A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constantorconstant of matter.[1]
(Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character.)
A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly (or approximately so) in a given operating range [further explanation needed]. Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differentialconstitutive equations that are used to describe the property.
Equations describing relevant materials properties are often used to predict the attributes of a system.
The properties are measured by standardized test methods. Many such methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through the Internet; see ASTM International.
Brittleness: Ability of a material to break or shatter without significant deformation when under stress; opposite of plasticity, examples: glass, concrete, cast iron, ceramics etc.
Bulk modulus: Ratio of pressure to volumetric compression (GPa) or ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume
Coefficient of restitution: The ratio of the final to initial relative velocity between two objects after they collide. Range: 0–1, 1 for perfectly elastic collision.
Compressive strength: Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive failure (MPa)
Creep: The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time. If the s in a material exceeds the yield point, the strain caused in the material by the application of load does not disappear totally on the removal of load. The plastic deformation caused to the material is known as creep. At high temperatures, the strain due to creep is quite appreciable.[2]
Ductility: Ability of a material to deform under tensile load (% elongation). It is the property of a material by which it can be drawn into wires under the action of tensile force. A ductile material must have a high degree of plasticity and strength so that large deformations can take place without failure or rupture of the material. In ductile extension, a material that exhibits a certain amount of elasticity along with a high degree of plasticity.[3]
Durability: Ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing
Elasticity: Ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed
Fatigue limit: Maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading (MPa)
Flexural strength: Maximum bending stress a material can withstand before failure (MPa)
Fracture toughness: Ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture (J/m^2)
Friction coefficient: The amount of force normal to surface which converts to force resisting relative movement of contacting surfaces between material pairs
Hardness: Ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching (e.g. Brinell hardness number)
Malleability: Ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets under applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot or cold working means.This property of a material allows it to expand in all directions without rupture.[4]
Mass diffusivity: Ability of one substance to diffuse through another
Plasticity: Ability of a material to undergo irreversible or permanent deformations without breaking or rupturing; opposite of brittleness
Poisson's ratio: Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain (no units)
Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically (MPa); combination of strength and elasticity
Surface roughness: The deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form
Tensile strength: Maximum tensile stress of a material can withstand before failure (MPa)
Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy (or withstand shock) and plastically deform without fracturing (or rupturing); a material's resistance to fracture when stressed; combination of strength and plasticity
Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to gradual deformation by tensile or shear stress; thickness
Yield strength: The stress at which a material starts to yield plastically (MPa)
Young's modulus: Ratio of linear stress to linear strain (MPa) (influences the stiffness and flexibility of an object)
