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'''ANFO''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|f|oʊ}} {{respell|AN|foh}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/ANFO|title=ANFO {{!}} explosive|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref> (or '''AN/FO''', for '''ammonium nitrate/fuel oil''') is a widely used bulk industrial [[high explosive]]. It consists of 94% porous [[prill]]ed [[ammonium nitrate]] (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) (AN), which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 [[fuel oil]] (FO).<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Melvin A. |title=The Science of Industrial Explosives |publisher=IRECO Chemicals |year=1974 |page=1 |asin=B0000EGDJT}}</ref> The use of ANFO originated in the 1950s.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198577/explosive/82378/Ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil-mixtures Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> |
'''ANFO''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|f|oʊ}} {{respell|AN|foh}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/ANFO|title=ANFO {{!}} explosive|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref> (or '''AN/FO''', for '''ammonium nitrate/fuel oil''') is a widely used bulk industrial [[high explosive]]. It consists of 94% porous [[prill]]ed [[ammonium nitrate]] (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) (AN), which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 [[fuel oil]] (FO).<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Melvin A. |title=The Science of Industrial Explosives |publisher=IRECO Chemicals |year=1974 |page=1 |asin=B0000EGDJT}}</ref> The use of ANFO originated in the 1950s.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198577/explosive/82378/Ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil-mixtures Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> |
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ANFO accounts for an estimated 90% of the {{convert|6|e9lb|e6t|abbr=off|order=flip}} of explosives used annually in North America.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Edward M. Green|date=June 2006|title=Explosives regulation in the USA|url=http://www.crowell.com/documents/DOCASSOCFKTYPE_ARTICLES_408.pdf|journal=Industrial Materials|issue=465|page=78|access-date=3 March 2013 |
ANFO accounts for an estimated 90% of the {{convert|6|e9lb|e6t|abbr=off|order=flip}} of explosives used annually in North America.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Edward M. Green|date=June 2006|title=Explosives regulation in the USA|url=http://www.crowell.com/documents/DOCASSOCFKTYPE_ARTICLES_408.pdf|journal=Industrial Materials|issue=465|page=78|access-date=3 March 2013}}<!--This isn't a peer-reviewed journal, but a trade journal; is {{cite journal}} correct?--></ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2021}} It has found wide use in [[coal mining]], [[quarrying]], metal ore [[mining]], and civil construction in applications where its low cost and ease of use may outweigh the benefits of other explosives, such as water resistance, oxygen balance, higher [[detonation velocity]], or performance in small-diameter columns. ANFO is also widely used in [[Avalanche control|avalanche hazard mitigation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Melvin A. |title=The Science of Industrial Explosives |publisher=IRECO Chemicals |year=1974 |page=2 |asin=B0000EGDJT}}</ref> |
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== Chemistry == |
== Chemistry == |
Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
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Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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