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(Top) 1 Nature of thought 2 Types of thoughts 2.1 Content of thoughts 3 Types of thought (thinking) 3.1 Animal thought 3.2 Human thought 3.2.1 Classifications of thought 3.2.2 Creative processes 3.2.3 Decision-making 3.2.4 Erroneous thinking 3.2.5 Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking) 3.2.6 Problem solving 3.2.7 Reasoning 3.3 Machine thought 3.4 Organizational thought 4 Aspects of the thinker 5 Properties of thought 6 Fields that study thought 7 Thought tools and thought research 8 History of thinking 9 Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs) 9.1 Organizational thinking concepts 10 Teaching methods and skills 11 Awards related to thinking 11.1 Awards for acts of genius 12 Organizations 13 Media 13.1 Publications 13.1.1 Books 13.1.2 Periodicals 13.2 Television programs 14 Persons associated with thinking 14.1 People notable for their extraordinary ability to think 14.2 Scientists in fields that study thought 14.3 Scholars of thinking 15 Related concepts 15.1 Awareness and perception 15.2 Learning and memory 16 See also 17 References 18 External links

Outline of thought

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A thinking chimpanzee

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

Thought (also called thinking) – mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.

Nature of thought[edit]

Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

An activity taking place in a:
- brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
  - mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures.^[1]^[2] Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processesorcognitive functions.
- computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (analgorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness.^[3] Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
- A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
A biological adaptation mechanism^[4]
- Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.

Types of thoughts[edit]

Concept – Mental representation or an abstract object
- Abstract concept – Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities

Concrete concept – Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities

Conjecture – Proposition in mathematics that is unproven

Decision (see Decision-making)
Definition – Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
Explanation – Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
Hypothesis – Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem
Idea – Mental image or concept
Logical argument – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
Logical assertion – Statement in a metalanguage
Mental image – Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
Percept / Perception
Premise – Statement supporting an argument
Proposition – Bearer of truth or falsity
Syllogism – Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
Theory – Supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something
Thought experiment – Hypothetical situation

Content of thoughts[edit]

Argument – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion

Belief – Mental state of holding a proposition or premise to be true

Communication – Transmission of information

Conceptual model – Theoretical framework

Data – Units of information

Information – Facts provided or learned about something or someone

Knowledge – Awareness of facts or being competent

Mental model – Way of representing external reality within one's mind

Schema – Technique to encode and retrieve memories

Self-concept – One's internal beliefs about oneself

Types of thought (thinking)[edit]

Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.

Animal thought[edit]

Human thought[edit]

Human thought – Cognitive process independent of the senses

Analysis – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance

Awareness – Perception or knowledge of something

Calculation – Arithmetical calculations using only the human brain

Estimation – Process of finding an approximation

Categorization – Putting things into categories

Cognitive restructuring – Type of psychological therapy

Computational thinking – Set of problem-solving methods

Convergent thinking – Ability to answer questions correctly without the need for novel ideas

Counterfactual thinking – Concept in psychology

Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment

Data thinking – Framework for analyzing data

Evaluation – Systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance

Habit – Routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously

Integrative thinking – Reframing Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) for Group-Decision-Support-Systems (GDSS)

Intrapersonal communication – Communication with oneself

Introspection – Examining one's own thoughts and feelings

Learning – Process of acquiring new knowledge and memory

Parallel thinking – Term coined by Edward de Bono

Prediction – Statement about a future event

Recollection – Retrieval of events or information from the past

Stochastic thinking

Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity

Training – Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice

Visual thinking – Thinking through visual processing

Classifications of thought[edit]

Bloom's taxonomy – Classification system in education
Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
Fluid and crystallized intelligence – Factors of general intelligence
Higher-order thinking – Concept in education and education reform
Theory of multiple intelligences – Theory of multiple types of human intelligence
Three-stratum theory – Cognitive ability theory
Williams' taxonomy

Creative processes[edit]

Brainstorming – Group creativity technique

Cognitive module

Creativity – Forming something new and somehow valuable

Creative problem solving – Mental process of problem solving

Creative writing – Academic discipline concerned with creating literature

Creativity techniques – Methods devised to encourage creative actions

Design thinking – Processes by which design concepts are developed

Divergent thinking – A process of generating creative ideas
Imagination – Creative ability
Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
Noogony – Epistemological term
Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function
Stream of consciousness – Metaphor describing how thoughts seem to flow through the conscious mind
Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking

Decision-making[edit]

Choice – Deciding between multiple options

Cybernetics – Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems

Decision theory – Branch of applied probability theory

Executive functions – Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior

Goals and goal setting – Idea of the future or result that a person or group wants to achieve

Judgement – Decision making; evaluation of evidence to make a decision

Planning – Regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal

Rational choice theory – Sociological theory

Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function

Value (personal and cultural) – Personal value, basis for ethical action

Value judgment – Philosophical and ethical concept

Erroneous thinking[edit]

Black and white thinking – Failure to think in nuances

Catastrophization – Statement that represents something in an excessive manner

Cognitive bias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment

Cognitive distortion – Exaggerated or irrational thought patterns

Dysrationalia – Inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence

Emotional reasoning – a cognitive process by which one's own emotional reaction is used to prove something is true

Exaggeration – Statement that represents something in an excessive manner

Foolishness – Lack of social norms causing offence or similar effect

Fallacies – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (see also List of fallacies)

Fallacies of definition – Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
Logical fallacy – Form of incorrect argument in natural language

Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people

Irrationality – Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality

Linguistic error – Incorrect or inaccurate actions

Magical thinking – Belief in the connection of unrelated events

Minimisation (psychology) – Type of deception

Motivated reasoning – Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions

Rationalization (psychology) – Psychological defense mechanism

Rhetoric – Art of persuasion

Straight and Crooked Thinking – Book by Robert H. Thouless (book)

Target fixation – Attentional phenomenon

Wishful thinking – Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine

Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)[edit]

Emotional intelligence – Capability to understand one's emotions and use this understanding to guide thinking and behavior

Acting – Story telling by enacting a character

Affect logic – Theory on interaction between feeling and thinking

Allophilia – Positive attitude towards others who are different

Attitude (psychology) – Concept in psychology and communication studies

Curiosity – Quality related to inquisitive thinking

Elaboration likelihood model – Dual process theory

Emotion – Conscious subjective experience of humanss and feelings

Emotion and memory – Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory

Emotional contagion – Spontaneous spread of emotions among a group

Empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing

Epiphany (feeling) – Sudden understanding of something's essence

Mood (psychology) – Relatively long lasting emotional, internal and subjective state

Motivation – Inner state causing goal-directed behavior

Propositional attitude – Concept in epistemology

Rhetoric – Art of persuasion

Self actualization – Human emotional need

Self control – Aspect of inhibitory control

Self-esteem – Human emotional need

Self-determination theory – Macro theory of human motivation and personality

Social cognition – Study of cognitive processes involved in social interactions

Will (philosophy) – Faculty that selects among a being's desires

Volition (psychology) – Cognitive process of decision to act

Problem solving[edit]

Problem solving – Approaches to problem solving

Problem solving steps
- Problem finding – Problem discovery

Problem shaping

Process of elimination – Logical method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities

Systems thinking – Examining complex systems as a whole

Critical systems thinking – systems thinking multimethodology for understanding and designing stakeholder intervention

Problem-solving strategy – steps one would use to find the problem(s) that are in the way to getting to one’s own goal. Some would refer to this as the ‘problem-solving cycle’ (Bransford & Stein, 1993). In this cycle one will recognize the problem, define the problem, develop a strategy to fix the problem, organize the knowledge of the problem cycle, figure-out the resources at the user's disposal, monitor one's progress, and evaluate the solution for accuracy.

Abstraction – Process of generalisation – solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system
Analogy – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another – using a solution that solves an analogous problem
Brainstorming – Group creativity technique – (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is found
Divide and conquer – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance – breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems
Hypothesis testing – Method of statistical inference – assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption
Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems – approaching solutions indirectly and creatively
- Oblique Strategies – Set of cards intended to promote creativity
- Parallel thinking – Term coined by Edward de Bono
- Provocative operation – PO is short for Peace Opportunity and one uses the word anytime one is not 100% clear on an idea expressed by another
- Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Means-ends analysis – Problem solving technique – choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
Morphological analysis – Exploration of possible solutions – assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
Proof – Sufficient evidence/argument for truth – try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it
Reduction – Transformation of one computational problem to another – transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist
Research – Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge – employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problems
Root cause analysis – Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems – identifying the cause of a problem
Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking
Trial-and-error – Method of problem-solving – testing possible solutions until the right one is found
Troubleshooting – Form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes –

Problem-solving methodology

5 Whys – Iterative interrogative technique
Decision cycle – Sequence of steps for decision-making
Eight Disciplines Problem Solving – Eight disciplines of team-oriented problem solving method
GROW model – Method for goal setting and problem solving
How to Solve It – Book by George Pólya
Learning cycle – How people learn from experience
OODA loop – Observe–orient–decide–act cycle (observe, orient, decide, and act)
PDCA – Iterative design and management method used in business (plan–do–check–act)
Problem structuring methods
RPR Problem Diagnosis – problem diagnosis method designed to determine the root cause of IT problems (rapid problem resolution)
TRIZ – Problem-solving tools (inRussian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, "theory of solving inventor's problems")
Vertical thinking – Thinking technique that involves an analytical approach to problem solving

Reasoning[edit]

Reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of things

Abstract thinking – Process of generalisation

Adaptive reasoning

Analogical reasoning – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another

Analytic reasoning – Ability to look at information and discern patterns

Case-based reasoning – Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems

Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment

Defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid – from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q

Diagrammatic reasoning – reasoning by the mean of visual representations – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means

Emotional reasoning – a cognitive process by which one's own emotional reaction is used to prove something is true (erroneous) – a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.

Fallacious reasoning – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (erroneous) – logical errors

Heuristic – Problem-solving methods

Historical thinking

Intuitive reasoning – Ability to acquire knowledge, without conscious reasoning

Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems

Logic – Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning

Abductive reasoning – Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation – from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
Deductive reasoning – Form of reasoning – from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., qornot-p)
Inductive reasoning – Method of logical reasoning – theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) "if p then q"; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
Inference – Steps in reasoning

Moral reasoning – Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy – process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic.^[5] This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.

Probabilistic reasoning – use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations – from combinatorics and indifference: if p then (probably) q

Proportional reasoning – using "the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation."^[6]

Rational thinking – Quality of being agreeable to reason

Semiosis – Mode of communication

Statistical reasoning – Study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data – from data and presumption: the frequency of qs among ps is high (or inference from a model fit to data); hence, (in the right context) if p then (probably) q

Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity

Synthetic reasoning – Semantic distinction in philosophy

Verbal reasoning – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words

Visual reasoning – process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms

Machine thought[edit]

Artificial creativity

Automated reasoning

Commonsense reasoning
Model-based reasoning
Opportunistic reasoning
Qualitative reasoning – automated reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information
Spatial–temporal reasoning
Textual case based reasoning

Computer program (recorded machine thought instructions)

Human-based computation

Organizational thought[edit]

Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

Management information system – Information system used for decision-making
Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
Organizational planning
- Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process
Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems

Aspects of the thinker[edit]

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

Ability – Ability to influence the behavior of others

Aptitude – Ability; competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level

Attitude – Concept in psychology and communication studies

Behavior – Actions by entities within a system

Cognitive style – Concept in cognitive psychology

Common sense – Sound practical judgement in everyday matters

Experience – Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge

Instinct – Behaviour due to innate biological factors

Intelligence – Ability to perceive, infer, acquire, retain and apply information.

Metacognition – Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills

Mental image – Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not

Mindset – Term in decision theory and general systems theory

Preference – To like one thing more than another

Rationality – Quality of being agreeable to reason

Skill – Ability to carry out a task

Wisdom – Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight

Sapience – Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight

Properties of thought[edit]

Accuracy and precision – Characterization of measurement error

Cogency

Dogma – Belief(s) accepted by members of a group without question

Effectiveness – Capability of producing the desired result

Efficacy – Ability to finish a task satisfactorily

Efficiency – Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources

Freethought – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism

Frugality – Being frugal in the consumption of consumable resources

Meaning – Study of meaning in language

Prudence – Ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason

Rights – Legal, social, or ethical principles

Skepticism – Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims

Soundness – Term in logic and deductive reasoning

Validity – Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are

Value theory – Concept in sociology and philosophy

Wrongdoing – Act that is illegal or immoral

Fields that study thought[edit]

Linguistics – Scientific study of language

Philosophy – Study of general and fundamental questions

Logic – Study of correct reasoning
Philosophy of mind – Branch of philosophy

Neuroscience – Scientific study of the nervous system

Cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
Psychology – Study of mental functions and behaviors
- Cognitive psychology – Subdiscipline of psychology
- Social psychology – Study of social effects on people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Psychiatry – Branch of medicine devoted to mental disorders

Mathematics – Area of knowledge

Operations research – Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods

Thought tools and thought research[edit]

Cognitive model – Model of cognition's operation
Design tool – objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design
Diagram – Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques
- Argument map – Visual representation of the structure of an argument
- Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts
- Mind map – Diagram to visually organize information
DSRP – Theory and method of thinking
Intelligence amplification – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence
Language – Structured system of communication
Meditation – Practice of mindfulness
Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Synectics – Thought process for making the strange familiar and the familiar strange

History of thinking[edit]

History of reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of things

History of artificial intelligence
History of cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
History of the concept of creativity
History of ideas – Study of the history of human ideas and of intellectuals
History of logic
History of psychometrics – Theory and technique of psychological measurement

Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)[edit]

Nootropic – Compound intended to improve cognitive function

Substances that improve mental performance:

5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as 5-HTP – chemical compound

Adrafinil – Wakefulness-promoting drug (Olmifon)

Aniracetam – Medication

Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha – Species of plant

Bacopa monnieri – Species of aquatic plant (Brahmi)

Caffeine – Central nervous system stimulant

Acetylcarnitine, also known as Acetyl-L-carnitine – Form of L-carnitine (ALCAR)

Meclofenoxate, also known as Centrophenoxine – Chemical compound

Choline – Chemical compound and essential nutrient

Cholinergic – Agent which mimics choline

Chromium – chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24

Coenzyme Q10 – Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant

Coffee – Brewed beverage made from coffee beans

Creatine – Chemical compound

Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) – chemical compound

Ergoloid mesylates – Chemical compound (Hydergine)

Huperzine A – Chemical compound

Idebenone – Chemical compound

Inositol – Carbocyclic sugar

L-DOPA – Chemical compound

Lecithin – Generic term for amphiphilic substances of plant and animal origin

Lemon balm – Species of plant (Melissa Officinalis)

Lipoic acid – pair of enantiomers

Methylphenidate – Central nervous system stimulant (Ritalin)

Modafinil – Eugeroic medication (Provigil)

Oxiracetam – Chemical compound

Phenibut – CNS depressant medication

Phenylalanine – Type of α-amino acid

Piracetam – Chemical compound (Nootropil)

Pramiracetam – Chemical compound

Pyritinol – Chemical compound (Enerbol)

Rhodiola rosea – Species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae

Selegiline (Deprenyl) – Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as Siberian ginseng – Species of flowering plant

Hypericum perforatum, also known as St John's Wort – Flowering plant in the St John's wort family Hypericaceae

Sutherlandia frutescens – Species of legume

Tea – Hot drink made from water and tea leaves

Theanine – Amino acid

Theophylline – Drug used to treat respiratory diseases

Tryptophan – chemical compound

Tyrosine – Amino acid

Vasopressin – Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland

Vinpocetine – Chemical compound

Vitamin B₃, also known as Nicotinic acid – Class of chemically related vitamers

Vitamin B₅ – chemical compound

Vitamin B₆ – Class of chemically related vitamins

Vitamin B₁₂ – Vitamin used in animal cells' metabolism

Vitamin C – Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods

Pausinystalia johimbe, also known as Yohimbe – Species of flowering plant

Organizational thinking concepts[edit]

Attribution theory – The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events

Communication – Transmission of information

Concept testing – Surveys to judge the success of a new product before its introduction to the market

Evaporating Cloud

Fifth discipline – 1990 book by Peter Senge

Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people

Collective intelligence, also known as Group synergy – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts

Ideas bank – Resource for the posting, exchange, discussion, and polishing of new ideas

Language interpretation – Facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages

Learning organization – Type of company

Metaplan – International management consulting firm

Operations research – Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods

Organization development – Study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change

Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies

Organizational culture – Customary behaviours in an organization

Organizational ethics – field of ethics focusing on organisations

Organizational learning – Academic discipline; examines how goal-driven social entities add and create knowledge

Rhetoric – Art of persuasion

Smart mob – Digital-communication coordinated group

Theory of constraints – Management paradigm

Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy

Wisdom of crowds – 2004 book by James Surowiecki

Teaching methods and skills[edit]

Active learning – Educational technique

Classical conditioning – Aspect of learning procedure

Directed listening and thinking activity

Discipline – Self-control

Learning theory (education) – Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning

Mentorship – Guidance relationship

Operant conditioning – Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification

Problem-based learning – Learner centric pedagogy

Punishment – Imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome

Reinforcement – Consequence affecting an organism's future behavior

Awards related to thinking[edit]

Awards for acts of genius[edit]

Nobel Prize – Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895
Pulitzer Prize – Award for achievements in journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States
MacArthur Fellows Program – Annual prize by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

Organizations[edit]

Associations pertaining to thought
- Association for Automated Reasoning – non-profit that seeks to advance the field of automated reasoning
- Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
- International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning – Conferences series on automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields
High IQ societies – Organization for people with a high IQ score
Mind Sports Organisation – companyPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackPages displaying short descriptions with no spacess
- World Mind Sports Games – Multi-sport event
Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacys

Media[edit]

Publications[edit]

Books[edit]

Handbook of Automated Reasoning

Periodicals[edit]

Television programs[edit]

Thinkabout (U.S. TV series)

Persons associated with thinking[edit]

Related concepts[edit]

Awareness and perception[edit]

Attention

Heuristics in judgment and decision making

Metaknowledge (knowledge about knowledge)

Mind map

Mindfulness (psychology)

Situational awareness

Understanding

Learning and memory[edit]

Autodidacticism

Biofeedback

Cognitive dissonance

Dual-coding theory

Eidetic memory (total recall)

Memory-prediction framework

Method of loci

Mnemonics

Neurofeedback

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)

Recollection (recall)

Scientific method

Self-perception theory

References[edit]

^ Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."

^ Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness." [1]

^ Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5.

^ Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC]".

^ "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". Retrieved 21 July 2011.

^ "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet".

^ "History of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy". National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2011.