Liechtenstein – ?
-
Archbishopric of Salzburg- ?
-
Principality of Calenberg – ?
-
Electorate of Mainz – ?
-
Electorate of Trier – ?
-
Electorate of Cologne – ?
-
Electoral Palatinate – ?
-
Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ?
-
Saxe-Lauenburg – ?
-
Archbishopric of Magdeburg – ?
-
Hamburg – ?
-
Lübeck – ?
-
Schleswig – ?
-
Holstein – ?
-
Bishopric of Lübeck – ?
-
Bishopric of Trent – ?
-
East Frisia – ?
-
Duchy of Pomerania – ?
-
Episcopal principality of Utrecht – ?
-
Principality of Ansbach – ?
-
Mixed Imperial City of Augsburg – ?
-
Duchy of Cleves – ?
-
Guelders – ?
-
Prince-Bishopric of Liège – ?
|
23,000,000+
|
5.3%
|
4 |
Vijayanagara Empire[12]
|
18,000,000[13]
|
4.1%
|
5 |
France and possessions
|
16,250,000
|
3.7%
|
6 |
Ottoman Empire[15][16]
|
12,640,000
|
2.8%
|
7 |
Inca Empire[18][19]
|
12,000,000
|
2.7%
|
8 |
Bengal Sultanate[20]
|
10,526,000
|
2.4%
|
9 |
Ashikaga Japan[21]
|
9,800,000
|
2.2%
|
10 |
Joseon[22]
|
9,000,000
|
2.1%
|
11 |
Spain and possessions
|
8,900,000
|
2.0%
|
12 |
Polish–Lithuanian Union[25]
|
7,500,000
|
1.7%
|
13 |
Grand Duchy of Moscow[27]
|
6,000,000
|
1.4%
|
14 |
Aztec Empire[19]
|
6,000,000
|
1.4%
|
15 |
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt[28][20]
|
5,867,000
|
1.3%
|
16 |
Lê dynasty (Đại Việt)
|
5,625,400
|
1.3%
|
17 |
Aq Qoyunlu Iran[30]
|
~4,000,000
|
0.9%
|
18 |
UnionofKingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia[31][32] | Kingdom of Hungary | Kingdom of Croatia, without medieval Slavonia
|
3,000,000[33]><></ref>[failed verification] 500,000[34]
|
0.9%*
|
19 |
Majapahit Empire[35][a]
|
Less than 4,000,000
|
0.9%
|
20 |
Morocco Wattasid dynasty
|
3,500,000
|
0.8%
|
21 |
Portugal and possessions
|
3,000,000+
|
0.7%+
|
22 |
Muisca Confederation[36]
|
~2,000,000-3,000,000
|
0.5%-0.7%
|
23 |
Northern Yuan[37]
|
~2,760,000
|
0.6%
|
24 |
England and possessions
|
2,750,000
|
0.6%
|
25 |
Champa[40]
|
2,500,000[c]
|
0.6%
|
26 |
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)[20]
|
2,000,000
|
0.5%
|
27 |
Papal States[14]
|
2,000,000
|
0.5%
|
28 |
Kingdom of Naples[14]
|
2,000,000
|
0.5%
|
29 |
Ethiopian Empire[20]
|
1,870,000
|
0.4%
|
30 |
Kalmar Union[22]
|
1,690,000
|
0.4%
|
31 |
Republic of Venice[14]
|
1,500,000
|
0.3%
|
32 |
Kingdom of Tlemcen
|
1,500,000
|
0.3%
|
33 |
Cambodia[20]
|
1,224,000
|
0.3%
|
34 |
Hafsid dynasty
|
800,000
|
0.2%
|
35 |
Republic of Florence[14]
|
750,000
|
0.2%
|
36 |
Kingdom of Scotland[41]
|
500,000
|
0.1%
|
37 |
Lan Xang[42]
|
400,000
|
0.1%
|
38 |
Principality of Moldavia[17]
|
400,000
|
0.1%
|
39 |
Malacca Sultanate[12][d]
|
135,000
|
0.03%
|
40 |
Nan Madol (Saudeleur dynasty)
|
25,000[43]
|
0.004%
|