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(Top) 1 Ferns and fern allies 2 Bennettitales 3 Cycadales 4 Ginkgoales 5 Vladimariales 6 Conifers 7 Flowering plants 7.1 Alismatales 7.2 Apiales 7.3 Arecales 7.4 Canellales 7.5 Caryophyllales 7.6 Chloranthales 7.7 Cornales 7.8 Ericales 7.9 Fabales 7.10 Fagales 7.11 Gentianales 7.12 Lamiales 7.13 Laurales 7.14 Liliales 7.15 Malpighiales 7.16 Malvales 7.17 Myrtales 7.18 Nymphaeales 7.19 Oxalidales 7.20 Piperales 7.21 Poales 7.22 Proteales 7.23 Rosales 7.24 Santalales 7.25 Sapindales 7.26 Saxifragales 7.27 Solanales 7.28 Zingiberales 7.29 Other angiosperms 8 Other plants 9 Research 10 References

2021 in paleobotany

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This article records new taxa of fossil plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that are scheduled to occur in the year 2020.

Ferns and fern allies

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Arthropitys buritiranensis^[1]	Sp. nov	In press	Neregato et al.	Permian	Motuca Formation	Brazil	A member of Calamitales.
Azolla andreisii^[2]	Sp. nov	In press	De Benedetti et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	La Colonia Formation	Argentina	A species of Azolla.
Caulopteris ellipticus^[3]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	Amarattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Caulopteris neimengensis^[3]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Caulopteris obovatus^[3]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	A marattialean tree fern belonging to the family Psaroniaceae.
Cicatricosisporites pseudograndiosus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the genus Ceratopteris.
Cladarastega^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fern belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae. Genus includes new species C. burmanica.
Claytosmunda zhangii^[6]	Sp. nov	In press	Tian, Wang & Jiang	Late Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A fern, a species of Claytosmunda.
Dennstaedtia christophelii^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pigg et al.	Early Eocene	Klondike Mountain Formation	United States ( Washington)	A fern, a species of Dennstaedtia.
Echinosporis densiechinatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Marattiaceae.
Eoangiopteris congestus^[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sun et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.
Hymenophyllum axsmithii^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pigg et al.	Early Eocene	Klondike Mountain Formation	United States ( Washington)	A fern, a species of Hymenophyllum.
Iberisetum^[9]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Correia, Šimůnek & Sá	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Douro Basin	Portugal	A member of Equisetales. Genus includes new species I. wegeneri.
Laevigatosporites cultellus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.
Marsileaceaephyllum ciliatum^[10]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A member of the family Marsileaceae.
Nemejcopteris haiwangii^[11]	Sp. nov	In press	Pšenička et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	Azygopterid fern.
Neocalamites iranensis^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kustatscher, Mazaheri-Johari & Roghi in Mazaheri-Johari et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Miakuhi Formation	Iran	A member of the family Equisetaceae.
Odontosoria marekgaltieri^[13]	Sp. nov	In press	Pšenička, Sakala & Dašková	Early Miocene	Most Basin	Czech Republic	A species of Odontosoria.
Oligosporangiopteris^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Votočková Frojdová et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	Aleptosporangiate fern. Genus includes new species O. zhongxiangii.
Osmunda zhangpuensis^[15]	Sp. nov		Wang & Sun in Wang et al.	Miocene	Fotan Group	China	A fern, a species of Osmunda.
Patagoniapteris^[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gnaedinger & Zavattieri	Late Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian)	Paso Flores Formation	Argentina	A member of the family Dipteridaceae. Genus includes new species P. artabeae.
Pectinangium xuanweiense^[17]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhou et al.	Permian (Lopingian)		China	A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.
Polypodiisporites densus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.
Polypodiisporites fossulatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Lomariopsidaceae.
Psilatriletes marginatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the genus Cyathea.
Qasimia yunnanica^[18]	Sp. nov	In press	Guo et al.	Permian (Lopingian)	Xuanwei Formation	China	A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.
Reticulosporis diversus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Polypodiaceae.
Rothwellopteris sanjiaoshuensis^[19]	Sp. nov	In press	Heet al.	Late Permian	Xuanwei Formation	China	A fern belonging to the group Marattiales.
Sphenophyllum fanwanense^[20]	Sp. nov	In press	Huang et al.	Late Devonian		China	Asphenophyllalean equisetid
Sphenophyllum parvifolium^[21]	Sp. nov	In press	Libertín et al.	Early Permian	Taiyuan Formation	China	Asphenophyllalean equisetid
Tapelrayen^[22]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Machado et al.	Eocene	Huitrera Formation	Argentina	Fertile remains of a fern comparable with Thelypteridaceae and Dryopteridaceae. Genus includes new species T. helgae.
Thyrsopteris cyathindusia^[23]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhang et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A tree fern, a species of Thyrsopteris.
Woodwardia changchangensis^[24]	Sp. nov	In press	Naugolnykh & Song in Song et al.	Middle Eocene	Changchang Formation	China	A fern, a species of Woodwardia.

Bennettitales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Nilssoniopteris jogiana^[25]	Sp. nov		Blomenkemper & Abu Hamad in Blomenkemper et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Umm Irna Formation	Jordan	A member of Bennettitales.
Nilssoniopteris shanxiensis^[25]	Sp. nov		Bäumer, Backer & Wang in Blomenkemper et al.	Permian (Cisuralian)	Upper Shihhotse Formation	China	A member of Bennettitales.
Pterophyllum pottii^[25]	Sp. nov		Bomfleur & Kerp in Blomenkemper et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Umm Irna Formation	Jordan	A member of Bennettitales.
Weltrichia magna^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Guzmán-Madrid & Velasco de León	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)	Zorrillo Formation	Mexico
Weltrichia xochitetlii^[27]	Sp. nov	In press	Lozano-Carmona et al.	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Tecomazuchil Formation	Mexico	A member of Bennettitales.
Williamsonia sanjuanensis^[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Lozano-Carmona & Velasco-de León	Middle Jurassic		Mexico

Cycadales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Becklesia franconica^[29]	Sp. nov	In press	Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert et al.	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)	Exter Formation	Germany	A member of Cycadales of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Iratinia^[30]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Spiekermann et al.	Permian (Kungurian)	Irati Formation	Brazil	Acycad-like plant. Genus includes new species I. australis.

Ginkgoales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Eretmophyllum hamiensis^[31]	Sp. nov	In press	Tang et al.	Middle Jurassic	Xishanyao Formation	China
Ginkgoites villardeseoanii^[32]	Sp. nov	In press	Andruchow-Colombo et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Lefipán Formation	Argentina
Ginkgoxylon arcticum^[33]	Sp. nov	In press	Afonin & Gromyko	Early Cretaceous		Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of Ginkgoales described on the basis of fossil wood.
Karkenia irkutensis^[34]	Sp. nov	In press	Nosova, Crane & Shi	Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)	Prisayan Formation	Russia

Vladimariales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Pseudotorellia doludenkoae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nosova, Kostina & Bugdaeva	Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (Oxfordian–Berriasian)	Dublikan Formation Talyndzhan Formation	Russia ( Khabarovsk Krai)
Pseudotorellia irkutensis^[36]	Sp. nov	In press	Nosova	Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)	Prisayan Formation	Russia	AVladimariales foliage species
Umaltolepis irkutensis^[36]	Sp. nov	In press	Nosova	Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian)	Prisayan Formation	Russia	AVladimariales reproducive structure species

Conifers

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Agathoxylon mendezii^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Del Fueyo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Valanginian)	Springhill Formation	Argentina	Fossil wood of a seed plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, most likely related to Araucariaceae.
Agathoxylon santanensis^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Dos Santos et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato Formation	Brazil
Araucaria violetae^[39]	Sp. nov	In press	Batista et al.	Early Cretaceous		Brazil	A species of Araucaria.
Brachyoxylon lalongense^[40]	Sp. nov	In press	Yang &Li	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Barremian)	Duoni Formation	China
Brachyoxylon patagonicum^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Rombola et al.	Late Cretaceous	Cerro Fortaleza Formation	Argentina	Fossil wood of a member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
Cupressinoxylon widdringtonioides^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	De Wit & Bamford	Late Cretaceous		South Africa	Fossil wood of a member or a relative of the family Cupressaceae.
Fokienia tianpingensis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu & Jin inWuet al.	Miocene	Erzitang Formation	China	A species of Fokienia.
Lepidocasus^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Herrera et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)		Mongolia	A member of the family Pinaceae. Genus includes new species L. mellonae.
Megaporoxylon sinensis^[45]	Sp. nov	In press	Wan et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian–Norian)	Huangshanjie Formation	China	A coniferous trunk.
Nishidastrobus^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Atkinson et al.	Late Cretaceous		Japan	A member of the family Cupressaceae belonging to the subfamily Cunninghamioideae. Genus includes new species N. japonicum.
Nothotsuga sinogaia^[47]	Sp. nov	In press	Ding et al.	Late Miocene		China	A species of Nothotsuga
Ohanastrobus^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Atkinson et al.	Late Cretaceous		Japan	A member of the family Cupressaceae belonging to the subfamily Cunninghamioideae. Genus includes new species O. hokkaidoensis.
Piceoxylon nikitinii^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dolezych, LePage & Williams	Oligocene (Chattian)	Korlikov Formation	Russia ( Tomsk Oblast)
Pinus leptokrempfii^[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Early Oligocene		China	Apine.
Pinus nongyaplongensis^[50]	Sp. nov	In press	Grote in Grote & Srisuk	Oligocene-early Miocene		Thailand	A pine.
Pinus weichangensis^[51]	Sp. nov	In press	Liet al.	Early Miocene		China	A pine.
Podocarpus yunnanensis^[52]	Sp. nov	In press	Wuet al.	Early Pliocene		China	A species of Podocarpus.
Protaxodioxylon metangulense^[53]	Sp. nov	In press	Nhamutole, Bamford & Araújo	Permian (late Capitanian)	K5 Formation	Mozambique	A member of the family Cupressaceae.
Protaxodioxylon verniersii^[53]	Sp. nov	In press	Nhamutole & Bamford in Nhamutole, Bamford & Araújo	Permian (late Capitanian)	K5 Formation	Mozambique	A member of the family Cupressaceae.
Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Vallejos Leiz, Crisafulli & Gnaedinger	Late Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian)	Hilario Formation	Argentina	A member of the family Podocarpaceae.
Protophyllocladoxylon yiwuense^[55]	Sp. nov	In press	Gou & Feng in Gou et al.	Middle Jurassic	Xishanyao Formation	China	A conifer of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly belonging or related to the family Podocarpaceae.
Schizolepidopsis ediae^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Matsunaga et al.	Early Cretaceous	Huolinhe Formation Tevshiin Govi Formation	China Mongolia	A member or a close relative of the family Pinaceae.
Taxus huolingolensis^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Dong et al.	Early Cretaceous	Huolinhe Formation	China	A species of Taxus.
Thujopsoxylon^[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dolezych, LePage & Williams	Oligocene (Chattian)	Korlikov Formation	Russia ( Tomsk Oblast)	Genus includes new species T. schneiderianum.
Voltzia edithae^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forte, Kustatscher & Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Italy	A member of Voltziales.
Watsoniocladus cunhae^[59]	Sp. nov	In press	Kvaček & Mendes	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Almargem Formation	Portugal	A member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
Xenoxylon utahense^[60]	Sp. nov	In press	Xie & Gee in Xie et al.	Late Jurassic	Morrison Formation	United States ( Utah)	Fossil wood of a conifer.
Zhuotingoxylon^[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wan et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Guodikeng Formation	China	A silicified trunk with coniferous affinities. Genus includes new species Z. liaoi.

Flowering plants

Alismatales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Bognerospadix^[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Stockey, Hoffman & Rothwell	Paleocene		Canada ( Alberta)	A member of the family Araceae. Genus includes new species B. speirsiae.

Apiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Pittosporum ettingshausenii^[63]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Miocene		New Zealand	A species of Pittosporum; a replacement name for Pittosporum elegans (Ettingshausen) W.R.B. Oliver (1950).
Xenopanax^[63]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Doweld	Eocene		Russia ( Kamchatka Krai)	A new genus for "Pittosporum" beringianum Chelebaeva & Akhmetiev (1983).

Arecales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Arecipites invaginatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.
Arecocaryon^[64]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Eocene	Messel pit	Germany	A member of the family Arecaceae; a replacement name for Friedemannia Collinson, Manchester & Wilde (2012).
Luminidites amazonicus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.
Sabalites colaniae^[65]	Sp. nov	In press	Song, Su, Do & Zhou in Song et al.	Oligocene	Dong Ho Formation	Vietnam	A member of the family Arecaceae belonging to the subfamily Coryphoideae.
Trichotomosulcites normalis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Arecaceae.

Canellales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Winteroxylon oleiferum^[66]	Sp. nov	Valid	Brea et al.	Early Eocene	Huitrera Formation	Argentina	A member of the family Winteraceae.

Caryophyllales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Parsonsidites? minibrenacii^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Amaranthaceae.

Chloranthales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Alcainea^[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sender et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Escucha Formation	Spain	A member of the family Chloranthaceae. Genus includes new species A. eklundiae.
Todziaphyllum^[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sender et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Escucha Formation	Spain	A member of the family Chloranthaceae. Genus includes new species T. elongatum.

Cornales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Camptotheca manchesterii^[68]	Sp. nov	In press	Xie et al.	Late Miocene	Bangmai Formation	China	A species of Camptotheca.
Nyssa nanningensis^[69]	Sp. nov	In press	Xu & Jin inXuet al.	Late Oligocene	Yongning Formation	China	Atupelo.
Paranyssa^[64]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Paleocene		United States ( Montana)	A member of the family Nyssaceae; a replacement name for Browniea Manchester & Hickey (2007).

Ericales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Diospyros christensenii^[70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denk & Bouchal	Miocene		Denmark	A species of Diospyros.
Halesia mosbruggeri^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kvaček	Early Miocene	Most Basin	Czech Republic	A species of Halesia.
Mecsekispermum^[72]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hably & Erdei	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Feked Formation	Hungary	Possibly a member of the family Theaceae. Genus includes new species M. gordonioides.
Miranthus^[73]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Friis, Crane	Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)		Portugal	A member of the family Primulaceae. Genus includes new species M. elegans and M. kvacekii.
Ternstroemites klettwitzensis^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Striegler	Miocene (Tortonian)	Rauno Formation	Germany	A member of the family Theaceae.

Fabales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Albizia mahuadanrensis^[75]	Sp. nov	In press	Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.	Pliocene	Rajdanda Formation	India	A species of Albizia.
Albizia palaeoprocera^[75]	Sp. nov	In press	Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.	Pliocene	Rajdanda Formation	India	A species of Albizia.
Cercis zhangpuensis^[76]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Miocene	Fotan Group	China	A species of Cercis.
Cladrastis haominiae^[77]	Sp. nov	In press	Jia et al.	Paleogene		China	A species of Cladrastis.
Enterolobiumoxylon^[78]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Pérez-Lara, Estrada-Ruiz & Castañeda-Posadas	Eocene	El Bosque Formation	Mexico	Fossil wood of a member of the family Fabaceae. Genus includes new species E. triserial.
Gleditsioxylon fiambalense^[79]	Sp. nov	In press	Baez	Miocene	Tambería Formation	Argentina	A member of Leguminosae.
Kingiodendron mexicanus^[78]	Sp. nov	In press	Pérez-Lara, Estrada-Ruiz & Castañeda-Posadas	Eocene	El Bosque Formation	Mexico	Fossil wood of a member of the family Fabaceae.
Ladakhipollenites? pseudocolpiconstrictus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Fabaceae.
Leguminocarpum lottii^[80]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li & Manchester inLiet al.	Early Eocene	Tepee Trail Formation	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Fabaceae.
Leguminocarpum olmensis^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Centeno-González et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Olmos Formation	Mexico	A member of the family Fabaceae.
Neopapilionia^[82]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.	Pliocene	Rajdanda Formation	India	A member of the family Fabaceae. Genus includes new species N. indica.
Ormosia cyclocarpa^[83]	Sp. nov	In press	Liet al.	Miocene		China	A species of Ormosia.
Peltophorum asiatica^[84]	Sp. nov	In press	Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.	Pliocene	Rajdanda Formation	India	A species of Peltophorum.
Polyadopollenites minimus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Mimosa.
Salpinganthium^[85]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Chambers	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A member of the family Fabaceae belonging to the tribe Detarieae. Genus includes new species S. hispaniolanum.
Striatopollis crassitectatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Macrolobium.
Syncolporites foveolatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Swartzia.

Fagales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Eucarpinoxylon kayacikii^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Middle Miocene	Kesmekaya Volcanics	Turkey	A member of the family Betulaceae.
Myricamentum^[87]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wilde, Frankenhäuser & Lenz	Eocene	Eckfelder Maar	Germany	Acatkin-like male inflorescence, probably of myricaceous affinity. Genus includes new species M. eckfeldensis.
Ostryoxylon gokceadaense^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Middle Miocene	Kesmekaya Volcanics	Turkey	A member of the family Betulaceae.
Palaeocarya indica^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hazra, Hazra & Khan in Hazra et al.	Pliocene	Rajdanda Formation	India	A member of the family Juglandaceae.
Paralnoxylon^[64]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Paleocene		United Kingdom	A member of the family Betulaceae; a replacement name for Cantia Stopes (1915).
Quercoxylon yaltirikii^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Fagaceae.

Gentianales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Adina vastanenesis^[89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shukla et al.	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale Formation	India	A species of Adina.
Dicolpopollis? costatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Macoubea.
Maryendressantha^[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Singh et al.	Early Eocene	Cambay amber	India	A member of the family Apocynaceae. Genus includes new species M. succinifera.
Verrustephanoporites intraverrucosus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Apocynaceae.

Lamiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Dolichandra pacei^[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Franco, Brea & Cerdeño	Miocene (Santacrucian)	Mariño Formation	Argentina	A species of Dolichandra.
Fraxinoxylon beypazariense^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Oleaceae.
Fraxinus eoemarginata^[92]	Sp. nov	In press	Mathewes, Archibald & Lundgren	Early Eocene	Quilchena site	Canada ( British Columbia)	A species of Fraxinus.
Kapgateophyllum^[93]	Nom. nov	Valid	Deshmukh	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) - early Eocene	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A member of the family Acanthaceae; a replacement name for Acanthophyllum Ramteke & Kapgate (2014).
Ladakhipollenites campbellii^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Vitex.

Laurales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Cryptocaryoxylon grandoleaceum^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Middle Miocene	Kesmekaya Volcanics	Turkey	A member of the family Lauraceae.
Laurus elliptica^[94]	Nom. nov	Valid	Winterscheid in Winterscheid & Kvaček	Oligocene		Germany	A species of Laurus; a replacement name for Laurus obovata Weber (1852).
Rosarioxylon^[95]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Cevallos-Ferriz, Catharina & Kneller	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Rosario Formation	Mexico	A member of the family Lauraceae. Genus includes new species R. bajacaliforniensis.

Liliales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Mirafloris^[96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A member of the family Liliaceae. Genus includes new species M. burmitis.

Malpighiales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Euphorbiotheca deccanensis^[97]	Sp. nov	In press	Reback et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A member of the family Euphorbiaceae.
Passiflora appalachiana^[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hermsen	Pliocene	Gray Fossil Site	United States ( Tennessee)	A species of Passiflora.
Passifloriidites^[4]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Passifloraceae. Genus includes new species P. pseudoperculatus.
Populoxylon sebenense^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Salicaceae.
Salicoxylon galatianum^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Salicaceae.
Verrustephanoporites circularis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Mascagnia.

Malvales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Bombacacidites hooghiemstrae^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Malvaceae.
Craigia lincangensis^[99]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang & Xie in Wang et al.	Late Miocene		China	A species of Craigia
Dipterocapus fotanensis^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Miocene		China	A species of Dipterocarpus
Discoidites angulosus^[101]	Sp. nov	In press	Huang, Morley & Hoorn in Huang et al.	Late Eocene	Yaw Formation	Myanmar	Pollen probably derived from plants belonging to the genus Brownlowia.
Thymelipollis amazonicus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Thymelaeaceae.
Tilia asiatica^[102]	Sp. nov	In press	Jia & Nam in Jia et al.	Middle Miocene	Pohang Basin	South Korea	A species of Tilia

Myrtales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Florschuetzia impostora^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen, possibly of a member of the family Lythraceae.
Lazarocardenasoxylon^[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Estrada-Ruiz & Martínez-Cabrera in Estrada-Ruiz, Martínez-Cabrera & García-Hernández	Late Cretaceous	San Carlos Formation	Mexico	Possibly a member of the family Myrtaceae. Genus includes new species L. aldamense.
Lythrum portugalliense^[104]	Sp. nov	In press	Vieira et al.	Pliocene (Piacenzian)		Portugal	A species of Lythrum.
Syzygium guipingensis^[105]	Sp. nov	In press	Liet al.	Miocene	Erzitang Formation	China	A species of Syzygium.
Terminalioxylon mozambicense^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bamford & Pickford	Probably late Eocene		Mozambique	A member of the family Combretaceae.
Trapa sanyingensis^[107]	Sp. nov	In press	Aung et al.	Late Pliocene	Sanying Formation	China	Awater caltrop.
Verrutricolporites pusillus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen, possibly of a member of the family Lythraceae.
Xystonia^[108]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Carvalho et al.	Paleocene	Bogotá Formation	Colombia	A member of the family Melastomataceae. Genus includes new species X. simonae.

Nymphaeales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Allonymphaea^[64]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Eocene		Egypt	A replacement name for Thiebaudia Chandler (1954).

Oxalidales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Tropidogyne euthystyla^[109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar, Chambers & Vega	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A possible member of Cunoniaceae.

Piperales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Aristolochia macginitieana^[110]	Nom. nov	Valid	Freitas & Doweld	Oligocene		United States ( California)	A species of Aristolochia; a replacement name for Aristolochia triangularis MacGinitie (1937).

Poales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Cyperaceaepollis wesselinghii^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Cyperaceae.
Eograminis^[111]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Soreng	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	Grass belonging to the subfamily Arundinoideae. Genus includes new species E. balticus.

Proteales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Platanocarpelia^[112]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maslova, Kodrul & Kachkina	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Kazakhstan	A member of the family Platanaceae. Genus includes new species P. kyzyljarica.
Proteacidites pseudodehaanii^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Proteaceae.

Rosales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Alloceltidoxylon^[64]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Eocene	Clarno Formation	United States ( Oregon)	A flowering plant with possible affinities with urticalean rosids; a replacement name for Scottoxylon Wheeler & Manchester (2002).
Crataegoxylon sibiricum^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dolezych, LePage & Williams	Oligocene (Chattian)	Korlikov Formation	Russia ( Tomsk Oblast)
Morus asiatica^[113]	Sp. nov	In press	Patel, Rana & Khan in Patel et al.	Early Eocene		India	A species of Morus.
Prunoidoxylon prunoides^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Rosaceae.
Psilatriporites minimus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Celtis.
Pyracantha pseudococcinea^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Striegler	Miocene (Tortonian)	Rauno Formation	Germany	A species of Pyracantha.
Ulmoxylon kasapligilii^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Ulmaceae.
Ventilago tibetensis^[114]	Sp. nov	Valid	Del Rio et al.	Middle Eocene		China	A species of Ventilago.
Zelkovoxylon crystalliferum^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Ulmaceae.

Santalales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Anacolosidites reticulatus^[101]	Sp. nov	In press	Morley, Huang & Hoorn in Huang et al.	Middle and late Eocene	Yaw Formation	India Indonesia Myanmar	Pollen probably derived from plants belonging to the genus Ptychopetalum.
Loranthacites tabatingensis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Struthanthus.

Sapindales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Aceroxylon aceroides^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Sapindaceae.
Ampelorhiza^[115]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jud et al.	Early Miocene	Cucaracha Formation	Panama	A member of the family Sapindaceae belonging to the subfamily Sapindoideae and the tribe Paullinieae. Genus includes new species A. heteroxylon.
Anacardium gassonii^[116]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez-Reyes, Estrada-Ruiz & Terrazas in Rodríguez-Reyes et al.	Oligocene-Miocene		Panama	A species of Anacardium.
Atalantioxylon thanobolensis^[117]	Sp. nov	Valid	Soomro et al.	Miocene	Manchar Formation	Pakistan	Fossil wood of a member of the family Rutaceae.
Melia santangensis^[118]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu, Xu & Jin in Liu et al.	Late Oligocene	Yongning Formation	China	A species of Melia.
Proteacidites poriscabratus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Sapindaceae.
Sorindeioxylon^[106]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bamford & Pickford	Probably late Eocene	Mazamba Formation	Mozambique	A member of the family Anacardiaceae. Genus includes new species S. gorongosense.
Syncolporites tenuicolpatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Serjania.
Tetradium nanningense^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Late Oligocene	Yongning Formation	China	A species of Tetradium.
Verrutricolporites simplex^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Simaroubaceae.

Saxifragales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Liquidambar guipingensis^[120]	Sp. nov	In press	Huang et al.	Miocene	Erzitang Formation	China	A species of Liquidambar.
Liquidambaroxylon efeae^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Akkemik	Early Miocene	Hançili Formation	Turkey	A member of the family Altingiaceae.
Obirafructus^[121]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kajita & Nishida in Kajita, Suzuki & Nishida	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian–Santonian)	Haborogawa Formation	Japan	A member of Saxifragales of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species O. kokubunii.
Paleoaltingia^[122]	Gen. nov	Valid	Lai et al.	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		United States ( New Jersey)	A member of Altingiaceae. Genus includes P. ovum‐dinosauri and P. polyodonta.

Solanales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Lymingtonia splendida^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the family Convolvulaceae.
Perfotricolpites hexacolpatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Pollen of a member of the genus Merremia.

Zingiberales

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Orthogonospermum^[123]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smith et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A member of the family Zingiberaceae. Genus includes new species O. patanense.

Other angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Araliaephyllum vittenburgii^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golovneva & Volynets in Golovneva et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Galenki Formation	Russia ( Primorsky Krai)	A flowering plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Baderadea^[125]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pessoa, Ribeiro & Jud	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato Formation	Brazil	A herbaceous eudicot similar to some members of Ranunculales. Genus includes new species B. pinnatissecta.
Byttneripollis rugulatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Farabeipollis deccanensis^[126]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonkusare, Samant & Mohabey	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	Pollen of a flowering plant of uncertain affinity.
Florigerminis^[127]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Cui et al.	Middle-Late Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China	A possible flower bud. Genus includes new species F. jurassica.
Gansufructus^[128]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	DuinDuet al.	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian-early Albian)	Zhonggou Formation	China	Aeudicot of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species G. saligna.
Inaperturopollenites tectatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Ladakhipollenites? corvattatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Ladakhipollenites? endoporatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Ladakhipollenites nanus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Ladakhipollenites? sphaericus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Margocolporites bilinearis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Margocolporites incertus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Multiporopollenites intermedius^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Nigericolpites^[129]	Nom. nov	Valid	Hernández	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Nigeria	Pollen of a flowering plant; a replacement name for Clavatricolpites Hoeken-Klinkenberg (1964).
Psilaperiporites circinatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Psilaperiporites depressus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Psilastephanocolporites ectoporatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Psilastephanocolporites pseudomarinamensis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Ranunculacidites pontoreticulatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retibrevitricolpites pseudoretibolus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retiperiporites retiporatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retistephanocolpites liberalis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retistephanocolporites loxocolpatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitrescolpites benjaminensis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitrescolpites brevicolpatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitrescolpites grossus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitrescolpites kriptoporus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitrescolpites marginatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitriporites discretus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Retitriporites sifonis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites apertus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites? colpiverrucosus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites crassinexinicus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites crassitectatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites grossomurus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites guttatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites lolongatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites protoguttatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites pseudocrassopolaris^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites pseudopilatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites pseudoscabratus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites quantulus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Rhoipites vilis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Tetracolporopollenites nanus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.
Tetracolporopollenites xatanawensis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil pollen.

Other plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Adelocladoxis^[130]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Durieux et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Battery Point Formation	Canada ( Quebec)	A member of Cladoxylopsida. Genus includes new species A. praecox.
Baragwanathia brevifolioides^[131]	Nom. nov	Valid	Kraft & Kvaček	Silurian (Přídolí)	Požáry Formation	Czech Republic	A member of the family Drepanophycaceae; a replacement name for Baragwanathia brevifolia Kraft & Kvaček (2017).
Camarozonosporites fossulatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Lycopodiaceae.
Camarozonosporites trilobatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Cingulatisporites cristatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the genus Selaginella.
Cingulatisporites matisiensis^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the genus Phaeoceros.
Closterium mosbruggeri^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ivanov & Belkinova	Miocene (Serravallian)		Bulgaria	A green alga, a species of Closterium.
Colpodexylon mergae^[133]	Sp. nov	In press	Harris et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Witpoort Formation	South Africa	A member of Lycopsida.
Colpodexylon pullumpedes^[133]	Sp. nov	In press	Harris et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Witpoort Formation	South Africa	A member of Lycopsida.
Cordaabaxicutis martii^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek & Lojka	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	Cordaitalean cuticles.
Cordaabaxicutis papillosus^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek & Lojka	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	Cordaitalean cuticles.
Cordaadaxicutis raristomatus^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek & Lojka	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Kladno Formation	Czech Republic	Cordaitalean cuticles.
Cynodontium luthii^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bippus, Rothwell & Stockey	Late Cretaceous		United States ( Alaska)	A moss belonging to the family Rhabdoweisiaceae, a species of Cynodontium.
Dayvaultia^[136]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Manchester et al.	Late Jurassic	Morrison Formation	United States ( Utah)	A seed-bearing structure of gnetalean affinity. Genus includes new species D. tetragona.
Distefanopolia^[137]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Barattolo, Romano & Conrad	Late Triassic and possibly Early Jurassic		Austria Czech Republic Germany Greece Italy Oman Slovakia	A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales and the family Bornetelleae. Genus includes "Heteroporella" micropora Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Heteroporella" macropora Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Chinianella" zanklii Ott (1967), "Chinianella" crosii Ott (1968) and "Heteroporella" carpatica Bystrický (1967).
Dragastanella^[138]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Barattolo, Bucur & Marian	Early Cretaceous		Italy Romania Spain	A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales. Genus includes new species D. transylvanica, as well as "Zittelina" hispanica Masse, Arias & Vilas (1993), "Zittelina" massei Bucur, Granier & Săsăran (2010) and "Triploporella" matesina Barattolo (1980).
Echinatisporis infantulus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Elandia^[139]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gess & Prestianni	Devonian (Lochkovian?)	Baviaanskloof Formation	South Africa	An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species E. itshoba.
Flabellopteris^[140]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Gess & Prestianni	Devonian (Famennian)	Witpoort Formation	South Africa	A fern-like plant of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species F. lococannensis.
Foraminisporis connexus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the genus Anthoceros.
Frullania kachinensis^[141]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liet al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A liverwort, a species of Frullania.
Frullania palaeoafricana^[142]	Sp. nov	In press	Bouju et al.	Miocene	Ethiopian amber	Ethiopia	A liverwort, a species of Frullania.
Frullania shewanensis^[142]	Sp. nov	In press	Bouju et al.	Miocene	Ethiopian amber	Ethiopia	A liverwort, a species of Frullania.
Gilboaphyton fuyunensis^[143]	Sp. nov	In press	Liu et al.	Late Devonian	Kaxiweng Formation	China	A member of Protolepidodendrales.
Guazia^[144]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Late Devonian	Wutong Formation	China	A seed plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species G. dongzhiensis.
Hamulatisporis bareanus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Ischyosporites dubius^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Ischyosporites granulatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Ixostrobus daohugouensis^[145]	Sp. nov	In press	Na & Sun inNaet al.	Middle Jurassic		China	A member of Czekanowskiales.
Kenrickia^[146]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Toledo et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Battery Point Formation	Canada	An early euphyllophyte belonging to the group Radiatopses. Genus includes new species K. bivena.
Krommia^[139]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gess & Prestianni	Devonian (Lochkovian?)	Baviaanskloof Formation	Brazil South Africa	An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species K. parvapila.
Laevigatosporites indigestus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Lejeunea abyssinicoides^[142]	Sp. nov	In press	Bouju et al.	Miocene	Ethiopian amber	Ethiopia	A liverwort, a species of Lejeunea.
Lycaugea^[147]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Meyer-Berthaud, Decombeix & Blanchard	Devonian (Famennian)		Australia	Alycopsid. Genus includes new species L. edieae.
Lycopodiumsporites amazonicus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Spores of a member of the family Lycopodiaceae.
Melvillipteris sonidia^[148]	Sp. nov	In press	Bai et al.	Devonian (probably Famennian)		China	A member of Rhacophytales.
Mesochara adobensis^[149]	Sp. nov	In press	De Sosa Tomas et al.	Early Cretaceous	Los Adobes Formation	Argentina	A member of Charophyta.
Mesochara dobrogeica^[150]	Sp. nov	In press	Sanjuan et al.	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)		Romania	A member of Charophyta.
Microfoveolatosporis simplex^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Mixoxylon^[151]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Chernomorets & Sakala	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Whisky Bay Formation	Antarctica	A homoxylous wood of uncertain systematic affinities. Genus includes new species M. australe.
Mtshaelo^[139]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gess & Prestianni	Devonian (Lochkovian?)	Baviaanskloof Formation	South Africa	An early polysporangiophyte. Genus includes new species M. kougaensis.
Neoraistrickia dubia^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Noniasporites triassicus^[152]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ghosh et al.	Early Triassic	Panchet Formation	India	Amegaspore.
Omniastrobus^[153]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bonacorsi et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Campbellton Formation	Canada	Alycophyte. Genus includes new species O. dawsonii.
Palaeonitella trifurcata^[154]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martín-Closas et al.	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)		Spain	A member of Charophyta belonging to the family Characeae.
Paratingia wuhaia^[155]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	Aprogymnosperm belonging to the group Noeggerathiales and the family Tingiostachyaceae.
Permotheca? musaformis^[156]	Sp. nov	Valid	Foraponova & Karasev	Permian		Russia	Apteridosperm.
Polypodiisporites discretus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Psilatriletes delicatus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Punctatosporites latrubessei^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Radula heinrichsii^[157]	Sp. nov	In press	Feldberg et al.	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A liverwort, a species of Radula.
Rehamnia^[158]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Oukassou & Naugolnykh	Late Devonian		Morocco	A member of Lycopodiophyta of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species R. michardis.
Ricciopsis baojishanensis^[159]	Sp. nov	In press	Han & Yan in Han et al.	Late Triassic	Nanying’er Formation	China	A liverwort.
Rotverrusporites amazonicus^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Skyttegaardia^[160]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Friis, Crane & Pedersen	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)		Denmark	A plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly close to cycads. Genus includes new species S. galtieri.
Thysananthus aethiopicus^[142]	Sp. nov	In press	Bouju et al.	Miocene	Ethiopian amber	Ethiopia	A liverwort belonging to the family Lejeuneaceae.
Velascoa^[161]	Gen. et sp. nov	Junior homonym	Flores Barragan, Velasco de León & Ortega Chavez	Permian	Matzitzi Formation	Mexico	Fossil leaves of a plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, with a morphology similar to Ginkgophyta. Genus includes new species V. pueblensis. The generic name is preoccupied by Velascoa Calderón & Rzedowski (1997).
Verrucatotriletes pseudovirueloides^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	D'Apolito, Jaramillo & Harrington	Miocene	Solimões Formation	Brazil	Fossil spores.
Vitinellopsis^[162]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Vachard, Bucur & Munnecke	Silurian		Sweden	A green alga belonging to the group Bryopsidales. Genus includes new species V. gotlandica.
Zosterophyllum confertum^[163]	Sp. nov	In press	Gossmann et al.	Early Devonian		Germany	Azosterophyll.

Research

Strother & Foster (2021) describe an assemblage of fossil spores from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Australia, representing a morphology that was intermediate morphology between confirmed land plant spores and earlier forms of uncertain phylogenetic placement, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the evolution of land plants from their algal ancestors.^[164]
A study on changes of the morphological complexity of reproductive structures of land plants throughout their evolutionary history, based on data from fossil and extant land plants, is published by Leslie, Simpson & Mander (2021).^[165]
Revision of Silurian (WenlocktoPřídolí) assemblages of polysporangiophytes with dispersed spores and cryptospores, aiming to determine the relationship between Silurian plant evolution and climate changes linked with perturbations of the global carbon cycle, is published by Pšenička et al. (2021).^[166]
Reconstruction of the structure and development of the rooting system of Asteroxylon mackiei is presented by Hetherington et al. (2021).^[167]
A study on factors influencing the extent of arboreal vegetation during the Late Paleozoic icehouse is published by Matthaeus et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover based on leaf water constraints, but the forest extent was restricted because of impact of freezing on plants, and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%.^[168]
Description of the reproductive organs of the lycopsids from the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation (China), and a study on the ability of the sporophyll units for wind dispersal, is published by Zhou et al. (2021), who name new form species Lepidophylloides longshanensis and Lepidophylloides changxingensis.^[169]
An exceptionally well preserved Brasilodendron-like lycopsid forest containing over 150 upright stumps is described from an early Permian postglacial landscape of western Gondwana (Paraná Basin, Brazil) by Mottin et al. (2021).^[170]
A study on the anatomy of Stigmaria asiatica is published by Chen et al. (2021).^[171]
Stump casts of Sigillaria, preserving traces of internal anatomy, are described from the earliest Permian Wuda Tuff (China) by D'Antonio et al. (2021).^[172]
A study aiming to determine probable causes of the world-wide proliferation of members of Isoetales, particularly Pleuromeia, during and in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and evaluating the implications of this proliferation for the knowledge of environmental stresses during and in the aftermath of this extinction event, is published by Looy, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert & Duijnstee (2021).^[173]
New fossil material of Saportaea salisburioides, providing new information on leaf morphology and growth of this plant, is described from the Permian Umm Irna Formation (Jordan) by Kerp et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Saportaea grandifolia and Baiera virginiana were synonymsofS. salisburioides, and possibly indicating that the fructification belonging to the genus Nystroemia is a part of Saportaea.^[174]
Description of Geinitzia reichenbachii from its gross morphology to the cellular scale, and a study on the likely ecology of this conifer, is published by Moreau et al. (2021).^[175]
A study on the evolutionary history of the family Cycadaceae, based on genomic data and fossil record, is published by Liu et al. (2021).^[176]
Well-preserved recurved cupules of seed plants are described from the Lower Cretaceous of China by Shi et al. (2021), who interpret the structure of these cupules as consistent with the recurved form and development of the second integument in the bitegmic anatropous ovules of flowering plants, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the origin of the flowering plants.^[177]
Taxonomically diverse flora from the Seafood Salad locality, found ~65 m below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, United States), is described by Wilson, Wilson Mantilla & Strӧmberg (2021), who study the affinities of plants of this locality and compare them with other Late Cretaceous floras of the Western Interior.^[178]
A study on the timing of the origin of the flowering plants, based on data from fossil record and from the diversity of extant members of this group, is published by Silvestro et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that several flowering plant families originated in the Jurassic.^[179]
A study on the diversity of insect damage types in fossil plants from the Cretaceous (AlbiantoCenomanian) Dakota Formation (United States), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of angiosperm florivory and associated pollination, is published by Xiao et al. (2021).^[180]
A study on the fossil pollen record from New Zealand, dating from 100 million years ago to the present, is published by Prebble et al. (2021), who report evidence indicating that Cretaceous diversification was closely followed by an increase in flowering plants frequency, but their maximum frequency did not occur until the Eocene.^[181]
New fossil material of Callianthus dilae is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2021), who reconstruct the whole plant of Callianthus, interpreting it as an aquatic flowering plant.^[182]
A study on the anatomy of the epidermal features of the floating leaves of Quereuxia angulata from the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun Formation (China) is published by Liang et al. (2021).^[183]
A study on plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, based on data from fossil pollen and leaves from Colombia, is published by Carvalho et al. (2021), who report evidence indicative of a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics after the end-Cretaceous extinction, and the emergence of forests with a structure resembling modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by flowering plants, during the Paleocene.^[184]
A study on the evolutionary history of palms throughout the Cenozoic era, aiming to determine the impact of Cenozoic environmental changes on the diversification and biogeography of palms, is published by Lim et al. (2021).^[185]
A study on wood anatomy in extant and fossil members of Fagales is published by Wheeler, Baas & who transfer the Eocene species Myrica scalariformis Kruse (1954) and Myrica absarokensis Wheeler, Scott, & Barghoorn (1978) to the genus Morella.^[186]
A study on the impact of the mid-Eocene greenhouse warming event on floras from southernmost South America is published by Fernández et al. (2021).^[187]
Evidence from middle Eocene-middle Miocene tuffaceous deposits of central and northern Patagonia, indicating that soils, vegetation, insects and mammal herbivores began to record diverse traits related to the presence of grasslands with mosaic vegetation since middle Eocene, is presented by Bellosi et al. (2021).^[188]
A study on Middle Miocene microfloral assemblages from ten localities in the Madrid Basin (Spain), providing evidence of prevalence of open habitats with grass-dominated, savannah-like vegetation under a warm and semi-arid climatic regime in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Miocene, is published by Casas-Gallego et al. (2021).^[189]
Pollens of member of the family Poaceae preserving the same morphological characteristics as that of modern cereal grains are described from a sedimentary core from Lake Acıgöl (Turkey) by Andrieu-Ponel et al. (2021), who interpret this finding as indicative of the presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 million years ago, likely evolving from wild Poaceae as a result of trampling, nitrogen enrichment of soils and browsing by large mammal herds, and evaluate possible benefits from the availability of these proto-cereals for early hominins.^[190]
A study on changes of abundance in spores and pollen record from the Danish Basin, and on their implications for the knowledge of the impact of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event on land plants, is published by Lindström (2021).^[191]
A study on the vegetation history in the southwestern Balkans, as indicated by pollen from the sedimentary record in the Lake Ohrid extending to 1.36 million years ago, is published by Donders et al. (2021).^[192]
Crump et al. (2021) present a record of vegetation from the Last Interglacial based on ancient DNA from lake sediment from the Baffin Island (Canada), and report evidence of major ecosystem changes in the Arctic in response to warmth, including a ∼400 km northward range shift of dwarf birch relative to today.^[193]

References

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^ Correia, P.; Šimůnek, Z.; Sá, A. A. (2021). "The equisetalean Iberisetum wegeneri gen. nov., sp. nov. from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3495–3505. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1874373. S2CID 234064743.

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^ Pšenička, J.; Sakala, J.; Dašková, J. (2021). "Odontosoria marekgaltieri sp. nov. (Lindsaeaceae), a new fern from the early Miocene of the Czech Republic: First evidence of the genus in the fossil record". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 297: Article 104580. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104580.

^ Votočková Frojdová, J.; Wang, J.; Pšenička, J.; Bek, J.; Opluštil, S.; Libertín, M. (2021). "A new leptosporangiate fern Oligosporangiopteris zhongxiangii gen. and sp. nov. from the lowermost Permian of Inner Mongolia, China – morphology, anatomy and reproductive organs". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 294: Article 104479. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104479. S2CID 237931032.

^ Wang, Z.; Shi, G.; Sun, B.; Dong, C.; Yin, S.; Wu, X. (2021). "A new species of Osmunda L. (Osmundaceae) from the middle Miocene of Fujian, Southeast China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 60 (3): Article 2021045. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2021045.

^ Gnaedinger, S. C.; Zavattieri, A. M. (2021). "A new Late Triassic dipteridacean fern from the Paso Flores Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (4): 885–900. doi:10.4202/app.00864.2020.

^ Zhou, Y.; Guo, Y.; Pšenička, J.; Bek, J.; Yang, S.-L.; Feng, Z. (2021). "A new marattialean fern, Pectinangium xuanweiense sp. nov., from the Lopingian of Southwest China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104500. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104500.

^ Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Bek, J.; Yang, S.-L.; Feng, Z. (2021). "Qasimia yunnanica sp. nov., a marattialean fern with bivalvate synangia from the Lopingian of Southwest China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 293: Article 104497. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104497.

^ He, X.-Y.; Hilton, J.; Wang, S.-J.; Cheng, X.-S. (2021). "Exploring the stem to crown group transition in Marattiales: A new species of frond from the late Permian of China with features of the Psaroniaceae and Marattiaceae". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104506. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104506.

^ Huang, P.; Liu, L.; Liu, L.; Wang, J.-S.; Xue, J.-Z. (2021). "Sphenophyllum Brongniart (Sphenopsida) from the Upper Devonian of South China". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007. S2CID 242991171.

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^ Zhang, H.-R.; Shi, C.; Long, X.-X.; Feng, Q.; Cai, H.-H.; Lü, Y.-T.; Wang, S. (2021). "A new fossil record of Thyrsopteridaceae (Cyatheales) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.002. S2CID 240519538.

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^ ^a ^b ^c Blomenkemper, P.; Bäumer, R.; Backer, M.; Abu Hamad, A.; Wang, J.; Kerp, H.; Bomfleur, B. (2021). "Bennettitalean Leaves From the Permian of Equatorial Pangea—The Early Radiation of an Iconic Mesozoic Gymnosperm Group". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9: Article 652699. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9..162B. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.652699.

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^ Lozano-Carmona, D. E.; Corro-Ortiz, M. G.; Morales, R. L.; Velasco-de León, M. P. (2021). "Weltrichia xochitetlii sp. nov. (Bennettitales) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico: First paleobotanical evidence from the Tecomazúchil formation". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 108: Article 103230. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10803230L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103230. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 234085434.

^ Lozano-Carmona, D. E.; Velasco-de León, M. P. (2021). "Bennettitales from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico: Diversity, sedimentary environments, and phytogeography". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 110: Article 103404. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11003404L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103404. ISSN 0895-9811.

^ Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A.; Pott, C.; Schmeißner, S.; Dütsch, G.; Kustatscher, E. (2021). "The Rhaetian flora of Wüstenwelsberg, Bavaria, Germany: Description of selected gymnosperms (Ginkgoales, Cycadales, Coniferales) together with an ecological assessment of the locally prevailing vegetation". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 288: Article 104398. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104398. S2CID 233918337.

^ Spiekermann, R.; Jasper, A.; Siegloch, A. M.; Guerra-Sommer, M.; Uhl, D. (2021). "Not a lycopsid but a cycad-like plant: Iratinia australis gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the Irati Formation, Kungurian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 289: Article 104415. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104415. S2CID 233860955.

^ Tang, D.-L.; Wang, Z.-E.; Huang, Y.-T.; Ding, H.; Ding, S.-T.; Wu, J.-Y. (2021). "A new species of Eretmophyllum (Ginkgoales) from the Middle Jurassic of Turpan-Hami Basin, Xinjiang, China". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.12.001. S2CID 245302175.

^ Andruchow-Colombo, A.; Gandolfo, M. A.; Cúneo, N. R.; Escapa, I. H. (2021). "Ginkgoites villardeseoanii sp. nov., a ginkgophyte with insect damage from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lefipán Formation (Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina)". Cretaceous Research. in press: Article 105124. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105124.

^ Afonin, M.; Gromyko, D. (2021). "First record of Ginkgoxylon (Ginkgoales) fossil wood in the Lower Cretaceous of the Arctic region". Cretaceous Research. 125: Article 104868. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104868.

^ Nosova, N.; Crane, P. R.; Shi, G. (2021). "Ovule-bearing structures of Karkenia Archangelsky, associated dispersed seeds and Sphenobaiera leaves from the Middle Jurassic of East Siberia, Russia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104522. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104522. S2CID 239696262.

^ Nosova, N. V.; Kostina, E. I.; Bugdaeva, E. V. (2021). "Pseudotorellia Florin from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of the Bureya Basin, Russian Far East". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 29 (4): 434–449. Bibcode:2021SGC....29..434N. doi:10.1134/S0869593821040031.

^ ^a ^b Nosova, N. (2021). "Female reproductive structures of Umaltolepis Krassilov and associated leaves of Pseudotorellia Florin from the Middle Jurassic of East Siberia, Russia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 289: Article 104412. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104412. S2CID 233790779.

^ Del Fueyo, G. M.; Carrizo, A.; Poiré, D. G.; Lafuente Diaz, M. A. (2021). "Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (1): 231–253. doi:10.4202/app.00783.2020.

^ dos Santos, Â. C. S.; Siegloch, A. M.; Guerra-Sommer, M.; Degani-Schmidt, I.; Carvalho, I. S. (2021). "Agathoxylon santanensis sp. nov. from the Aptian Crato fossil Lagerstätte, Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 112, Part 2: Article 103633. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11203633S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103633. S2CID 244110901.

^ Batista, M. E. P.; Loiola, M. I. B.; Soares, A. A.; Mastroberti, A. A.; Sá, A. A.; Nascimento Jr., D. R.; Silva Filho, W. F.; Kunzmann, L. (2021). "New Insights into the Evolution of Mucilage Cells in Araucariaceae: Araucaria violetae sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Araripe Basin (Northeast Brazil)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (1): 43–60. doi:10.1086/717104. S2CID 239548378.

^ Yang, X.-J.; Li, J.-G. (2021). "A petrified wood Brachyoxylon from the Lower Cretaceous of Bangoin, Tibet (Xizang), Southwest China". Cretaceous Research. 130: Article 105064. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105064. S2CID 240429516.

^ Rombola, C. F.; Greppi, C. D.; Pujana, R. R.; García Massini, J. L.; Bellosi, E. S.; Marenssi, S. A. (2021). "Brachyoxylon fossil woods with traumatic resin canals from the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Fortaleza Formation, southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)". Cretaceous Research. 130: Article 105065. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105065. S2CID 239597933.

^ de Wit, M.; Bamford, M. (2021). "Fossil wood from the Upper Cretaceous crater sediments of the Salpeterkop volcano, North West Province, South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 124 (3): 751–760. doi:10.25131/sajg.124.0028.

^ Wu, X.; Zhang, H.; Kodrul, T. M.; Maslova, N. P.; Jiang, S.; Yin, Q.; Quan, C.; Jin, J. (2021). "First Fossil Fokienia (Cupressaceae) in South China and Its Palaeogeographic and Palaeoecological Implications". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9: Article 709663. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9..555W. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.709663.

^ Herrera, F.; Shi, G.; Bickner, M. A.; Ichinnorov, N.; Leslie, A. B.; Crane, P. R.; Herendeen, P. S. (2021). "Early Cretaceous abietoid Pinaceae from Mongolia and the history of seed scale shedding". American Journal of Botany. 108 (8): 1483–1499. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1713. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 34458982. S2CID 239667187.

^ Wan, M.; Wang, J.; Shi, T.; Wang, K.; Tang, P.; Wang, J. (2021). "Megaporoxylon sinensis sp. nov., a new coniferous trunk from the Upper Triassic of northern Bogda Mountains, northwestern China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104536. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104536. S2CID 244206721.

^ ^a ^b Atkinson, B. A.; Contreras, D. L.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (2021). "Ancient diversity and turnover of cunninghamioid conifers (Cupressaceae): two new genera from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Botany. 99 (8): 457–473. doi:10.1139/cjb-2021-0005. S2CID 237705866.

^ Ding, S.-T.; Chen, S.-Y.; Ruan, S.-C.; Yang, M.; Han, Y.; Wang, X.-H.; Zhang, T.-H.; Sun, B.-N. (2021). "First fossil record of Nothotsuga (Pinaceae) in China: implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3617–3624. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1881781. S2CID 233975517.

^ ^a ^b ^c Dolezych, M.; LePage, B. A.; Williams, C. J. (2021). "A Chattian-Aquitanian wood flora from the West Siberian Plain: Implications for regional palaeobiogeography". Palaeontographica Abteilung B. 302 (1–6): 37–169. doi:10.1127/palb/2021/0074. S2CID 237651777.

^ Zhang, J.-W.; Wang, L.; D’Rozario, A.; Liang, X.-Q.; Huang, J.; Zhou, Z.-K. (2021). "Pinus leptokrempfii, an Oligocene Relative of the Flat-Needled Pine P. krempfii (Pinaceae) from China: Implications for Paleogeographic Origin". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (5): 389–400. doi:10.1086/713957. S2CID 233888471.

^ Grote, P. J.; Srisuk, P. (2021). "Fossil Pinus from the Cenozoic of Thailand". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104501. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104501. ISSN 0034-6667.

^ Li, Y.; Yi, T.-M.; Grote, P. J.; An, P.-C.; Zhu, Y.-B.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Li, C.-S. (2021). "A new species of Pinus (Pinaceae) from the Miocene of Weichang, Hebei Province, China and its evolutionary significance". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. in press: 1–12. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1952197. S2CID 237692568.

^ Wu, J.; Chen, H.; Ruan, S.; Yang, M.; Mo, L.; Ji, B.; Zhang, J.; Ding, S. (2021). "Fossil leaves of Podocarpus subgenus Foliolatus (Podocarpaceae) from the Pliocene of southwestern China and biogeographic history of Podocarpus". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 287: Article 104380. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104380. S2CID 234282697.

^ ^a ^b Nhamutole, N.; Bamford, M.; Araújo, R. (2021). "New species of Protaxodioxylon (conifer wood) from the Middle Permian of the Metangula Graben (Niassa Province, Mozambique) and their implications". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 183: Article 104323. Bibcode:2021JAfES.18304323N. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104323.

^ Vallejos Leiz, L.; Crisafulli, A.; Gnaedinger, S. (2021). "New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. in press. doi:10.4202/app.00939.2021.

^ Gou, X.-D.; Feng, Z.; Wei, H.-B.; Lv, Y.; Yang, S.-L. (2021). "A new Protophyllocladoxylon stem from the Xishanyao Formation (Middle Jurassic) in the Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 292: Article 104474. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104474.

^ Matsunaga, K. K. S.; Herendeen, P. S.; Herrera, F.; Ichinnorov, N.; Crane, P. R.; Shi, G. (2021). "Ovulate Cones of Schizolepidopsis ediae sp. nov. Provide Insights into the Evolution of Pinaceae". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (6): 490–507. doi:10.1086/714281. S2CID 235426888.

^ Dong, C.; Shi, G.; Herrera, F.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, B.; Xu, X.; Herendeen, P. S.; Crane, P. R. (2021). "Leaves of Taxus with cuticle micromorphology from the Early Cretaceous of eastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 298: Article 104588. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104588.

^ Forte, G.; Kustatscher, E.; Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A. (2021). "Conifer diversity in the Middle Triassic: new data from the Fossillagerstätte Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Pelsonian, Anisian) in the Dolomites (NE Italy)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (6): 445–467. doi:10.1086/714280. S2CID 233649930.

^ Kvaček, J.; Mendes, M. M. (2021). "A new Cheirolepidiaceae conifer Watsoniocladus cunhae sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian–early Albian) of western Portugal". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104519. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104519.

^ Xie, A.; Gee, C. T.; Bennis, M. B.; Gray, D.; Sprinkel, D. A. (2021). "A more southerly occurrence of Xenoxylon in North America: X. utahense Xie et Gee sp. nov. from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in Utah, USA, and its paleobiogeographic and paleoclimatic significance". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 291: Article 104451. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104451. S2CID 236239787.

^ Wan, M.; Yang, W.; Wang, K.; Liu, L.; Wang, J. (2021). "Zhuotingoxylon liaoi gen. et sp. nov., a silicified coniferous trunk from the Changhsingian (Permian) of southern Bogda Mountains, northwestern China". Geological Journal. 56 (12): 6135–6150. doi:10.1002/gj.4189. S2CID 236276022.

^ Stockey, R. A.; Hoffman, G. L.; Rothwell, G. W. (2021). "Fossil evidence for Paleocene diversification of Araceae: Bognerospadix gen. nov. and Orontiophyllum grandifolium comb. nov". American Journal of Botany. 108 (8): 1417–1440. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1707. PMID 34431509. S2CID 237292226.

^ ^a ^b Doweld, A. B. (2021). "New names in Pittosporum, extant and fossil (Pittosporaceae)". Phytotaxa. 498 (4): 298–300. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.498.4.9. S2CID 235540500.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Doweld, A. B. (2021). "Fossil Alloceltidoxylon, Allonymphaea, Arecocaryon, Paralnoxylon and Paranyssa and extant Komaroviopsis, Marcanodendron, and Papyrocactus (Magnoliophyta), new replacement generic names". Phytotaxa. 524 (2): 92–98. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.524.2.3. S2CID 243482734.

^ Song, A.; Liu, J.; Liang, S.-Q.; Do, T. V.; Nguyen, H. B.; Deng, W.-Y.-D.; Jia, L.-B.; Del Rio, C.; Srivastava, G.; Feng, Z.; Zhou, Z.-K.; Huang, J.; Su, T. (2021). "Leaf fossils of Sabalites (Arecaceae) from the Oligocene of northern Vietnam and their paleoclimatic implications". Plant Diversity. in press. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.003.

^ Brea, M.; Iglesias, A.; Wilf, P.; Moya, E.; Gandolfo, M. A. (2021). "First South American Record of Winteroxylon, Eocene of Laguna del Hunco (Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina): New Link to Australasia and Malesia". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (3): 185–197. doi:10.1086/712427. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 232050459.

^ ^a ^b Sender, L. M.; Doyle, J. A.; Upchurch, G. R.; Endress, P. K.; Villanueva-Amadoz, U.; Diez, J. B. (2021). "Evidence on vegetative and inflorescence morphology of Chloranthaceae (Angiospermae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle–late Albian) of Spain". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (24): 2015–2042. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1873434. S2CID 232116303.

^ Xie, S.-P.; Zhang, S.-H.; McElwain, J. C.; Zhang, P.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, Y.-H.; Chen, J.-Y. (2021). "First occurrence of Camptotheca fruits from late Miocene of southwestern China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3625–3632. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1881782. S2CID 234020768.

^ Xu, S.-L.; Kodrul, T. M.; Maslova, N. P.; Song, H.-Z.; Tobias, A. V.; Wu, X.-K.; Quan, C.; Jin, J.-H. (2021). "First occurrence of Nyssa endocarps and associated fungi in the Oligocene of South China: palaeogeographical and palaeoecological significance". Papers in Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1002/spp2.1408. S2CID 244057027.

^ Denk, T.; Bouchal, J. M. (2021). "Dispersed pollen and calyx remains of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) from the middle Miocene "Plant beds" of Søby, Denmark". GFF. 143 (2–3): 292–304. doi:10.1080/11035897.2021.1907443. S2CID 237648462.

^ Kvaček, Z. (2021). "Halesia mosbruggeri Kvaček, sp. nov., a new fossil fruit of Halesia L. (Styracaceae) from the Bohemian Miocene (Czech Republic)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 101 (1): 75–78. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00463-y. S2CID 232127283.

^ Erdei, B.; Hably, L. (2021). "Fossil Gordonia (s.l.)–like (Theaceae) winged seeds from the early Miocene of the Mecsek Mts, W Hungary". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 101 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00461-0.

^ Friis, E. M.; Crane, P. R.; Pedersen, K. R. (2021). "Early flowers of primuloid Ericales from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal and their ecological and phytogeographic implications". Fossil Imprint. 77 (2): 214–230. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.016.

^ ^a ^b Striegler, U. (2021). "New leaf species from the upper Miocene flora of the leaf-bearing Wischgrund clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)". Fossil Imprint. 77 (1): 102–110. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.009. S2CID 245028668.

^ ^a ^b Hazra, T.; Hazra, M.; Spicer, R. A.; Spicer, T. E. V.; Mahato, S.; Bera, S.; Kumar, S.; Khan, M. A. (2021). "Pliocene Albizia (Fabaceae) from Jharkhand, eastern India: reappraisal of its biogeography during Cenozoic in Southeast Asia". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.03.004. S2CID 233521737.

^ Wang, Z.; Shi, G.; Sun, B.; Jia, H.; Dong, C.; Yin, S.; Wu, X. (2021). "A new Cercis (Leguminosae) from the middle Miocene of Fujian, China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. in press: 1–8. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1900170. S2CID 233645060.

^ Jia, L.-B.; Huang, J.; Su, T.; Spicer, R. A.; Zhang, S.-T.; Li, S.-F.; Pan, B.; Nam, G.-S.; Huang, Y.-J.; Zhou, Z.-K. (2021). "Fossil infructescence from southwestern China reveals Paleogene establishment of Cladrastis in Asia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 292: Article 104456. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104456.

^ ^a ^b Pérez-Lara, D. K.; Estrada-Ruiz, E.; Castañeda-Posadas, C. (2021). "Kingiodendron and Enterolobium Eocene woods from the El Bosque formation, Chiapas, Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: Article 103477. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103477P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103477. S2CID 237819942.

^ Baez, J. (2021). "First fossil record in Tambería formation (Neogene) in Bolsón de Fiambalá, Catamarca province, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental inferences through Leguminosae woods". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 110: Article 103403. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11003403B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103403.

^ Li, X.; Manchester, S. R.; Correa-Narvaez, J. E.; Herendeen, P. S. (2021). "An Extinct Fruit Species of Fabaceae from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming, USA". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (8): 730–746. doi:10.1086/715634. S2CID 237505717.

^ Centeno-González, N. K.; Martínez-Cabrera, H. I.; Porras-Múzquiz, H.; Estrada-Ruiz, E. (2021). "Late Campanian fossil of a legume fruit supports Mexico as a center of Fabaceae radiation". Communications Biology. 4 (1): Article number 41. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01533-9. PMC 7809014. PMID 33446929.

^ Hazra, T.; Hazra, M.; Bera, S.; Khan, M. A. (2021). "First Fossil Legume Flower of Papilionoid Affinity from India". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 97 (3): 267–270. doi:10.1007/s12594-021-1677-3. ISSN 0016-7622. S2CID 232164301.

^ Li, X.-C.; Manchester, S. R.; Xiao, L.; Wang, Q.; Hu, Y.; Sun, B.-N. (2021). "Ormosia (Fabaceae: Faboideae) from the Miocene of southeastern China support historical expansion of the tropical genus in East Asia". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3561–3578. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1877700. S2CID 233806537.

^ Hazra, T.; Hazra, M.; Bera, S.; Khan, M. A. (2021). "First fossil evidence of marginal winged fruits of Peltophorum (Caesalpinioideae: Fabaceae) from India". Brittonia. 73 (3): 241–250. doi:10.1007/s12228-021-09679-4. S2CID 238855320.

^ Poinar, G. O.; Chambers, K. L. (2021). "Salpinganthium hispaniolanum gen. et sp. nov. (Fabaceae: Detarieae), a mid-Tertiary flower in Dominican amber". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 15 (2): 559–567. doi:10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1161. S2CID 245099015.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Akkemik, Ü. (2021). "A re-examination of the angiosperm wood record from the early and middle Miocene of Turkey, and new species descriptions". Acta Palaeobotanica. 61 (1): 42–94. doi:10.35535/acpa-2021-0004. S2CID 237741731.

^ Wilde, V.; Frankenhäuser, H.; Lenz, O. K. (2021). "A myricaceous male inflorescence with pollen in situ from the middle Eocene of Europe". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 101 (4): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00479-4. S2CID 233417128.

^ Hazra, T.; Hazra, M.; Kumar, S.; Mahato, S.; Bera, M.; Bera, S.; Khan, M. A. (2021). "First fossil evidence of Palaeocarya (Engelhardioideae: Juglandaceae) from India and its biogeographical implications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 59 (6): 1307–1320. doi:10.1111/jse.12736. S2CID 233897694.

^ Shukla, A.; Mehrotra, R. C.; Verma, P.; Chandra, K.; Singh, A. (2021). ""Out-of-India" dispersal for Adina (tribe Naucleeae; family Rubiaceae): evidence from the early Eocene fossil record from India". Palaeoworld. 30 (4): 737–745. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.01.001. S2CID 234244901.

^ Singh, H.; Judd, W. S.; Samant, B.; Agnihotri, P.; Grimaldi, D. A.; Manchester, S. R. (2021). "Flowers of Apocynaceae in amber from the early Eocene of India". American Journal of Botany. 108 (5): 883–892. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1651. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 34018178. S2CID 235073745.

^ Franco, M. J.; Brea, M.; Cerdeño, E. (2021). "First Bignoniaceae liana from the Miocene of South America and its evolutionary significance". American Journal of Botany. 108 (9): 1761–1774. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1736. PMID 34591314. S2CID 238230695.

^ Mathewes, R.; Archibald, S. B.; Lundgren, A. (2021). "Tips and identification of early Eocene Fraxinus L. samaras from the Quilchena locality, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 293: Article 104480. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104480.

^ Deshmukh, U. B. (2021). "Kapgateophyllum gen. nov. (Acanthaceae)". Phytotaxa. 500 (2): 147–148. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.500.2.8. S2CID 236585198.

^ Winterscheid, H.; Kvaček, Z. (2021). "Systematic-taxonomic revision of the flora from the late Oligocene Fossillagerstätte Rott near Bonn (Germany). Part 2: Magnoliidae: Basal angiosperms and magnoliids". Palaeontographica Abteilung B. 303 (4–6): 119–155. doi:10.1127/palb/2021/0077. S2CID 244053928.

^ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S.; Catharina, A. S.; Kneller, B. (2021). "Cretaceous Lauraceae wood from El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 292: Article 104478. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104478.

^ Poinar, G. O. (2021). "A Monocot Flower, Mirafloris burmitis gen. et sp. nov. (Monocots: Angiospermae), in Burmese Amber". Biosis: Biological Systems. 2 (3): 342–348. doi:10.37819/biosis.002.03.0126. S2CID 238732295.

^ Reback, R. G.; Kapgate, D. K.; Wurdack, K.; Manchester, S. R. (2021). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. in press: 000. doi:10.1086/717691. S2CID 239507275.

^ Hermsen, E. J. (2021). "Review of the fossil record of Passiflora, with a description of new seeds from the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (6): 533–550. doi:10.1086/714282. S2CID 233701901.

^ Wang, B.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, P.; Yang, Y.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xie, S. (2021). "A new occurrence of Craigia (Malvaceae) from the Miocene of Yunnan and its biogeographic significance". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3402–3412. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1867980. S2CID 234188949.

^ Chen, J.; Han, L.; Hua, Y.; Wu, G.; Sun, B. (2021). "Fruits and leaves of Dipterocarpus from the Miocene of Zhangpu, Fujian, and its geological significance". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 14 (13): Article 1270. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07445-0. S2CID 235664238.

^ ^a ^b Huang, H.; Pérez-Pinedo, D.; Morley, R. J.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; Philip, A.; Win, Z.; Aung, D. W.; Licht, A.; Jardine, P. E.; Hoorn, C. (2021). "At a crossroads: The late Eocene flora of central Myanmar owes its composition to plate collision and tropical climate". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 291: Article 104441. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104441. S2CID 235421153.

^ Jia, L.B.; Nam, G.S.; Su, T.; Stull, G.W.; Li, S.F.; Huang, Y.J.; Zhou, Z.K. (2021). "Fossil fruits of Firmiana and Tilia from the middle Miocene of South Korea and the efficacy of the Bering land bridge for the migration of mesothermal plants". Plant Diversity. 43 (6): 480–491. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.12.006.

^ Estrada-Ruiz, E.; Martínez-Cabrera, H. I.; García-Hernández, I. P. (2021). "New dicotyledonous woods from the San Carlos Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Northern Mexico". IAWA Journal. in press. doi:10.1163/22941932-bja10079.

^ Vieira, M.; Zetter, R.; Coiro, M.; Grímsson, F. (2021). "Pliocene Lythrum (loosestrife, Lythraceae) pollen from Portugal and the Neogene establishment of European lineages". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 296: Article 104548. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104548. ISSN 0034-6667.

^ Li, Y.; Huang, L.; Quan, C.; Jin, J.; Oskolski, A. A. (2021). "Fossil wood of Syzygium from the Miocene of Guangxi, South China: the earliest fossil evidence of the genus in eastern Asia". IAWA Journal. 42 (4): 435–441. doi:10.1163/22941932-bja10069. ISSN 0928-1541. S2CID 240550082.

^ ^a ^b Bamford, M.; Pickford, M. (2021). "Stratigraphy, chronology and palaeontology of the Tertiary rocks of the Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique". Fossil Imprint. 77 (1): 187–213. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.014. S2CID 245074611.

^ Aung, A. T.; Del Rio, C.; Wang, T.-X.; Liu, J.; Spicer, T. E. V.; Su, T. (2021). "Fossil fruits and pollen grains of Trapa from the Upper Pliocene of the Sanying Formation (Yunnan, China)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 293: Article 104498. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104498.

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^ Wang, X.; Shih, C.; Liu, Z.-J.; Lin, L.; Singh, K. J. (2021). "Reconstructing the Callianthus plant – an early aquatic angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous of China". Cretaceous Research. 128: Article 104983. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104983. ISSN 0195-6671.

^ Liang, F.; Tian, N.; Sun, W.; Wu, Q.; Liu, B.; Wang, H. (2021). "Epidermal features of the floating leaves of Quereuxia angulata (Newberry) Krištofovič, an aquatic angiosperm from the Upper Cretaceous of Northeast China". Cretaceous Research. 125: Article 104835. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104835.

^ Carvalho, M. R; Jaramillo, C.; de la Parra, F.; Caballero-Rodríguez, D.; Herrera, F.; Wing, S.; Turner, B. L.; D’Apolito, C.; Romero-Báez, M.; Narváez, P.; Martínez, C.; Gutierrez, M.; Labandeira, C.; Bayona, G.; Rueda, M.; Paez-Reyes, M.; Cárdenas, D.; Duque, Á.; Crowley, J. L.; Santos, C.; Silvestro, D. (2021). "Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests". Science. 372 (6537): 63–68. Bibcode:2021Sci...372...63C. doi:10.1126/science.abf1969. PMID 33795451. S2CID 232484243.

^ Lim, J. Y.; Huang, H.; Farnsworth, A.; Lunt, D. J.; Baker, W. J.; Morley, R. J.; Kissling, W. D.; Hoorn, C. (2021). "The Cenozoic history of palms: Global diversification, biogeography and the decline of megathermal forests". Global Ecology and Biogeography. in press. doi:10.1111/geb.13436. S2CID 245284265.

^ Wheeler, E. A.; Baas, P.; Manchester, S. R. (2021). "Wood Anatomy of Modern and Fossil Fagales in Relation to Phylogenetic Hypotheses, Familial Classification, and Patterns of Character Evolution". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (1): 61–86. doi:10.1086/717328. S2CID 244081754.

^ Fernández, D. A.; Palazzesi, L.; González Estebenet, M. S.; Tellería, M. C.; Barreda, V. D. (2021). "Impact of mid Eocene greenhouse warming on America's southernmost floras". Communications Biology. 4 (1): Article number 176. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01701-5. PMC 7873257. PMID 33564110.

^ Bellosi, E.; Genise, J. F.; Zucol, A.; Bond, M.; Kramarz, A.; Sánchez, M. V.; Krause, J. M. (2021). "Diverse evidence for grasslands since the Eocene in Patagonia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 108: Article 103357. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10803357B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103357. S2CID 235567426.

^ Casas-Gallego, M.; Postigo-Mijarra, J. M.; Rivas-Carballo, M. R.; Valle-Hernández, M. F.; Morín-de Pablos, J.; Barrón, E. (2021). "Early evidence of continental aridity and open-habitat grasslands in Europe as revealed by the Middle Miocene microflora of the Madrid Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 581: Article 110603. Bibcode:2021PPP...581k0603C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110603. S2CID 238847370.

^ Andrieu-Ponel, V.; Rochette, P.; Demory, F.; Alçiçek, H.; Boulbes, N.; Bourlès, D.; Helvacı, C.; Lebatard, A.-E.; Mayda, S.; Michaud, H.; Moigne, A.-M.; Nomade, S.; Perrin, M.; Ponel, P.; Rambeau, C.; Vialet, A.; Gambin, B.; Alçiçek, M. C. (2021). "Continuous presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 Ma, and their possible co-evolution with large herbivores and hominins". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 8914. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.8914A. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86423-8. PMC 8076274. PMID 33903602.

^ Lindström, S. (2021). "Two-phased Mass Rarity and Extinction in Land Plants During the End-Triassic Climate Crisis". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9: Article 780343. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.780343.

^ Donders, T.; Panagiotopoulos, K.; Koutsodendris, A.; Bertini, A.; Mercuri, A. M.; Masi, A.; Combourieu-Nebout, N.; Joannin, S.; Kouli, K.; Kousis, I.; Peyron, O.; Torri, P.; Florenzano, A.; Francke, A.; Wagner, B.; Sadori, L. (2021). "1.36 million years of Mediterranean forest refugium dynamics in response to glacial–interglacial cycle strength". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (34): e2026111118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11826111D. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026111118. PMC 8403972. PMID 34400496.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired (link)

^ Crump, S. E.; Fréchette, B.; Power, M.; Cutler, S.; de Wet, G.; Raynolds, M. K.; Raberg, J. H.; Briner, J. P.; Thomas, E. K.; Sepúlveda, J.; Shapiro, B.; Bunce, M.; Miller, G. H. (2021). "Ancient plant DNA reveals High Arctic greening during the Last Interglacial". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (13): e2019069118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11819069C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2019069118. PMC 8020792. PMID 33723011.

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