アファーマティブ・アクション

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

19601961F使[1]

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使affirmative action[əˈfɝmətɪv ˈæk.ʃən]positive discrimination[ˈpɒzɪ̈tɪv dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən]positive action: positive

1961F10925[2][3]196511246[4]

[ 1][ 2][5][6]

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affirmative action  (positive action)[7][8] (positive discrimination)使200214419[9]

同和地区[編集]


[10][ 3]

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2018202030[11]



[12]

[13]

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[ 4]

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[14]姿[15][16][15]

アメリカ[編集]


non-White Americans[]

1920WASP[][17]AACENPO[18]

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JY2005SAT ()1600調198019931997[19]
成績外の要素 修正ポイント
黒人(アフリカ系アメリカ人) African American +230
ヒスパニック系 Hispanic +185
アジア系 Asians / Asian-American –50
スポーツ特待生 Athletes +200
レガシー (元卒業生の子弟および大学への大口献金者) Legacy +160

200916001550(96.9%)1410(88.1%)1100(68.8%)615[20][]

1996Proposition 209[21][ 5]退

1964





[23]

20062014422[24]

20187[25]

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2003199610%W[26]2003Grutter v. Bollinger1454

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19731974(Allan Bakke)退1996退[27]

SFFA[]


2014NPOSFFA202362914[28]96[28]

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Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical StudyISBN 978-0300107753 [ 6]

[ 7]







[29][30]

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EU[]


2012112020201840EU240220131145914881EU[31]2015EU40332017320189[32]

[]


Equality Act 2010 Equality Act 2010 159



50%50%5050[33]

 Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002簿[34]

2019Cheshire [35]

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1958[36]1980Sciences Po)[37]

1990(Armées d'aujourd'hui)[38]

201412720201712740%[39]

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脚注[編集]

注釈[編集]



(一)^ 

(二)^ 

(三)^ 19697101978111310219823311982331198633116198733122

(四)^ 501.82

(五)^ 2020Proposition 16[22]

(六)^ 

(七)^ 

出典[編集]



(一)^ Wayback Machine. web.archive.org (20201027). 2022828

(二)^ Wayback Machine. web.archive.org (201634). 2022828

(三)^ Executive Order 10925Establishing the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity | The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. 2022828

(四)^ Compliance Assistance By Law - The Executive Order 11246. web.archive.org (201194). 2022828

(五)^ Harvard Rated Asian-American Applicants Lower on Personality Traits, Suit Says - The New York Times

(六)^ Asians are divided about affirmative action. Why? (opinion) - CNN

(七)^ 

(八)^  

(九)^   14419

(十)^ 840

(11)^ 202030

(12)^  . . (2017123). https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2017/01/23/childcare_n_14325636.html 2017124 

(13)^  

(14)^ 

(15)^ ab.   (2005511). 201796

(16)^ . .   (2005511). 201796

(17)^ Golden, Daniel, (2007). The price of admission : how America's ruling class buys its way into elite colleges--and who gets left outside the gates

(18)^  . . https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM1C34JXM1CUHBI00C.html 

(19)^ Espenshade, Thomas J.; Chung, Chang Y. (2005). The Opportunity Cost of Admission Preferences at Elite Universities. Social Science Quarterly 86 (2): 293305. ISSN 0038-4941. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956064. 

(20)^ Competitive disadvantage. The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2011/04/17/high_achieving_asian_americans_are_being_shut_out_of_top_schools/ 

(21)^ Prohibition Against Discrimination or Preferential Treatment by State and Other Public Entities. Initiative Constitutional Amendment. Official Title and Summary prepared by the Attorney General. California Secretary of State. 2020116

(22)^ California Proposition 16, Repeal Proposition 209 Affirmative Action Amendment (2020). en:Ballotpedia. 2020116

(23)^ 165

(24)^ JESS BRAVIN (2014423). . . http://jp.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303595604579518402025713732.html 201453 

(25)^ . BBC. (201874). https://www.bbc.com/japanese/44707553 201925 

(26)^ Bush criticizes university 'quota system'.  CNN (200316). 201925

(27)^  Z 2006 ISBN 978-4860663445 321 

(28)^ ab 20236300644

(29)^ Townhall.com::Talk Radio Online::Radio Show. web.archive.org (2008122). 2024211

(30)^ (201111)

(31)^ EU. (2014826). http://eumag.jp/feature/b0814/2/ 

(32)^ - . (2018121). http://yuken-jp.com/report/2018/12/01/eu-3/ 

(33)^ Police recruitment 'will be 50:50'. BBC News. (2001912). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1540861.stm 

(34)^ Richard Kelly and Isobel White (29 April 2009). All-women shortlists. House of Commons Library. SN/PC/05057. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-05057.pdf 2009623 

(35)^ Force discriminated against white male. BBC News. (2019222). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-47335859 

(36)^ Jonathan D. Mott, PhD (199227). The French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments.  Thisnation.com. 2014428

(37)^ Ghorbal, Karim (2015). Esencia colonial de una política contemporánea: Por un enfoque fanoniano de la discriminación positiva en Francia. Culture & History Digital Journal 4 (2): e016. doi:10.3989/chdj.2015.016. 

(38)^ Eeckhout, Laetitia Van (20081217). Le Plan Sarkozy. Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/12/17/le-plan-sarkozy-pour-favoriser-l-egalite-reelle-des-chances_1132074_823448.html#ens_id=1128487° 2012411 

(39)^ Vie Publique.  Vie-publique.fr (2002625). 2012411

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