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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m S h a k o p e e F o r m a t i o n )
Widespread geologic group in the Southeastern United States
Knox Supergroup Type Supergroup Unit of Sauk Sub-units
Kentucky
Ohio , West Virginia and Eastern Kentucky
Pennsylvania
Indiana and Illinois
Everton Dolomite
Prairie do Chien Group
Potosi Dolomite
Other
Underlies Ancel Group , Wells Creek Dolomite Overlies
Primary Dolomite Other Limestone and sandstone Region Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia Country United States Named for Knox County , TennesseeNamed by Safford (1869, p. 151)
The Knox Supergroup , also known as the Knox Group and the Knox Formation , is a widespread geologic group in the Southeastern United States. The age is from the Late Cambrian to the Early Ordovician . Predominantly, it is composed of carbonates , chiefly dolomite , with some limestone . There are also cherty inclusions as well as thin beds of sandstone .[1] [2]
Stratigraphy [ edit ]
The Knox lies beneath a unconformity known as the Knox Unconformity. There is well-developed karst topography at the top of the Knox Supergroup. This demonstrates a prolonged period of erosion. This has modern economic impact because of forming reservoirs for hydrocarbons as well as some mineral deposits.[2]
Everton Formation [ edit ]
Collapse breccia (Everton Formation, Middle Ordovician; Rush Creek District, Arkansas, USA) 1
The Everton Formation is a geologic formation in northern Arkansas through Missouri , Illinois and Indiana that dates to the middle Ordovician Period .[3] Everton, Arkansas . Fossils of Conodonts Paraprioniodus costatus and Leptochirognathus quadratus indicate Whiterockian age.[4] Unconformities separate this formation from the underlying Powell Formation and the overlying St. Peter Sandstone Formation . The Everton Formation is composed primarily of dolomite , limestone , and some sandstone as well as a zone of breccia . There are local thick sections of a friable sandstone. The grains are nearly identical to the overlying St. Peter Sandstone , and may cause some confusion in identifying the different formations. The sand grains are medium grained, well rounded and are frosted. Fossils of ostracods , cephalopods , gastropods , bivalves , trilobites , and bryozoans are preserved within the formation.[5]
Stratigraphy [ edit ]
Five named members of the Everton Formation are recognized (in stratigraphic order):
Jasper Limestone Member
Newton Sandstone Member
Calico Rock Sandstone Member
Kings River Sandstone Member
Sneeds Limestone Lentil
Beekmantown Group [ edit ]
Canyon passage in Skyline Caverns , Rockdale Run Formation , Beekmantown Group
The Beekmantown Group is the upper unit of the Knox Supergroup .[6] geologic group that occurs in the eastern Canada (Québec) and northeastern United States,[7] conodont fauna. It contains dolomitic sandstones and carbonates from just off land from the palaeocoastline. Most likely the Arbuckle Arbuckle Group of Oklahoma, and Ellenburger Group of Texas are equlivant to the Beekmantown.[8]
The usage of the term is diverse and depends on the state or region in question, and the group encompasses different formations in different regions. In some states it is considered a formation rather than a group, but the lithology varies by region.[9]
In Pennsylvania the Beekmantown is broken down into the Bellefonte Formation at the Knox Unconformity, followed by the either the Axemann Formation or the Nittany Dolomite , with the Stonehenge Dolomite at its base. The Stonehenge is stratigraphically equitant to the Chepultepec Formation.[6]
Mining and Industrial materials [ edit ]
Zinc is mined in outcrops found in Virginia . Mostly in Augusta, Rockingham, and Shenandoah counties. The largest is the Bowers-Campbell Mine.[10]
Within the breccia zone galena is extracted along with small amounts of sphalerite and pyrite .[8]
The Beekmantown is quarried in many locations for aggregate and rock.[11]
Chepultepec Formation [ edit ]
The Chepultepec Formation is an Early Ordovician -aged geological formation in the Appalachian regions of Eastern North America. Also known as the Chepultepec Dolomite, it is a unit of the Upper Knox Group , overlying the Copper Ridge Dolomite and underlying the Longview-Kingsport-Mascot sequence. The formation was named by E. O. Ulrich in 1911 for the town of Chepultepec (now Allgood ).[6]
The Chepultepec Formation is a primarily limestone and dolomite formation, the earliest formation of the Ordovician period in its area. Further north, it is equivalent to the Stonehenge Formation of the Beekmantown Group .[12] Tennessee and Virginia .[13] arches , including Natural Tunnel in Scott County and Natural Bridge in Rockbridge County .[14] [15]
Prairie du Chien Group [ edit ]
This group includes the Oneota Formation and the Shakopee Formation.
Oneota Formation [ edit ]
Sugar Loaf
The Oneota Formation is a geologic formation in the upper Midwest (United States) including Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana and Wisconsin . It preserves marine fossils dating back to the Ordovician period .[16]
The Oneota Formation is a geologic formation in the upper Midwest (United States) including Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana and Wisconsin . It preserves marine fossils dating back to the Ordovician period .[16]
The Sugar Loaf landmark located in Winona, Minnesota is made of Oneota Dolomite.
Shakopee Formation [ edit ]
Shakopee Formation SE Minnesota
The Shakopee Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois , Indiana , Wisconsin , and Minnesota . It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period . It is named after the town of Shakopee, Minnesota , where the formation can be seen in bluffs along the Minnesota River .
The formation is broken up into two members, the New Richmond and Willow River Members. The Shakopee was deposited in a peritidal setting and is divided by an unconformity. The unconformity left river valleys that were filled with siliciclastic material that was covered by marine deposits. Facies-defining cycles are divided into grainy carbonate, muddy carbonate, sandstone, shale, and Stromatolitic –Algal mat Boundstones .[17]
Stromatolite reefs are a common occurrence in the Shakopee and are well documented throughout. Some of the recognized species of stromatolites are cryptozoon minnesotense, cryptozoon liberta and cryptozoon rosemontensis. [18]
Fossils [ edit ]
Mollusk
Murchisonia artemesia
Pleurotomaria canadensis
Lophospira cassina
Cameroceras stillwaterense
Cotteroceras compressum
Cyptendoceras ruedemanni
References [ edit ]
^ a b Gooding, Patrick J. (1992). UNCONFORMITY AT THE TOP OF THE KNOX GROUP (CAMBRIAN AND ORDOVICIAN) IN THE SUBSURFACE OF SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY . Kentucky Geological Survey. p. 12.
^ "Everton Formation, Arkansas Geologic Survey, Ozark Plateaus, Ordovician" . Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-11 .
^ "Everton Dolomite" . legacy.igws.indiana.edu . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^ "Ordovician period of the Ozark Plateaus in Arkansas" . www.geology.arkansas.gov . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^ a b c CALVERT, WARREN L. (1962). "SUB-TRENTON ROCKS FROM LEE COUNTY, VIRGINIA, TO FAYETTE COUNTY, OHIO" (PDF) . Ohio Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 25 February 2024 .
^ Hersi, O. S.; Lavoie, D.; Nowlan, G. S. (2003). "Reappraisal of the Beekmantown Group sedimentology and stratigraphy, Montréal area, southwestern Quebec: Implications for understanding the depositional evolution of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Laurentian passive margin of eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 40 2 ): 149. Bibcode :2003CaJES..40..149H . doi :10.1139/e02-077 .
^ a b Herbert, Jr, Paul; Young, Robert S. (1956). "Sulfide Mineralization in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia" (PDF) . Department of Energy Virginia .
^ Beekmantown Geologic Unit, Geolex – Unit Summary, National Geologic Map Database. USGS/AASG. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
^ "Virginia Energy - Geology and Mineral Resources - Zinc" . energy.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^ Wilkes, Gerald P. (2007). "BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE LEXINGTON 7.5-MINUTE QUADRANGLE, VIRGINIA" (PDF) . Virginia Department of Energy .
^ Read, J. Fred; Eriksson, Kenneth A. (2012). "Paleozoic Sedimentary Successions of the Virginia Valley & Ridge and Plateau" (PDF) . Virginia Tech Scholarly Works, Department of Geosciences .
^ Unklesbay, A.G.; Young, Robert S. (May 1956). "Early Ordovician Nautiloids from Virginia". Journal of Paleontology . 30 3 ): 481–491.
^ Spencer, Edgar W. (May 1964). "Natural Bridge and vicinity" (PDF) . Virginia Minerals . 10 2 ): 1–6.
^ Woodward, Edgar W. (1936). "Natural bridge and Natural Tunnel, Virginia". The Journal of Geology . 44 5 ): 604–616. Bibcode :1936JG.....44..604W . doi :10.1086/624457 .
^ a b "Oneota Dolomite" .
^ "Geoscience Wisconsin Volume 17 - Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Lower Ordovician Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate System, Shakopee Formation, Fox River Valley of East-Central Wisconsin - WGNHS" . wgnhs.wisc.edu . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^ STAUFFER, CLINTON R. (July 1945). "Cryptozoons of the Shakopee Dolomite" . Journal of Paleontology . 19 4 ): 376–379. JSTOR 1299048 – via JSTOR.
t
e
Lower/Early Ordovician Middle Ordovician Upper/Late Ordovician
t
e
Ph
Pz
P
C
D
Upper
Famennian
Venango Group
Gantz, Hundred-foot sand, Fifty-foot sand, Thirty-foot sand, Nineveh-Snee, Gordon Stray, Fourth Sand, Fifth Sand, Bayard Sand, Elizabeth Sand, Sweet Richard,
Chadakoin Formation , First Warren
Bradford Group
Upper Warren, Lower Warren, Speechely Stray, Speechely, Balltown A, Balltown B, Balltown C, Sheffield, First Bradford, Second Bradford, Third Bradford, Kane
Elk Group
1st Elk Sand, 2nd Elk Sand, 3rd Elk Sand, 4th Elk Sand, 5th Elk Sand
Ohio Shale
Catskill Group
Frasnian
Catskill Group
West Falls Group
Sonyea Group
Genesee Group / Harrell Shale
Middle
Lower
S
O
Є
pЄ
Grenville Complex
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knox_Supergroup&oldid=1216471341#Shakopee_Formation " C a t e g o r i e s : ● O r d o v i c i a n g e o l o g y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a ● O r d o v i c i a n g e o l o g y o f N e w Y o r k ( s t a t e ) ● O r d o v i c i a n g e o l o g y o f T e n n e s s e e ● O r d o v i c i a n s o u t h e r n p a l e o t e m p e r a t e d e p o s i t s ● O r d o v i c i a n I n d i a n a ● O r d o v i c i a n I l l i n o i s ● O r d o v i c i a n A r k a n s a s ● O r d o v i c i a n K e n t u c k y ● O r d o v i c i a n W e s t V i r g i n i a ● O r d o v i c i a n g e o l o g y o f W i s c o n s i n ● O r d o v i c i a n M i n n e s o t a ● O r d o v i c i a n g e o l o g y o f V i r g i n i a H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 3 1 M a r c h 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 5 : 5 9 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
