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1944年復員兵援護法

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
GI法から転送)
GI法に署名するフランクリン・ルーズベルト大統領(1944年6月22日)

1944(1944Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944)GIG.I. Bill退G.I.1944GI1956GI退使

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1944退退[1][2]退19201930退190退[3]

1956780退GI220560[4]GI退[5][6][7]

GIGIGI[8]GI[9]

20089/11退(Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008)GI退2017GI

[]

1944GIA退[10]

GI1944622

退退VA退[11]

19201930退[12][13]退退退VFW退[14][15]

GI稿W[16][17]D.C.[17]8退[18]

GIGI[19]
GI

退14退

GI退[20][21]

52-20退12052152-2020%GI[22]

1944GI1956[23]退GI

GI72%[24](49%)[25](43%)[24]

退[26]

[]

[]


GI退[27]

GI67100[28][29]GI[30]

100287[31]

19461051[30](HBCU)2退退HBCU退HBCU[30]

GI19401.08%19503.6%GI[32]79[30]

[]


1936GI19446GI退9021

2000200731[33]"The Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007"194112719461231退12007[34]GI"21st Century GI Bill of Rights Act of 2007"200191136[35]194112719461231沿1977GI退[36]

退[]


1940GI90-10退退[37][38][39]90-10[40][41]

GI Bill Comparison ToolGI

 190,941,289

 67,806,473

 58,773,186

 48,678,834

 48,024,079

 42,759,321

 33,938,851

 32,080,876

 30,986,463

[]


退38退(Veterans' Benefits)38

脚注[編集]



(一)^ Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans (2009), pp. 54-57

(二)^ Suzanne Mettler, "The creation of the GI Bill of Rights of 1944: Melding social and participatory citizenship ideals." Journal of Policy History 17#4 (2005): 345-374.

(三)^ Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill (2009) p. 118

(四)^ Olson, 1973, and see also Bound and Turner 2002.

(五)^ Stanley, 2003

(六)^ Frydl, 2009

(七)^ Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to citizens: The GI Bill and the making of the greatest generation (2005)

(八)^ Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, W. W. Norton & Co., 2005, p. 140.

(九)^ Darity, William A., Jr. (2020). From here to equality : reparations for Black Americans in the twenty-first century. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-5497-3. OCLC 1119767347. http://worldcat.org/oclc/1119767347 

(十)^ The George Washington Uni Profile. DCMilitaryEd.com. 2011728201419

(11)^ Edwin Amenta. Bold Relief: Institutional politics and the origins of modern American social policy (Princeton UP, 1998) p247.

(12)^ David Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (2013) p xiii

(13)^ Kathleen Frydl, The G.I. Bill (Cambridge University Press, 2009) pp 47-54.

(14)^ Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (2009) p xiii

(15)^ Frydl, The G.I. Bill (2009) pp 102-44, emphasizes the central role of the American Legion.

(16)^ 223D. Education and Training Home. 201311142016619

(17)^ abFindArticles.com - CBSi. 200812312016619

(18)^ History (). Luther B Easley Salem American Legion Post 128 (2019116). 202116

(19)^ James E. McMillan (2006). Ernest W. McFarland: Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Arizona : a biography. Sharlot Hall Museum Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-927579-23-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=_NAmWD6lvfMC 

(20)^ THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE (2004), A CHRONOLOGY OF HOUSING LEGISLATION AND SELECTED EXECUTIVE ACTIONS, 1892-2003, U.S. Government Printing Office, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-108HPRT92629/html/CPRT-108HPRT92629.htm 

(21)^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985). Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/crabgrassfrontie00jackrich/page/206 

(22)^ Ellsworth Harvey Plank (1953). Public Finance. p. 234. https://books.google.com/books?id=mIPQAAAAMAAJ 

(23)^  History And Timeline, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, https://benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp 

(24)^ abJan Arminio; Tomoko Kudo Grabosky; Josh Lang (2015). Student Veterans and Service Members in Higher Education. Key Issues on Diverse College Students. New York: Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781317810568. https://books.google.com/books?id=t1mcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 

(25)^ History and Timeline - Education and Training.  U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 201923

(26)^ Lemieux, Thomas; Card, David (2001). Education, earnings, and the 'Canadian GI Bill'. Canadian Journal of Economics 34 (2): 313344. doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00077. http://www.nber.org/papers/w6718.pdf. 

(27)^ Kotz, Nick (2005828). Review: 'When Affirmative Action Was White': Uncivil Rights. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/when-affirmative-action-was-white-uncivil-rights.html?_r=0 201582 

(28)^ Katznelson, Ira (2006). When affirmative action was white : an untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America ([Norton pbk ed.] ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393328516 

(29)^ Katznelson, Ira (2006-08-17). When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. ISBN 9780393347142. https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw5xzMyzE5AC&q=ewer+than+100+of+the+67%2C000+mortgages+insured+by+the+G.I.+Bill+supported+home+purchases+by+nonwhites&pg=PA140 

(30)^ abcdHerbold, Hilary (Winter 1994). Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (6): 104108. doi:10.2307/2962479. JSTOR 2962479. 

(31)^ Turner, Sarah; Bound, John (March 2003). Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans. The Journal of Economic History 63 (1): 1512. doi:10.3386/w9044. 

(32)^ Turner, Sarah; Bound, John (March 2003). Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans. The Journal of Economic History 63 (1): 17072. doi:10.3386/w9044. 

(33)^ Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007. 201213120211019

(34)^ Filner, Bob (200795). H.R.23 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007. www.congress.gov. 20211019

(35)^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2007516). S.1409 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): 21st Century GI Bill of Rights Act of 2007. www.congress.gov. 20211019

(36)^ Miller, Jeff (20131029). H.R.2189 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): To improve the processing of disability claims by the Department of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes.. www.congress.gov. 20211019

(37)^ The 90-10 Rule: Why Predatory Schools Target Veterans. 2016619

(38)^ Wong, Alia. Why For-Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans. 2016619

(39)^ Money Military Heroes: How For-Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans (and Your Tax Dollars). 201411142016619

(40)^ For-profit schools targeted again over GI Bill payouts. 2016619

(41)^ For-Profit Colleges' 90/10 Loophole Latest Target For Democrats With Military And Veterans Education Protection Act (2015624). 2016619

参考文献[編集]

  • Abrams, Richard M. "The U.S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1989) 404 pp. 15–28.
  • Altschuler, Glenn C. and Stuart M. Blumin. The GI Bill: a new deal for veterans (2009), brief scholarly overview
  • Bennett, Michael J. When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America (New York: Brassey's Inc., 1996)
  • Bound, John, and Sarah Turner. "Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 20#4 (2002), pp. 784–815 in JSTOR
  • Boulton, Mark. Failing our Veterans: The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam Generation (NYU Press, 2014).
  • Clark, Daniel A. "'The two joes meet—Joe College, Joe Veteran': The GI Bill, college education, and postwar American culture". History of Education Quarterly (1998), 38#2, pp. 165–189.
  • Frydl, Kathleen. The G.I. Bill (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
  • Humes, Edward (2006). Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream. Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100710-1. https://archive.org/details/overhere00edwa 
  • Jennings, Audra. Out of the Horrors of War: Disability Politics in World War II America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 288 pp.
  • Mettler, Suzanne. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (Oxford University Press, 2005). online; excerpt
  • Nagowski, Matthew P. "Inopportunity of Gender: The G.I. Bill and the Higher Education of the American Female, 1939-1954" Cornell University ILR Collection" (2005) online; statistical approach
  • Nam, Charles B. "The Impact of the 'GI Bills' on the Educational Level of the Male Population" Social Forces 43 (October 1964): 26-32.
  • Olson, Keith. "The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise," American Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 5 (December 1973) 596-610. in JSTORin JSTOR
  • Olson, Keith, The G.I. Bill, The Veterans, and The Colleges (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974)
  • Peeps, J. M. Stephen. "A B.A. for the G.I. . . . Why?" History of Education Quarterly 24#4 (1984) pp 513-25.
  • Ross, David B. Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans During World War II (Columbia University Press, 1969).
  • Stanley, Marcus (2003). “College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2): 671–708. doi:10.1162/003355303321675482. JSTOR 25053917. 
  • Van Ells, Mark D. To Hear Only Thunder Again: America's World War II Veterans Come Home. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.
  • Woods, Louis, “Almost ‘No Negro Veteran…Could Get a Loan:’ African Americans, the GI Bill, and the NAACP Campaign Against Residential Segregation, 1917-1960,” The Journal of African American History, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Summer 2013) pp. 392–417.

外部リンク[編集]

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