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''Vigna angularis'', also known as the '''adzuki bean''' {{nihongo||{{linktext|小豆}} (アズキ)||''azuki'', {{lang|en|Uncommon}} アヅキ, ''adzuki''|lead=yes}} |
''Vigna angularis'', also known as the '''adzuki bean''' {{nihongo||{{linktext|小豆}} (アズキ)||''azuki'', {{lang|en|Uncommon}} アヅキ, ''adzuki''|lead=yes}}''', azuki bean''', '''aduki bean''', '''red bean''', or '''red mung bean''', is an [[Annual plant|annual]] [[vine]] widely cultivated throughout [[East Asia]] for its small (approximately {{Convert|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on|disp=or}} long) [[bean]]. The [[cultivar]]s most familiar in East Asia have a uniform red color, but there are also white, [[Black adzuki bean|black]], gray, and variously [[mottle]]d varieties. |
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Scientists presume ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'' is the [[progenitor]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4629392|year=2015|last1=Yang|first1=K|title=Genome sequencing of adzuki bean (''Vigna angularis'') provides insight into high starch and low fat accumulation and domestication|journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=112|issue=43|pages=13213–13218|last2=Tian|first2=Z|last3=Chen|first3=C|last4=Luo|first4=L|last5=Zhao|first5=B|last6=Wang|first6=Z|last7=Yu|first7=L|last8=Li|first8=Y|last9=Sun|first9=Y|last10=Li|first10=W|last11=Chen|first11=Y|last12=Li|first12=Y|last13=Zhang|first13=Y|last14=Ai|first14=D|last15=Zhao|first15=J|last16=Shang|first16=C|last17=Ma|first17=Y|last18=Wu|first18=B|last19=Wang|first19=M|last20=Gao|first20=L|last21=Sun|first21=D|last22=Zhang|first22=P|last23=Guo|first23=F|last24=Wang|first24=W|last25=Li|first25=Y|last26=Wang|first26=J|last27=Varshney|first27=R. K|last28=Wang|first28=J|last29=Ling|first29=H. Q|last30=Wan|first30=P|pmid=26460024|doi=10.1073/pnas.1420949112|bibcode=2015PNAS..11213213Y|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Scientists presume ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'' is the [[progenitor]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4629392|year=2015|last1=Yang|first1=K|title=Genome sequencing of adzuki bean (''Vigna angularis'') provides insight into high starch and low fat accumulation and domestication|journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=112|issue=43|pages=13213–13218|last2=Tian|first2=Z|last3=Chen|first3=C|last4=Luo|first4=L|last5=Zhao|first5=B|last6=Wang|first6=Z|last7=Yu|first7=L|last8=Li|first8=Y|last9=Sun|first9=Y|last10=Li|first10=W|last11=Chen|first11=Y|last12=Li|first12=Y|last13=Zhang|first13=Y|last14=Ai|first14=D|last15=Zhao|first15=J|last16=Shang|first16=C|last17=Ma|first17=Y|last18=Wu|first18=B|last19=Wang|first19=M|last20=Gao|first20=L|last21=Sun|first21=D|last22=Zhang|first22=P|last23=Guo|first23=F|last24=Wang|first24=W|last25=Li|first25=Y|last26=Wang|first26=J|last27=Varshney|first27=R. K|last28=Wang|first28=J|last29=Ling|first29=H. Q|last30=Wan|first30=P|pmid=26460024|doi=10.1073/pnas.1420949112|bibcode=2015PNAS..11213213Y|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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=== Speciation and domestication === |
=== Speciation and domestication === |
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The wild ancestor of cultivated adzuki bean is probably ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'',<ref name="Yamaguchi">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Hirofumi |date=1992 |title=Wild and Weed Azuki Beans in Japan |journal= [[Economic Botany]] |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=384–394 |doi=10.1007/bf02866509|s2cid=22975059 }}</ref> which is distributed across East Asia.<ref name="Kaga"/> [[Speciation]] between ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'' and ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''angularis'' occurred around {{formatnum:50000}} years ago.<ref name="Kang">{{cite journal |last=Kang |first=Yang Jae |date=2015 |title=Draft sequence of adzuki bean, ''Vigna angularis'' |journal= Scientific Reports |volume=5 |issue=8069 |pages=8069 |doi=10.1038/srep08069 |pmid=25626881 |pmc=5389050 }}</ref> Archaeologists estimate it was domesticated around 3000 BC.<ref name="Lee">{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Gyoung-Ah |date=2012 |title=Archaeological perspectives on the origins of azuki (''Vigna angularis'') |journal= [[The Holocene]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=453–459 |doi=10.1177/0959683612460788|s2cid=130903554 }}</ref> However, adzuki beans (as well as soybeans) dating from 3000 BC to 2000 BC are indicated to still be largely within the wild size range. Enlarged seeds occurred during the later [[Bronze Age]] or [[Iron Age]], periods with plough use.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite journal |last= Fuller|first=Dorian Q|date=2007 |title=Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates: Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World |journal= [[Annals of Botany]] |volume=100 |issue=5|pages= 903–924|doi=10.1093/aob/mcm048|pmid=17495986|pmc=2759199}}</ref> [[Domestication]] of adzuki beans resulted in a trade-off between yield and seed size. Cultivated adzuki beans have fewer but longer pods, fewer but larger seeds, a shorter stature, and also a smaller overall seed yield than wild forms.<ref name="Kaga"/> The exact place of domestication is not known;<ref name="Yamaguchi"/> multiple domestication origins in East Asia have been suggested.<ref name="Lee"/> |
The wild ancestor of cultivated adzuki bean is probably ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'',<ref name="Yamaguchi">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Hirofumi |date=1992 |title=Wild and Weed Azuki Beans in Japan |journal= [[Economic Botany]] |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=384–394 |doi=10.1007/bf02866509|s2cid=22975059 }}</ref> which is distributed across East Asia.<ref name="Kaga"/> [[Speciation]] between ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''nipponensis'' and ''Vigna angularis'' var. ''angularis'' occurred around {{formatnum:50000}} years ago.<ref name="Kang">{{cite journal |last=Kang |first=Yang Jae |date=2015 |title=Draft sequence of adzuki bean, ''Vigna angularis'' |journal= Scientific Reports |volume=5 |issue=8069 |pages=8069 |doi=10.1038/srep08069 |pmid=25626881 |pmc=5389050 }}</ref> Archaeologists estimate it was domesticated around 3000 BC.<ref name="Lee">{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Gyoung-Ah |date=2012 |title=Archaeological perspectives on the origins of azuki (''Vigna angularis'') |journal= [[The Holocene]] |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=453–459 |doi=10.1177/0959683612460788|s2cid=130903554 }}</ref> However, adzuki beans (as well as soybeans) dating from 3000 BC to 2000 BC are indicated to still be largely within the wild size range. Enlarged seeds occurred during the later [[Bronze Age]] or [[Iron Age]], periods with plough use.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite journal |last= Fuller|first=Dorian Q|date=2007 |title=Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates: Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World |journal= [[Annals of Botany]] |volume=100 |issue=5|pages= 903–924|doi=10.1093/aob/mcm048|pmid=17495986|pmc=2759199}}</ref> [[Domestication]] of adzuki beans resulted in a trade-off between yield and seed size. Cultivated adzuki beans have fewer but longer pods, fewer but larger seeds, a shorter stature, and also a smaller overall seed yield than wild forms.<ref name="Kaga"/> The exact place of domestication is not known;<ref name="Yamaguchi"/> multiple domestication origins in East Asia have been suggested.<ref name="Lee"/> |
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Seed remains of Adzuki beans discovered at the Central Highlands of Japan were dated to c. 6,000–4,000 BP, and represent the to date oldest evidence for its cultivation, supporting an origin in Japan. Evidence suggests that "wild azuki bean have been domesticated and cultivated in Japan for over 10,000 years".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Yu |last2=Nasu |first2=Hiroo |last3=Nakayama |first3=Seiji |last4=Tomooka |first4=Norihiko |date=2023 |title=Domestication of azuki bean and soybean in Japan: From the insight of archeological and molecular evidence |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/73/2/73_22074/_html/-char/en |journal=Breeding Science |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=117–131 |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.22074|pmid=37404345 |pmc=10316305 }}</ref> |
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===Breeding=== |
===Breeding=== |
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The name ''adzuki'' is a transliteration of the native Japanese アヅキ, as it was spelled according to [[historical kana orthography]]. The name is also transliterated as ''azuki'', reflecting the modern spelling アズキ, or less commonly as ''aduki'', according to an [[Romanization of Japanese|alternate system of romanization]]. All are meant to represent the same Modern Japanese pronunciation, ''azuki''. |
The name ''adzuki'' is a transliteration of the native Japanese アヅキ, as it was spelled according to [[historical kana orthography]]. The name is also transliterated as ''azuki'', reflecting the modern spelling アズキ, or less commonly as ''aduki'', according to an [[Romanization of Japanese|alternate system of romanization]]. All are meant to represent the same Modern Japanese pronunciation, ''azuki''. |
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Japanese also has a Chinese [[loanword]], {{nihongo||小豆|shōzu}}, which means "small bean", its counterpart {{nihongo|"large bean"|大豆|''daizu''}} being the [[soybean]]. It is common to write {{lang|ja|小豆}} in [[kanji]] but pronounce it as ''azuki'' ''{{Audio|Ja-Adzuki.oga|listen}}'', an example of ''{{lang|ja-Latn|[[jukujikun]]}}''. In China, the corresponding name ({{zh|c=小豆|p=xiǎodòu}}) still is used in botanical or agricultural parlance, however, in everyday Chinese, the more common terms are ''{{lang|zh-Latn|hongdou}}'' ({{zh|c=红豆|p=hóngdòu|labels=no}}) and ''{{lang|zh-Latn|chidou}}'' ({{zh|c=赤豆|p=chìdòu|labels=no}}), both meaning "'''red bean'''", because almost all Chinese cultivars are uniformly red. In English the beans are often described as "red beans" in the context of Chinese cuisine, |
Japanese also has a Chinese [[loanword]], {{nihongo||小豆|shōzu}}, which means "small bean", its counterpart {{nihongo|"large bean"|大豆|''daizu''}} being the [[soybean]]. It is common to write {{lang|ja|小豆}} in [[kanji]] but pronounce it as ''azuki'' ''{{Audio|Ja-Adzuki.oga|listen}}'', an example of ''{{lang|ja-Latn|[[jukujikun]]}}''. In China, the corresponding name ({{zh|c=小豆|p=xiǎodòu}}) still is used in botanical or agricultural parlance, however, in everyday Chinese, the more common terms are ''{{lang|zh-Latn|hongdou}}'' ({{zh|c=红豆|p=hóngdòu|labels=no}}) and ''{{lang|zh-Latn|chidou}}'' ({{zh|c=赤豆|p=chìdòu|labels=no}}), both meaning "'''red bean'''", because almost all Chinese cultivars are uniformly red. In English the beans are often described as "red beans" in the context of Chinese cuisine, especially in reference to [[red bean paste]], but the term is not otherwise used as other beans are also red in color. In normal contexts, "red [[cowpeas]]" have been used to refer to this bean. In Korean, adzuki beans are called ''{{lang|ko-Latn|pat}}'' ({{lang|ko|팥}}) and it contrasts with ''{{lang|ko-Latn|kong}}'' ({{lang|ko|콩}}, "bean"), rather than being considered a type of it. ''{{lang|ko-Latn|Kong}}'' ("beans") without qualifiers usually means [[soybean]]s. In Vietnamese it is called ''{{lang|vi|đậu đỏ}}'' (literally: red bean). In some parts of India, the beans are referred to as "red chori".<ref name="seedsofindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.seedsofindia.com/Beans.htm |title=Indian beans |publisher=Seedsofindia.com |access-date=2011-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720082405/http://www.seedsofindia.com/Beans.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] it is called ''{{lang|pa-Latn|rajma}}'' and is a common ingredient of [[chaat]]. In [[Marathi language|Marathi]], it is known as ''{{lang|mr-Latn|lal chavali}}'' ({{lang|mr|लाल चवळी}}), literally meaning 'red [[cowpea]]'. In Iraq its name is ''{{lang|acm-Latn|lūbyā ḥamrāˈ}}'' ({{lang|acm|لوبيا حمراء}}) meaning "red cowpeas". |
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==Cultivation== |
==Cultivation== |
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