| Miacis ↓ | |
|---|---|
| |
| skull of Miacis parvivorus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Carnivoramorpha |
| Clade: | Carnivoraformes |
| Genus: | †Miacis Cope, 1872 |
| Type species | |
| †Miacis parvivorus Cope, 1872 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
synonyms of species: | |
Miacis ("small point") is an extinct genus of placental mammals from clade Carnivoraformes, that lived in North America from the early to middle Eocene.[4][5][6]
Miacis was five-clawed, about the size of a weasel (~30 cm), and lived on the North American continent. It retained some primitive characteristics such as low skulls, long slender bodies, long tails, and short legs. Miacis retained 44 teeth, although some reductions in this number were apparently in progress and some of the teeth were reduced in size.
The hind limbs were longer than the forelimbs, the pelvis was dog-like in form and structure, and some specialized traits were present in the vertebrae. It had retractable claws, agile joints for climbing, and binocular vision. Miacis and related forms had brains that were relatively larger than those of the creodonts, and the larger brain size as compared with body size probably reflects an increase in intelligence.[citation needed]
Like many other early carnivoramorphans, it was well suited for an arboreal climbing lifestyle with needle-sharp claws, limbs, and joints resembling modern carnivorans. Miacis was probably a very agile forest dweller that preyed upon smaller animals, such as small mammals, reptiles, and birds, and might also have eaten eggs and fruits.[7]
| Species: | Distribution of the species and type locality: | Age: |
|---|---|---|
| †M. parvivorus (Cope, 1872)[8] |  USA
|
50,0 to 46,2 Ma |
Since Edward Drinker Cope first described the genus Miacis in 1872, at least twenty other species have been assigned to Miacis. However, these species share few synapomorphies other than plesiomorphic characteristics of miacids in general. This reflects the fact that Miacis has been treated as a wastebasket taxon and contains a diverse collection of species that belong to the stemgroup within the Carnivoraformes.[6] Many of the species originally assigned to Miacis have since been assigned to other genera and, apart from the type species, Miacis parvivorus, the remaining species are often referred to with Miacis in quotations (e.g. "Miacis" latidens). The following table lists the former Miacis species in chronological order of their original description and notes the reassignments to other genera.
| Species: | Type locality: | Status and notes: |
|---|---|---|
| M. sylvestris (Marsh, 1872)[12] | Bridger Formation (Wyoming, USA) | now assigned to genus HarpalodonasHarpalodon sylvestris[13][14] |
| M. vulpinus (Scott & Osborn, 1887)[15] | Uinta Basin (Utah, USA) | Described as Amphicyon vulpinum; later assigned to Prodaphaenus and Miacis;[16] now recognised as synonym of Miocyon scotti |
| M. uintensis (Osborn, 1895)[17] | Uinta Basin (Utah, USA) | now assigned to genus ProdaphaenusasProdaphaenus uintensis[10] |
| M. hargeri (Wortman, 1901)[13] | Bridger Formation (Wyoming, USA) | recognised as close relative to genus Lycarion |
| M. washakius (Wortman, 1901)[13] | Bridger Formation (Wyoming, USA) | now assigned to genus NeovulpavusasNeovulpavus washakius[14] |
| M. medius (Matthew, 1909)[16] | Bridger Formation (Wyoming, USA) | now assigned to genus LycarionasLycarion medius[14] |
| M. exiguus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)[18] | Clark's Fork Basin (Wyoming, USA) | recognised as close relative to genus Dormaalocyon |
| M. latidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)[18] | Clark's Fork Basin (Wyoming, USA) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. invictus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)[19] | Irdin Manha Formation (Inner Mongolia, China) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. hookwayi (Stock, 1934)[20] | Tapo Canyon (California, USA) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. gracilis (Clark, 1939)[21] | Uinta Basin (Utah, USA) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. latouri (Quinet, 1966)[22] | Dormaal (Flemish Brabant, Belgium) | now assigned to genus DormaalocyonasDormaalocyon latouri[23] |
| M. lushiensis (Chow, 1975)[24] | Shanghuang Quarry (Jiangsu, China) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. deutschi (Gingerich, 1983)[25] | Clark's Fork Basin (Wyoming, USA) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. petilus (Gingerich, 1983)[25] | Clark's Fork Basin (Wyoming, USA) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. winkleri (Gingerich, 1983)[25] | Clark's Fork Basin (Wyoming, USA) | now assigned to genus Gracilocyon as type species Gracilocyon winkleri[26] |
| M. australis (Gustafson, 1986)[27] | Rifle Range Hollow or Blue Cliff Horizon (Texas, USA) | now assigned to genus AngelarctocyonasAngelarctocyon australis in family Amphicyonidae[28] |
| M. cognitus Gustafson, 1986[27] | Reeves Bonebed (Texas, USA) | now assigned to genus GustafsoniaasGustafsonia cognita in family Amphicyonidae[28] |
| M. thailandicus (Ducrocq et al., 1992)[29] | Krabi (South Thailand) | now assigned to genus XinyuictisasXinyuictis thailandicus |
| M. boqinghensis (Huang et al., 1999)[30] | Huoshipo, Guojiazhuang Village, Hedi Formation (China) | classified as a species of carnivoraform mammals outside of genus Miacis |
| M. rosei (Heinrich et al., 2008)[1] | Wyoming, USA | now assigned to genus GracilocyonasGracilocyon rosei[26] |
| M. rundlei (Hooker, 2010)[31] | Abbey Wood, England, UK | now assigned to genus GracilocyonasGracilocyon rundlei[23] |
| M. solei (Smith & Smith, 2010)[26] | Dormaal (Flemish Brabant, Belgium) | now assigned to genus GracilocyonasGracilocyon solei[26] |
The phylogenetic relationships of genus Miacis are shown in the following cladogram:[32][23][33][14]
| Carnivoramorpha |
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†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade †Vulpavus clade | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Carnivora [sensu lato])
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| Miacis |
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